法國《人權(quán)宣言》中英文版

可編輯可編輯法國人權(quán)宣言國民議會在主宰面前并在他的庇護(hù)之下確認(rèn)并宣布下述的人與公民的權(quán)利：第一條在權(quán)利方面，人們生來是而且始終是自由平等的。只有在公共利用上面才顯出社會上的差別。第二條任何政治結(jié)合的目的都在于保存人的自然的和不可動搖的權(quán)利。這些權(quán)利就是自由、財產(chǎn)、安全和反抗壓迫。第三條整個主權(quán)的本原主要是寄托于國民。任何團(tuán)體、任何個人都不得行使主權(quán)所未明白授予的權(quán)力。第四條自由就是指有權(quán)從事一切無害于他人的行為。因此，各人的自然權(quán)利的行使，只以保證社會上其他成員能享有同樣權(quán)利為限制。此等限制僅得由法律規(guī)定之。第五條法律僅有權(quán)禁止有害于社會的行為。凡未經(jīng)法律禁止的行為即不得受到妨礙，而且任何人都不得被迫從事法律所未規(guī)定的行為。第六條法律是公共意志的表現(xiàn)。全國公民都有權(quán)親身或經(jīng)由其代表去參與法律的制定。法律對于所有的人，無論是施行保護(hù)或處罰都是一樣的。在法律面前，所有的公民都是平等的，故他們都能平等地按其能力擔(dān)任一切官職，公共職位和職務(wù)，除德行或才能上的差別外，不得有其他差別。第七條除非在法律所規(guī)定的情況下并按照法律所指示的手續(xù)，不得控告、逮捕或拘留任何人。凡動議、發(fā)布、執(zhí)行或令人執(zhí)行專斷命令者應(yīng)受處罰；但根據(jù)法律而被傳喚或被扣押的公民應(yīng)當(dāng)立即服從；抗拒則構(gòu)成犯罪。第八條法律只應(yīng)規(guī)定確實需要和顯然不可少的刑罰，而且除非根據(jù)在犯法前已經(jīng)制定和公布的且系依法施行的法律以外，不得處罰任何人。第九條任何人在其未被宣告為犯罪以前應(yīng)被推定為無罪，即使認(rèn)為必須予以逮捕，但為扣留其人身所不需要的各種殘酷行為都應(yīng)受到法律的嚴(yán)厲制裁。第十條意見的發(fā)表只要不擾亂法律所規(guī)定的公共秩序，任何人都不得因其意見，甚至信教的意見而遭受干涉。第十一條自由傳達(dá)思想和意見是人類最寶貴的權(quán)利之一；因此，各個公民都有言論、著述和出版自由，但在法律所規(guī)定的情況下，應(yīng)對濫用此項自由負(fù)擔(dān)責(zé)任。第十二條人權(quán)的保障需要有武裝力量；因此，這種力量是為了全體的利益而不是為了此種力量的受任人的個人利益而設(shè)立的。第十三條為了武裝力量的維持和行政管理的支出，公共賦稅就成為必不可少的；賦稅應(yīng)在全體公民之間按其能力作平等的分?jǐn)偂５谑臈l所有公民都有權(quán)親身或由其代表來確定賦稅的必要性，自由地加以認(rèn)可，注意其用途，決定稅額、稅率、客體、征收方式和時期。第十五條社會有權(quán)要求機(jī)關(guān)公務(wù)人員報告其工作。第十六條凡權(quán)利無保障和分權(quán)未確立的社會，就沒有憲法。第十七條財產(chǎn)是神圣不可侵犯的權(quán)利，除非當(dāng)合法認(rèn)定的公共需要所顯然必需時，且在公平而預(yù)先賠償?shù)臈l件下，任何人的財產(chǎn)不得受到剝奪。DeclarationoftheRightsofManandoftheCitizen（1789）TherepresentativesoftheFrenchpeople，organizedasaNational

Assembly，believingthattheignorance，neglect，orcontemptofthe

rightsofmanarethesolecauseofpubliccalamitiesandofthe

corruptionofgovernments，havedeterminedtosetforthinasolemn

declarationthenatural，unalienable，andsacredrightsofman，inorderthatthisdeclaration，beingconstantlybeforeallthemembersof

theSocialbody，shallremindthemcontinuallyoftheirrightsandduties；inorderthattheactsofthelegislativepower，aswellasthose

oftheexecutivepower，maybecomparedatanymomentwiththeobjectsandpurposesofallpoliticalinstitutionsandmaythusbemorerespected，and，lastly，inorderthatthegrievancesofthecitizens，basedhereafteruponsimpleandincontestableprinciples，shalltendtothemaintenanceoftheconstitutionandredoundtothehappinessofall.ThereforetheNationalAssemblyrecognizesandproclaims，inthepresenceandundertheauspicesoftheSupremeBeing，thefollowingrightsofmanandofthecitizen：Articles：Menarebornandremainfreeandequalinrights.Socialdistinctionsmaybefoundedonlyuponthegeneralgood.Theaimofallpoliticalassociationisthepreservationofthenaturalandimprescriptiblerightsofman.Theserightsareliberty，property，security，andresistancetooppression.Theprincipleofallsovereigntyresidesessentiallyinthenation.Nobodynorindividualmayexerciseanyauthoritywhichdoesnotproceeddirectlyfromthenation.Libertyconsistsinthefreedomtodoeverythingwhichinjuresnooneelse；hencetheexerciseofthenaturalrightsofeachmanhasnolimitsexceptthosewhichassuretotheothermembersofthesocietytheenjoymentofthesamerights.Theselimitscanonlybedeterminedbylaw.Lawcanonlyprohibitsuchactionsasarehurtfultosociety.Nothingmaybepreventedwhichisnotforbiddenbylaw，andnoonemaybeforcedtodoanythingnotprovidedforbylaw.Lawistheexpressionofthegeneralwill.Everycitizenhasarighttoparticipatepersonally，orthroughhisrepresentative，initsfoundation.Itmustbethesameforal，lwhetheritprotectsorpunishes.Allcitizens，beingequalintheeyesofthelaw，areequallyeligibletoalldignitiesandtoallpublicpositionsandoccupations，accordingtotheirabilities，andwithoutdistinctionexceptthatoftheirvirtuesandtalents.Nopersonshallbeaccused，arrested，orimprisonedexceptinthecasesandaccordingtotheformsprescribedbylaw.Anyonesoliciting，transmitting，executing，orcausingtobeexecuted，anyarbitraryorder，shallbepunished.Butanycitizensummonedorarrestedinvirtueofthelawshallsubmitwithoutdelay，asresistanceconstitutesanoffense.Thelawshallprovideforsuchpunishmentsonlyasarestrictlyand

obviouslynecessary，andnooneshallsufferpunishmentexceptitbe

legallyinflictedinvirtueofalawpassedandpromulgatedbeforethe

commissionoftheoffense.Asallpersonsareheldinnocentuntiltheyshallhavebeendeclaredguilty，ifarrestshallbedeemedindispensable，allharshnessnotessentialtothesecuringoftheprisonerspersonshallbeseverelyrepressedbylaw.Nooneshallbedisquietedonaccountofhisopinions，includinghisreligiousviews，providedtheirmanifestationdoesnotdisturbthepublicorderestablishedbylaw.Thefreecommunicationofideasandopinionsisoneofthemostpreciousoftherightsofman.Everycitizenmay，accordingly，speak，write，andprintwithfreedom，butshallberesponsibleforsuchabusesofthisfreedomasshallbedefinedbylaw.Thesecurityoftherightsofmanandofthecitizenrequirespublicmilitaryforces.Theseforcesare，therefore，establishedforthegoodofallandnotforthepersonaladvantageofthosetowhomtheyshallbeintrusted.Acommoncontributionisessentialforthemaintenanceofthepublicforcesandforthecostofadministration.Thisshouldbeequitablydistributedamongallthecitizensinproportiontotheirmeans.Allthecitizenshavearighttodecide，eitherpersonallyorby

theirrepresentatives，astothenecessityofthepubliccontribution；to

grantthisfreely；toknowtowhatusesitisput；andtofixthe

proportion，themodeofassessmentandofcollectionandtheduration

ofthetaxes.Societyhastherighttorequireofeverypublicagentanaccountofhisadministration.Asocietyinwhichtheobservanceofthelawisnotassured，northeseparat