考研考博-英語(yǔ)-四川商務(wù)職業(yè)學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解4

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語(yǔ)-四川商務(wù)職業(yè)學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購(gòu)買！第I卷一.綜合題庫(kù)-全考點(diǎn)押密(共120題)1.單選題

ReformingtheSocialSecurityretirementprogramisanissueofenormouspracticalimportance.YetitremainsthemissingpieceinAmericanpolicyanalysis.AtatimewhentheCongressandtheAdministrationareconsideringwaystoreformwelfare,Medical,Medicaidandtheincometax,electedofficialsarestillunwillingtoconfronttheseriousproblemofourSocialSecuritysystem.Eventually,however,itsdeterioratingfinancialconditionwillforcemajorreforms.Whetherthosereformsaregoodorbad,whethertheydealwithbasiceconomicproblemsofthesystemormerelyprotectthesolvencyofexistinginstitutionalarrangementswilldependinpartonwhetherwe,aseconomists,providetheappropriateintellectualframeworkforanalyzingreformalternatives.

Majorpolicychangesthataffectthepublicatlargecanonlyhappeninourdemocracywhenthereiswidespreadpublicsupportforthenewdirectionpolicy.Inthefieldofeconomics,theviewsofmedia,ofotherprivate-sectoropinionleaders,andofpoliticiansandtheiradvisers,dependverymuchontheirperceptionofwhateconomistsbelievefeasibleandcorrect.Fundamentalpolicyreformsinacomplexarealikesocialsecurityalsorequirethedevelopmentoftechnicalexpertise,bothinandoutofgovernment,abouttheopinionsforchangeandtheirlikelyconsequences.Fortunately,anexpandinggroupofeconomistsisnowthinkingandwritingaboutsocialsecurityreform.Myremarkstodaygreatlybenefitfromwhattheyhavewrittenandfrommyconversationswithmanyofthem.

IbegantodomyresearchontheeffectsofSocialSecurityreformnearly25yearsago(Feldstein,1974,1975).AcentralconceptinmyanalysisofSocialSecurityhasbeenthenotionof“SocialSecuritywealth”,whichIdefinedasthepresentactuarialvalueoftheSocialSecuritybenefitstowhichthecurrentadultpopulationwillbeentitledatageof65(orarealreadyentitledtoiftheyareolderthan65)minusthepresentactuarialvalueoftheSocialSecuritytaxesthattheywillpaybeforereachingthatage.SocialSecuritywealthhasnowgrowntoabout$11trillionormorethan1.5timesGDP.Sincethisisequivalenttomorethan$50000foreveryadultinthecountry,thevalueofSocialSecuritywealthsubstantiallyexceedsallotherassetsforthevastmajorityofAmericanhouseholds.Intheaggregate,SocialSecuritywealthexceedsthree-fourthsofallprivatefinancialwealth,asconventionallymeasured.

SocialSecuritywealthisofcoursenotrealwealthbutonlyaclaimoncurrentandfuturetaxpayers.Insteadoflabelingthiskeymagnitude“SocialSecuritywealth”,Icouldhavecalleditthenation’s“SocialSecurityliability”.Likeordinarygovernmentdebt,SocialSecuritywealthhasthepowertocrowdoutprivatecapitalaccumulation;andSocialSecuritywealthwillcontinuetogrowaslongasourcurrentsystemremainsunchanged,displacinganeverlargerstockofcapital.

The$11trillionSocialSecurityliabilityisthreetimesaslargeastheofficialnationaldebt.AlthoughIcertainlywelcomethecurrentpoliticaleffortstoshrinkfuturebudgetdeficit,itisworthnotingthat,evenifthetraditionaldeficitiseliminatedintheyear2002,sothatthenationaldebtisthennolongerincreasing,thenationaldebtintheformoftheSocialSecurityliabilityislikelytoincreasethatyearbyabout$300billion.

Lookingfurtherintothefuture,theaggregateSocialSecurityliabilitywillgrowasthepopulationexpands,asitbecomesrelativelyolder,andasincomerises.Governmentactuariespredictthatunderexistinglawthetaxraterequiredtopayeachyear’sSocialSecuritybenefitwillriseoverthenext50yearsfromthepresentlevelofslightlylessthan12percenttomorethan18percent,andperhapstoasmuchas23percent.

1.Thedeterioratingfinancialconditionsreferredtowascausedby____.

2.Inthelastsentenceofthefirstparagraph,theunderlinedword“alternatives”refersto____.

3.Inparagraphthree,thenameandthedatesbetweenparentheses____.

4.ThedefinitionofSocialSecuritywealth____.

5.Ratherthanwealth,thismagnitudemaybeconstruedasaliabilitybecause____.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.apooreconomicapproachtotheSocialSecurityretirementprogram

B.thereformofwelfareapprovedbythegovernment

C.government’sheavydebtsbecauseofinappropriateinvestment

D.majorpolicychangesinthepast

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.courses

B.thoughts

C.occasions

D.people

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.identifytheauthor

B.representnewinformation

C.arequestionsofpersonalstyle

D.refertoadifferentsource

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.appliestothebenefitspayablebeforeage65

B.includesthepresentactuarialvaluepaidbeforeage65

C.wasformulatedtwoandahalfdecadeago

D.wastodifferentiateprivatefinancialwealth

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.ithasgrownto$11trillion

B.itexceedsallotherassets

C.itisadebttobepaid

D.itgrowsrapidlythroughtheaccumulationofprivatecapital

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:C

第3題:A

第4題:C

第5題:C

【解析】第1題:【選項(xiàng)釋義】

Thedeteriorationfinancialconditionreferredtowascausedby____.文中提到的財(cái)務(wù)狀況惡化是由____造成的。

A.apooreconomicapproachtotheSocialSecurityretirementprogramA.社會(huì)保障退休計(jì)劃的糟糕的經(jīng)濟(jì)方法

B.thereformofwelfareintheSocialSecurityretirementprogramB.社會(huì)保障退休計(jì)劃中的福利改革

C.government’sheavydebtsbecauseofinappropriateinvestmentC.政府投資不當(dāng)導(dǎo)致的沉重債務(wù)

D.majorpolicychangesinthepastD.過去發(fā)生的重大政策變化

【答案】A

【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞deteriorationfinancialcondition定位到原文第一段第四句，該句提到“其日益惡化的財(cái)政狀況（itsdeterioratingfinancialcondition）最終（Eventually）將迫使其進(jìn)行重大改革（majorreforms）?！庇纱丝芍笪慕榻B的應(yīng)該是財(cái)政狀況惡化的結(jié)果——改革，因此，導(dǎo)致財(cái)政狀況惡化的原因應(yīng)該去前文中找。前一句提到“當(dāng)國(guó)會(huì)和政府正在考慮如何改革社會(huì)福利、醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)、醫(yī)療補(bǔ)助和所得稅時(shí)，官員們?nèi)匀徊辉敢饷鎸?duì)我們社會(huì)保障體系的嚴(yán)重問題?！庇纱丝芍?，在討論制定社會(huì)保障計(jì)劃時(shí)，政府官員們的方法不當(dāng)，不愿意處理社會(huì)保障體系中的嚴(yán)重問題，由此最終導(dǎo)致需要進(jìn)行改革。A選項(xiàng)“制定社會(huì)保障退休計(jì)劃的糟糕的經(jīng)濟(jì)方法”最符合原文。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

B選項(xiàng)“社會(huì)保障退休計(jì)劃中的福利改革”，根據(jù)【解題思路】可知，“改革”是“財(cái)政狀況惡化”的結(jié)果，而本題詢問的是“財(cái)政狀況惡化”的原因，該選項(xiàng)屬于因果倒置；

C選項(xiàng)“政府投資不當(dāng)導(dǎo)致的沉重債務(wù)”，“政府債務(wù)”是原文第四到六段的內(nèi)容，根據(jù)原文可知，與本題無關(guān)，該選項(xiàng)屬于出處錯(cuò)位；

D選項(xiàng)“過去發(fā)生的重大政策變化”，“重大政策變化”可定位到原文第二段第一句，該句提到“只有當(dāng)新的政策方向得到公眾的廣泛支持時(shí)，才能發(fā)生影響廣大公眾的重大政策變化”，與本題無關(guān)，該選項(xiàng)屬于出處錯(cuò)位。

第2題:【選項(xiàng)釋義】

Inthelastsentenceofthefirstparagraph,theunderlinedword“alternatives”refersto____.第一段的最后一句中劃線詞“alternatives”指的是____。

A.coursesA.課程；路線

B.thoughtsB.想法；看法

C.occasionsC.重大場(chǎng)合

D.peopleD.人民

【答案】C

【考查點(diǎn)】詞匯推測(cè)題

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞thefirstparagraph和thelastsentence定位到原文第一段最后一句，該句提到“這些改革是好是壞，是解決體系的基本經(jīng)濟(jì)問題，還是僅僅保護(hù)現(xiàn)有制度安排的償付能力，將部分取決于我們，作為經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家，是否提供適當(dāng)?shù)闹R(shí)框架來分析____?！痹~alternatives的本義為“可供替代的選擇”，在這里應(yīng)該指的是一些供選擇的改革方案（reformalternatives）。C選項(xiàng)occasions可以指重大的社會(huì)事件或場(chǎng)合，reformoccasions指的是“改革”這件事，與原文的語(yǔ)義最接近。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】A選項(xiàng)courses“課程；路線”、B選項(xiàng)thoughts“想法；看法”、D選項(xiàng)people“人民”完全不符合原文語(yǔ)義，屬于無中生有。

第3題:【選項(xiàng)釋義】

Inparagraphthree,thenameandthedatesbetweenparentheses____.在第三段中，括號(hào)里的名字和日期____。

A.identitytheauthorA.標(biāo)明作者的身份

B.representvitalnewinformationB.代表重要的新信息

C.areaquestionofpersonalstyleC.是個(gè)人風(fēng)格的問題

D.refertoadifferentsourceD.指另一個(gè)來源

【答案】A

【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞Inparagraphthree定位到原文第3段。本段第一句提到“近25年前，我開始研究社會(huì)保障改革的影響（費(fèi)爾德斯坦，1974，1975）?！痹谡撐闹?，通常會(huì)使用括號(hào)中標(biāo)明作者和日期的格式，來提示這是該作者該時(shí)間的研究。原文中括號(hào)里的名字和日期是為了表明關(guān)于社會(huì)保障改革的影響的研究是費(fèi)爾德斯坦在1974到1975年的著作。A選項(xiàng)“標(biāo)明作者的身份”最符合題意。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

B選項(xiàng)“代表重要的新信息”，表述錯(cuò)誤，原文中作者已經(jīng)點(diǎn)明這是他自己25年前的研究，所以不屬于新信息，該選項(xiàng)屬于反向干擾；

C選項(xiàng)“是個(gè)人風(fēng)格的問題”，表述錯(cuò)誤，這種做法是慣例，該選項(xiàng)屬于無中生有；

D選項(xiàng)“指另一個(gè)來源”，表述錯(cuò)誤，括號(hào)里的名字和日期是為了補(bǔ)充該來源的信息，而不是指另一個(gè)來源，該選項(xiàng)屬于反向干擾。

第4題:【選項(xiàng)釋義】

ThedefinitionofSocialSecuritywealth____.社會(huì)保障財(cái)富的定義____。

A.appliestothebenefitspayablebeforeage65A.適用于65歲之前可支付的福利

B.includesthepresentactuarialvaluepaidbeforeage65B.包括65歲以前支付的精算現(xiàn)值

C.wasformulatedtwoandahalfdecadeagoC.是25年前形成的

D.wastodifferentiateprivatefinancialwealthD.是為了區(qū)分私人金融財(cái)富

【答案】C

【考查點(diǎn)】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞definitionofSocialSecuritywealth定位到原文第三段。本段第一句提到“差不多25年前（nearly25yearsago），我開始研究社會(huì)保障改革的影響?！痹摱蔚诙涮岬健霸谖覍?duì)社會(huì)保障的分析中（inmyanalysisofSocialSecurity），一個(gè)中心概念是‘社會(huì)保障財(cái)富’，我把它定義為（whichIdefinedas）社會(huì)保障福利的精算現(xiàn)值（thepresentactuarialvalueoftheSocialSecuritybenefits）（現(xiàn)在的成年人在65歲時(shí)將有權(quán)享受或65歲以上的老年人已經(jīng)享受了）減去（minus）他們?cè)谶_(dá)到那個(gè)年齡之前支付的社會(huì)保障稅的精算現(xiàn)值（thepresentactuarialvalueoftheSocialSecuritytaxes）?！庇纱丝芍?，關(guān)于“社會(huì)保障財(cái)富”的概念是作者在他25年前的一份研究中定義的。C選項(xiàng)“是25年前形成的”最符合題意。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A選項(xiàng)“適用于65歲之前可支付的福利”，由【解題思路】可知，根據(jù)定義，65歲之前交稅，65歲及65歲以上才可能有資格享受福利，該選項(xiàng)表述錯(cuò)誤，屬于偷換概念；

B選項(xiàng)“包括65歲以前支付的精算現(xiàn)值”，由【解題思路】可知，“社會(huì)保障財(cái)富”的定義為“65歲及65歲以后享受到的福利的精算現(xiàn)值減去這些人65歲以前交的稅的精算現(xiàn)值”，它是一個(gè)差額，而不是單獨(dú)的某一個(gè)精算現(xiàn)值，該選項(xiàng)屬于曲解原文；

D選項(xiàng)“是為了區(qū)分私人金融財(cái)富”，原文只提到了作者關(guān)于社會(huì)保障財(cái)富這個(gè)概念的定義，并沒有提及他提出這個(gè)定義的目的，該選項(xiàng)屬于無中生有。

第5題:【選項(xiàng)釋義】

Ratherthanwealth,thismagnitudemaybeconstruedasaliabilitybecause____.這個(gè)的量度可能被理解為負(fù)債而不是財(cái)富，因?yàn)開___。

A.ithasgrownto$11trillionA.它已經(jīng)增長(zhǎng)到11萬億美元了

B.itexceedsallotherassetsB.它超過了所有其他資產(chǎn)

C.itisadebttobepaidC.這是一筆需要償還的債

D.itgrowsrapidlythroughtheaccumulationofprivatecapitalD.它通過私人資本的積累而迅速增長(zhǎng)

【答案】C

【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題

【解題思路】本題詢問的是為什么把它稱之為“負(fù)債”而不是“財(cái)富”。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞wealth、magnitude和liability定位到原文第四段第二句，該句提到“我本可以稱其為國(guó)家的‘社會(huì)保障負(fù)債’，而不是將其稱為‘社會(huì)保障財(cái)富’?！倍髡哒f這句話的背景是，前一句提到“社會(huì)保障財(cái)富當(dāng)然不是真正的財(cái)富（notrealwealth），而只是（butonly）對(duì)當(dāng)前和未來納稅人的一種要求（aclaim）?！庇纱丝芍?，之所以把它稱之為“負(fù)債”是因?yàn)樗枰{稅人交稅，對(duì)于納稅人來說相當(dāng)于一筆要償還的債務(wù)，C選項(xiàng)“這是一筆需要償還的債”符合題意。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A選項(xiàng)“它已經(jīng)增長(zhǎng)到11萬億美元了”，表述正確，但與本題無關(guān)，該選項(xiàng)屬于出處錯(cuò)位；

B選項(xiàng)“它超過了所有其他資產(chǎn)”，可定位到原文第三段最后一句，該句提到“總的來說，按照常規(guī)衡量，社會(huì)保障財(cái)富超過所有私人金融財(cái)富的四分之三（exceedsthree-fourthsofallprivatefinancialwealth）?！庇纱丝芍?，它沒有超過了所有其他資產(chǎn)，并且這也不是本題詢問的原因，該選項(xiàng)屬于反向干擾、出處錯(cuò)位；

D選項(xiàng)“它通過私人資本的積累而迅速增長(zhǎng)”，表述錯(cuò)誤，原文第四段最后一句提到“社會(huì)保障財(cái)富有能力將私人資本積累擠出?！庇纱丝芍?，原文并沒有說社會(huì)保障財(cái)富是通過私人資本積累而增長(zhǎng)的，并且這也不是本題詢問的原因，該選項(xiàng)屬于曲解原文、出處錯(cuò)位。

2.翻譯題

Thisworkbelongswithinthemovementoftheso-called“ThirdForce”psychology,butunlikemanyotherworksinthisstreamofthought/itapproachestheproblemsofmanasapersonfromapointofviewthatcomesfromwithinscienceandfromanacademicpsychologicalperspective.Istressthisnotbecausetherehavebeennoothersuchattempts,butbecausetheseattemptsareintheminority—andbecauseveryoften,tothosewhoarenotknowledgeableaboutthemovement,ThirdForcepsychologyseemstobeadomainreservedexclusivelyforclinicians.ThisimpressionisobtainedbecausemostoftheThirdForcepsychologistsarecliniciansorpsychologistsinterestedinpersonalitytheory.Also,themistakennotionthatifoneisinterestedinthewholepersonthenitisnotpossibletobescientificisstilltooprevalent.Intruth,theimpactofthispsychologyisbynomeanslimitedtoclinicalpsychology—itsinsightsarerelevantforthewholefield.Moreover,itispreciselytheprejudicethatthispsychologymustbeeitherantiscientificornonscientificthatwewouldliketochallenge.

【答案】【參考譯文】

這部作品屬于所謂的第三勢(shì)力心理學(xué)運(yùn)動(dòng)，但與這一思潮中的許多其他作品不同，它從科學(xué)和學(xué)術(shù)心理學(xué)的角度來處理人之所以為人的問題。我強(qiáng)調(diào)這一點(diǎn)不是因?yàn)闆]有其他這樣的嘗試，而是因?yàn)檫@些嘗試是少數(shù)的，而且很多時(shí)候，對(duì)于那些不了解這一運(yùn)動(dòng)的人來說，第三力量心理學(xué)似乎是一個(gè)專門為臨床醫(yī)生保留的領(lǐng)域。這種印象之所以產(chǎn)生，是因?yàn)榇蠖鄶?shù)的第三勢(shì)力心理學(xué)家都是臨床醫(yī)生或?qū)θ烁窭碚摳信d趣的心理學(xué)家。此外，如果一個(gè)人對(duì)完整的人感興趣，那么就不可能進(jìn)行科學(xué)研究這樣一種錯(cuò)誤觀念仍然非常普遍。事實(shí)上，這種心理學(xué)的影響并不局限于臨床心理學(xué)——它的洞見與整個(gè)領(lǐng)域都相關(guān)。此外，我們要反駁的正是這種心理學(xué)必須是反科學(xué)或非科學(xué)的偏見。

3.單選題

PopularintheUKaretheolderruinsatthecastle’sedge,knownas“theabbey”:Twosmallcells,（）withivy,crumblingandopentothesky.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.strewn

B.loaded

C.permeated

D.crammed

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)strewn“撒滿的，散播的”；B選項(xiàng)loaded“載著重物的”；C選項(xiàng)permeated“彌漫的，遍布的”，多指氣味彌漫或液體滲透；D選項(xiàng)crammed“擠滿的”。句意：在英國(guó)很受歡迎的是城堡邊緣的古老廢墟，被稱為“修道院”：兩個(gè)小隔間，散布著常春藤，搖搖欲墜，朝向天空。選項(xiàng)A符合句意。

4.單選題

Reebokexecutivesdonotliketoheartheirstylishathleticshoescalledfootwearforyuppies.TheycontendthatReebokshoesappealtodiversemarketsegments,especiallynowthatthecompanyoffersbasketballandchildren’sshoesfortheunder18setandwalkingshoesforoldercustomersnotinterestedinaerobicsorrunning.Theexecutivesalsopointoutthatthroughrecentacquisitionstheyhaveaddedhikingboots,dressandcasualshoes,andhigh-performanceathleticfootweartotheirproductlines,allofwhichshouldattractnewandvariedgroupsofcustomers.

Still,despiteitsemphasisonnewmarkets,Reebokplansfewchangesintheupmarketretailingnetworkthathelpedpushsalesto1billionannually,aheadofallothersportsshoemarketers.Rebookshoes,whicharcpricedfrom$27to$85,willcontinuetobesoldonlyinbetterspecialty,sportinggoods,anddepartmentstores,inaccordancewiththecompany’sviewthatconsumersjudgethequalityofthebrandbythequalityofitsdistribution.

Inthepastfewyears,theMassachusetts-basedcompanyhasimposedlimitsonthenumberofitsdistributors(andthenumberofshoessuppliedtostores),partlyoutofnecessity.AttimestheunexpecteddemandforReebok’sexceededsupply,andthecompanycouldbarelykeepupwithordersfromthedealersitalreadyhad.Thesefulfillmentproblemsseemtobeundercontrolnow,butthecompanyisstillselectiveaboutitsdistributors.Atpresent,ReebokshoesareavailableinaboutfivethousandretailstoresintheUnitedStates.

Reebokhasalreadyanticipatedthatwalkingshoeswillbethenextfitness-relatedcraze,replacingaerobicsshoesthesamewayitsbrightlycolored,softleatherexercisefootwearreplacedconventionalrunningshoes.Throughproductdiversificationandcarefulmarketresearch,ReebokhopestoavoidthedistributionproblemsNikecameacrossseveralyearsago,whenNikemisjudgedthestrengthoftheaerobicsshoecrazeandwasforcedtounloadhugeinventoriesofrunningshoesthroughdiscountstores.

1.OnereasonwhyReebok’smanagerialpersonneldon'tliketheirshoestobecalled“footwear

ofyuppies”isthat（）.

2.Reebok’sviewthat“consumersjudgethequalityofthebrandbythequalityofitsdistribution”(Line5,Para.2)impliesthat（）.

3.Reebokoncehadtolimitthenumberofitsdistributorsbecause（）.

4.AlthoughtheReebokCompanyhassolvedtheproblemoffulfillingitsorders,it（）.

5.WhatlessonhasReeboklearnedfromNike’sdistributionproblems?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.theybelievethattheirshoesarepopularwithpeopleofdifferentagegroups

B.newproductionlineshavebeenaddedtoproduceinexpensiveshoes

C.“yuppies”usuallyevokesanegativeimage

D.thetermmakespeoplethinkofprohibitiveprices.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.thequalityofabrandismeasuredbytheservicequalityofthestoresellingit

B.thequalityofaproductdeterminesthequalityofitsdistributors

C.thepopularityofabrandisdeterminedbythestoresthatsellit

D.consumersbelievethatfirst-rateproductsareonlysoldbyhigh-qualitystores

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.itssupplyofproductsfellshortofdemand

B.toomanydistributorswouldcutintoitsprofits

C.thereductionofdistributorscouldincreaseitsshareofthemarket

D.itwantedtoenhanceconsumerconfidenceinitsproducts

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.doesnotwanttofurtherexpanditsretailingnetwork

B.stilllimitsthenumberofshoessuppliedtostores

C.isstillparticularaboutwhosellsitsproducts

D.Stillcarefullychoosesthemanufacturersofitsproducts.

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.Acompanyshouldnotsellitshighqualityshoesindiscountstores.

B.Acompanyshouldnotlimititsdistributionnetwork.

C.Acompanyshoulddofollow-upsurveysofitsproducts.

D.Acompanyshouldcorrectlyevaluatetheimpactofanewcrazeonthemarket.

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:D

第3題:A

第4題:C

第5題:D

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干可以定位到第一段第二句活TheycontendthatReebokshoesappealtodiversemarketsegments,especiallynowthatthecompanyoffersbasketballandchildren’sshoesfortheunder18setandwalkingshoesforoldercustomersnotinterestedinaerobicsorrunning.“他們認(rèn)為，銳步關(guān)注的是多元化的細(xì)分市場(chǎng)，特別是因?yàn)楣驹跒?8歲以下顧客制造籃球鞋和童鞋的同時(shí)，也為不愛做有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)或跑步的老年顧客提供步行鞋。”，由此可知銳步關(guān)注的是多元化的細(xì)分市場(chǎng)。所以A項(xiàng)正確。

2.判斷推理題。根據(jù)題干可以定位在文章第二段的Reebokplansfewchangesintheupmarketretailingnetwork.“銳步計(jì)劃對(duì)高端市場(chǎng)零售網(wǎng)絡(luò)進(jìn)行一些調(diào)整?！焙蚏ebookshoes,whicharepricedfrom$27to$85,willcontinuetobesoldonlyinbetterspecialty,sportinggoods,anddepartmentstores.“價(jià)格在27美元到85美元之間的Rebook運(yùn)動(dòng)鞋將繼續(xù)只在更好的專業(yè)產(chǎn)品、體育用品和百貨商店出售”。故D項(xiàng)“消費(fèi)者認(rèn)為一流的產(chǎn)品只會(huì)在高質(zhì)量的店鋪被售賣。”符合題意。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干定位在文章第三段Inthepastfewyears,theMassachusetts-basedcompanyhasimposedlimitsonthenumberofitsdistributors(andthenumberofshoessuppliedtostores),partlyoutofnecessity.AttimestheunexpecteddemandforReebok’sexceededsupply,andthecompanycouldbarelykeepupwithordersfromthedealersitalreadyhad.。過去幾年，這家總部位于馬薩諸塞州的公司對(duì)其分銷商的數(shù)量(以及供應(yīng)給商店的鞋的數(shù)量)進(jìn)行了限制，這在一定程度上是出于必要。有時(shí)銳步的需求超出了供應(yīng)，難以滿足經(jīng)銷商的訂單。由此可知A項(xiàng)“供不應(yīng)求”。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干可以定位在文章第三段中的Thesefulfillmentproblemsseemtobeundercontrolnow,butthecompanyisstillselectiveaboutitsdistributors.這些問題現(xiàn)在似乎得到了控制，但公司仍然對(duì)經(jīng)銷商很挑剔?！庇纱丝芍狢項(xiàng)“對(duì)于讓誰來銷售他們的產(chǎn)品仍然挑剔”符合題意，答案選C。

5.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干可以定位到最后—段中的Throughproductdiversificationandcarefulmarketresearch,ReebokhopestoavoidthedistributionproblemsNikecameacrossseveralyearsago,whenNikemisjudgedthestrengthoftheaerobicsshoecrazeandwasforcedtounloadhugeinventoriesofrunningshoesthroughdiscountstores.“通過產(chǎn)品多樣化和仔細(xì)的市場(chǎng)調(diào)查，銳步希望避免耐克幾年前遇到的分銷問題，當(dāng)時(shí)耐克誤判了健美鞋熱潮的強(qiáng)度，被迫通過折扣店出售大量庫(kù)存的跑鞋。”由此可知D項(xiàng)“企業(yè)應(yīng)該正確估計(jì)市場(chǎng)上新熱潮的影響”。符合題意。因此選D。

5.單選題

Thismicroscope（

）by1,000timesthesampleontheslides.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.probed

B.abided

C.magnified

D.specified

【答案】C

【解析】probe探查,調(diào)查；abide持續(xù),忍受；magnified放大；specify詳細(xì)說明。句意:顯微鏡把放在幻燈片上的樣品放大了1000倍。選項(xiàng)C符合句意。

6.單選題

Theguestswereinajubilantmoodastheweddingbegan.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.exultant

B.conciliatory

C.reverent

D.receptive

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。jubilant意為“喜氣洋洋的，歡欣鼓舞的”；exultant意為“歡欣鼓舞的，興高采烈的”；conciliatory意為“調(diào)解的，安撫的”；reverent意為“恭敬的，虔敬的”；receptive意為“樂于接受的”。

句意：婚禮開始時(shí)，客人們興高采烈。

7.單選題

The“EchoHouse”willdemonstratehowwecanlivewithhighlyefficientinsulation,solarheating,energyefficient______andorganicgardening.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.applicators

B.applications

C.applicants

D.appliances

【答案】D

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)applicators“涂藥器；敷帖器；上涂裝置”；B選項(xiàng)applications“應(yīng)用；申請(qǐng)；應(yīng)用程序；敷用；（對(duì)事物、學(xué)習(xí)等）投入”；C選項(xiàng)applicants“申請(qǐng)人，申請(qǐng)者；請(qǐng)求者”；D選項(xiàng)appliances“器具；器械；裝置；應(yīng)用”。原句中有幾個(gè)并列成分：highlyefficientinsulation，solarheating，energyefficient____，和organicgardening，根據(jù)上下文，這些都是與生存環(huán)境有關(guān)的詞語(yǔ)，因此我們不難排除掉與此無關(guān)的選項(xiàng)A選項(xiàng)和C選項(xiàng)。另外，原句中的幾個(gè)并列成分都是具體名詞。因此可以推斷B選項(xiàng)application“應(yīng)用；申請(qǐng)；應(yīng)用程序；敷用；（對(duì)事物、學(xué)習(xí)等）投入”與題意不符。句意：“回音屋”將向我們展示如何使用高效隔熱、太陽(yáng)能飲食、節(jié)能電器和有機(jī)園藝來生活。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

8.單選題

Hedecidedtotake______golftoprovidehimselfwithsomerelaxation.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.on

B.over

C.up

D.with

【答案】C

【解析】【選項(xiàng)釋義】

A.on在……之上B.over關(guān)于，在……上方

C.up向上D.with和……在一起

【考查點(diǎn)】介詞辨析。

【解題思路】按照句意“他決定______高爾夫球來放松一下”可知，空格處表示“打”，分析句子可知，空格處是填入一個(gè)介詞與take搭配，而takeup表示“開始從事”，在這里可以表示“開始打高爾夫”，所以該題選擇C項(xiàng)。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A項(xiàng)takeon表示“承擔(dān)，呈現(xiàn)”；

B項(xiàng)takeover表示“接管，接收”；

D項(xiàng)takewith表示“將……戴上”；

都不符合句子邏輯。

【句意】他決定開始打高爾夫球來放松一下。

9.單選題

Ourarmysucceededin（

）theadvancingenemy.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.retrieving

B.revenging

C.resenting

D.repelling

【答案】D

【解析】【試題解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)retrieve“檢索，恢復(fù)”；B選項(xiàng)revenge“報(bào)復(fù)，替復(fù)仇”；C選項(xiàng)resent“怨恨，憤恨”；D選項(xiàng)repel“擊退，抵制”。由關(guān)鍵詞“ourarmy”和“theadvancingenemy前進(jìn)的敵軍”，可知空格部分意思可能為“擊退，打退”，句意為：我軍成功擊退前進(jìn)的敵軍。選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

10.單選題

Maryisfinegirleventhoughshe'ssometimesabruptinmanner.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.devious

B.brusque

C.shrew

D.irritable

【答案】B

【解析】句意：瑪麗是個(gè)好女孩，雖然她有時(shí)舉止粗魯。abrupt意為“生硬的，唐突的，粗魯?shù)?。Devious偏僻的，彎曲的；brusque唐突的，直率的，無禮的；shrew潑婦，悍婦；irritable急躁的，易怒的。選項(xiàng)B與之意思最為相近。

11.單選題

Theseniorlibrarianatthecirculationdeskpromisedtogetthebookforme（

）shecouldrememberwholastborrowedit.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.eversince

B.muchas

C.eventhough

D.ifonly

【答案】D

【解析】考查詞組辨析。eversince意為“自從”；muchas意為“盡管，雖然”；eventhough意為“即使，縱然”；ifonly意為“只要”。

句意：那個(gè)在借記臺(tái)的年長(zhǎng)的圖書管理員答應(yīng)我，只要她記得誰最后借了這本書，就會(huì)把書給我。

12.單選題

Wewereborntolovingparentswho（）theimportanceoffamilybonds,education,hardwork,andcommitmenttoothers.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.attach

B.stress

C.stretch

D.ascribe

【答案】B

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。attach“使依附，貼上”；stress“強(qiáng)調(diào)；使緊張”；stretch“伸展，拉緊”；ascribe“歸因于；歸咎于”。句意：慈愛的父母將我們養(yǎng)育長(zhǎng)大，他們教給我們親情、教育、勤勉和恪守承諾。根據(jù)句意可知選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

13.單選題

Familydisruptionhasbeensuggestedasacentralcauseofmanytroublesomesocialproblems.Morethanhalfofthedramaticincreaseinchildpovertyinthe1980’s（）toit.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.arecontributed

B.arecontributable

C.isattributing

D.isattributable

【答案】D

【解析】語(yǔ)法題。contribute“貢獻(xiàn)，出力”；attribute“歸因于”。詞組attributeto通常用于一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)，選項(xiàng)C可排除。句意：有人認(rèn)為家庭破裂是許多棘手的社會(huì)問題的主要原因。上世紀(jì)80年代，兒童貧困的急劇增加，有一半以上的問題要?dú)w因于貧困。選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

14.單選題

John______betterthantogoswimmingrightaftereating.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.shallknow

B.shouldn’tknow

C.hasknown

D.shouldhaveknown

【答案】D

【解析】考查謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。句意：你應(yīng)該知道不能吃完飯就去游泳。根據(jù)John在之前就know剛吃完飯不能游泳，對(duì)現(xiàn)在有影響，確定用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)；結(jié)合語(yǔ)境，這里指本來就該知道，加上情態(tài)動(dòng)詞should后句意通順，D選項(xiàng)shouldhaveknown符合題意。A選項(xiàng)shallknow中shall意思為“將要”，不符合題意。B選項(xiàng)shouldn’tknow不符合題意。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

15.單選題

Overthepastcentury,allkindsofunfairnessanddiscriminationhavebeencondemnedormadeillegal.Buttheoneinsidiousformcontinuestothrive:alphabetism.This,forthoseasyetunawareofsuchadisadvantage,referstodiscriminationagainstthosewhosesurnamebeginningwithaletterinthelowerhalfofthealphabet.

IthaslongbeenknownthatataxifirmcalledAAAAcarhasabigadvantageoverZodiaccarswhencustomersthumbthroughtheirphonedirectories.LesswellknownistheadvantagethatAdamAbbotthasinlifeoverZoeZysman.Englishnamesarefairlyevenlyspreadbetweenthehalvesofthealphabet.YetasuspiciouslylargenumberoftoppeoplehavesurnamesbeginningwithlettersbetweenAandK.

ThustheAmericanpresidentandvice-presidenthavesurnamesstartingwithBandCrespectively;and26ofGeorgeBush’spredecessors(includinghisfather)hadsurnamesinthefirsthalfofthealphabetagainstjust16inthesecondhalf.Evenmorestriking,sixofthesevenheadsofgovernmentoftheG7richcountriesarealphabeticallyadvantaged(Berlusconi,Blair,Bush,Chirac,ChrtienandKoizumi).Theworld’sthreetopcentralbankers(Greenspan,DuisenbergandHayami)areallclosetothetopofthealphabet,evenifoneofthemreallyusesJapanesecharacters.Asaretheworld’sfiverichestmen(Gates,Buffett,Alien,EllisonandAlbrecht).

Canthismerelybycoincidence?Onetheory,dreamtupinallthesparetimeenjoyedbythealphabeticallydisadvantaged,isthattherotsetsinearly.Atthestartofthefirstyearininfantschool,teachersseatpupilsalphabeticallyfromthefront,tomakeiteasiertoremembertheirnames.Soshort-sightedZysmanjuniorgetsstuckinthebackrow,andisrarelyaskedtheimprovingquestionsposedbythoseinsensitiveteachers.Atthetimethealphabeticallydisadvantagedmaythinktheyhavehadaluckyescape.Yettheresultmaybeworsequalifications,becausetheygetlessindividualattention,aswellaslessconfidenceinspeakingpublicly.

Thehumiliationcontinues.Atuniversitygraduationceremonies,theABCsproudlygettheirawardsfirst;bythetimetheyreachtheZysmansmostpeopleareliterallyhavingaZZZ.Shortlistsforjobinterviews,electionballotpapers,listsofconferencespeakersandattendees:alltendtobedrawnupalphabetically,andtheirrecipientsloseinterestastheyploughthroughthem.

1.WhatdoestheauthorintendtoillustratewithAAAAcarsandZodiaccars?

2.Whatcanweinferfromthefirstthreeparagraphs?

3.Thefourthparagraphsuggeststhat（

）.

4.Whatdoestheauthormeanby“mostpeopleareliterallyhavingaZZZ”(Para.5)?

5.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothetext?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Akindofoverlookinequality.

B.Atypeofconspicuousbias.

C.Atypeofpersonalprejudice.

D.Akindofbranddiscrimination.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.InbothEastandWest,namesareessentialtosuccess.

B.ThealphabetistoblameforthefailureofZoeZysman.

C.Customersoftenpayalotofattentiontocompanies’names.

D.Someformofdiscriminationistoosubtletorecognize.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.questionsareoftenputtothemoreintelligentstudents

B.alphabeticallydisadvantagedstudentsoftenescapefromclass

C.teachersshouldpayattentiontoalloftheirstudents

D.studentsshouldbeseatedaccordingtotheireyesight

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Theyaregettingimpatient.

B.Theyarenoisilydozingoff.

C.Theyarefeelinghumiliated.

D.Theyarebusywithwordpuzzles.

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.PeoplewithsurnamesbeginningwithNtoZareoftenill-treated.

B.VIPsinthewesternworldgainagreatdealfromalphabetism.

C.Thecampaigntoeliminatealphabtismstillhasalongwaytogo.

D.Puttingthingsalphabeticallymayleadtounintentionalbias.

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:D

第3題:C

第4題:B

第5題:D

【解析】1.推理判斷題。由文章第一段中的This,forthoseasyetunawareofsuchadisadvantage,referstodiscriminationagainstthosewhosesurnamebeginningwithaletterinthelowerhalfofthealphabet.（對(duì)于那些尚未意識(shí)到這一劣勢(shì)的人來說，這是指對(duì)那些姓氏以字母表下半部分的字母開頭的人的歧視）可知A選項(xiàng)“一種被忽視的不公平”符合題意。

2.推理判斷題。文章第一段提出字母排序是一種隱藏的歧視；第二三段舉例說明字母排序的歧視，因此D選項(xiàng)“某種形式的歧視太微妙以至于無法識(shí)別”符合題意。

3.推理判斷題。文章第四段介紹了從入學(xué)開始，老師們就按姓氏首字母排序安排學(xué)生的座位，很少關(guān)注那些由于姓氏首字母靠后而經(jīng)常被安排在教室的后面，也很少向他們提問，因此C選項(xiàng)“老師們應(yīng)該關(guān)注所有的學(xué)生”符合題意。

4.詞義題。由文章最后一段中的Thehumiliationcontinues.Atuniversitygraduationceremonies,theABCsproudlygettheirawardsfirst;bythetimetheyreachtheZysmansmostpeopleareliterallyhavingaZZZ.（羞辱還在繼續(xù)。在大學(xué)畢業(yè)典禮上，ABC們自豪地獲得了他們的獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)；等輪到Zysman們的時(shí)候，大多數(shù)人實(shí)際上已經(jīng)ZZZ了）可在推測(cè)等輪到Zysman們領(lǐng)獎(jiǎng)時(shí)，其他人由于等的時(shí)間太長(zhǎng)，差不多都會(huì)睡著了。ZZZ表示“（擬聲）打鼾聲”，dozingoff表示“打瞌睡”，因此選B。

5.推理判斷題。文章主要介紹了字母排序所帶來的歧視，這種歧視是隱蔽的，是無意中導(dǎo)致的，因此D選項(xiàng)“按字母順序排列可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致無意的偏見”符合題意。

16.單選題

Bythelatenineteenthcentury,thefocusfortheengineersandbuildersoftunnelswasbeginningtoshiftfromEuropetotheUnitedStatesandespeciallyNewYork,wheretheriversencirclingManhattancapturedtheimaginationoftunnelersandchallengedtheiringenuity.ThefirsttoacceptthechallengewasasomewhatmysteriousCaliforniannamedDeWittClintonHaskin,whoturnedupinNewYorkinthe1870’swithaproposaltotunnelthroughthesitundertheHudsonRiverbetweenManhattanandJerseyCity.

Haskineventuallyabandonedtheriskyproject.ButacompanyorganizedbyWilliamMcAdooresumedtheattackin1902,workingfrombothdirections.McAdoo’smenwereforcedtoblastwhentheyranintoanunexpectedledgeofrock,butwiththisobstaclesurmountedthetwoheadingsmetin1904andMcAdoodonnedoilskinstobecometheHudson’sfirstunderwaterbank-to-bankpedestrian.World’sWorkmagazineproudlyreportedin1906thatNewYorkcouldnowbedescribedasabodyoflandsurroundedbytunnels.Threeone-wayshaftsbeneaththeHudsonandtwoundertheHarlemRiverwerealreadyholedthrough;threemoreHudsontubeswerebeingbuilt.EightseparatetunnelswereunderconstructionbeneaththeEastRiver.

1.Accordingtothepassage,DeWittClintonHaskincamefrom________.

2.WhatdoestheauthorimplyaboutDeWittClintonHaskin’sbackground?

3.Accordingtothepassage,whendidWilliamMcAdoobegintoworkontheHudsonRivertunnel?

4.Accordingtothepassage,theworkerstunnelingforWilliamMcAdooweresurprisedtofindwhichofthefollowingwheretheywereworking?

5.ThequotationfromWorld’sWorkmagazineintroducesfactsabout________.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.JerseyCity

B.Europe

C.California

D.NewYork

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Itdidnotqualifyhimtohandleexplosives.

B.Itwasnotsomethingpe