考研考博-英語-和田師范?？茖W(xué)?？荚囇侯}三合一+答案詳解篇

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-和田師范?？茖W(xué)校考試押題三合一+答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點(diǎn)押密(共120題)1.單選題

Foryearspediaticiansdidn’tworrymuchabouttreatinghypertensionintheirpatients.Afterall,kidsgrowsofast,it’shardkeepingupwiththeirshoesize,letalonetheirbloodpressure.Sure,hypertensioninadultsplacesthematgreaterriskofheartattackandstroke.Butnobodylikestheideaofstartingyoungstersonblood-pressuremedicinetheycouldwinduptakingtherestoftheirlives.Whoknowswhatpreviouslyunheard-ofsideeffectscouldcropupafterfiveprsixdecadesofdailyuse?

Therationalehasbeen:kidsgrowoutofsomanythings,maybethey'llgrowoutofthistoo.

Now,though,comeswordthathighbloodpressurecanbedestructiveeveninchildhood.AccordingtoarecentreportinthejournalCirculation,19of130childrenwithhighbloodpressuredevelopedadangerousthickeningoftheheartmusclethat,inadultsatleast,hasbeenlinkedtoheartfailure.“Nooneknowsifthispatternholdstrueforyoungerpatientsaswell,”saysDr.StephenDaniels,apediatriccardiologistwholedthestudyatChildrensHospitalMedicalCenterinCincinnati,Ohio.“Butit’sworrisome.”

Who’smostatrisk?Boysmorethangirls,especiallyboyswhoareoverweight.Theirheartworkssohardtoforcebloodthroughextralayersoffatthatitswallsgrowmoredense.Then,afterdecadesofstraining,itgrowstoobigtopumpbloodverywell.Fortunatelytheabnormal,thickeningcanbespottedbyultrasound.Andinmostcase,gettingthatbloodpressureundercontrol—throughweightlossandexerciseor,asalastresort,drugtreatment一allowstheoverworkedmuscletoshrinktonormalsize.

Howcanyoutellifyoursarelikethe670,000Americanchildrenages10to18withhighbloodpressure?It’snotthesortofthingyoucancatchbyputtingyourchild’sarminacuffatthefreemonitoringstationinyourlocalgrocery.Youshouldhaveatestdonebyadoctor,whowillconsultspecialtablesthatindicatemenormalrangeofbloodpressureforaparticularchild’sage,heightandsex.Ifthedoctorfindsanabnormalresulthewillrepeatthetestoveraperiodofmonthstomakesurethereadingisn’tafake.He’llalsocheck,whetherotherconditions,likekidneydisease,couldbethesourceofthetrouble.BecausehypertensioncanbehardtodetecttheNationalHeart,LungandBloodInstituterecommendsannualblood-pressurechecksforeverychildoverage3.

Abouthalfthecasesofhypertensionstemdirectlyfromkidsbeingoverweight.Andtheproblemislikelytogrow.Overthepast30yearstheproportionofchildrenintheU.S.whoareoverweighthasdoubled,from5%to11%or4.7millionkids.

Youcankeepyourchildrenfromjoiningtheirranksbyclearingthejunkfoodfromyourpantryandhookingyoukids—theearlierthebetter一onhealthy,attractivesnackslikefruits(tryfreezinggrapesorcarrotstickswithsalsa).Notonlywilltheyloweryourchildren’sbloodpressure:thesefoodswillalsoboosttheirimmunesystemandunclogtheirplumbing.Meanwhile,makesureyourkidsspendmoretimeontheplaygroundthanwiththeirPlay-Station.Eveniftheydon’tshedapound,vigorousexercisewillhelpkeeptheirbloodvesselsniceandwide,loweringtheirbloodpressure.Andofcourse,they’llbemorelikelytoeatlightandexerciseifyousetagoodexample.

1.Theword“unclog”inthelastparagraphcanbereplacedby（）.

2.Bysaying“It’snotthesortofthingyoucancatchbyputtingyourchild’sarminacuffatthefreemonitoringstationinyourlocalgrocery”,thewriterimplies（）.

3.Whichofthefollowingisnotsuggestedbythewritertocontrolhypertension?

4.Wecanconcludefromthepassagethat（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.fix

B.clear

C.hinder

D.dismantle

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.hypertensionishardtodetect

B.childrenoftenrefusetohavetheirbloodpressuretested

C.you’llhavetopayalotofmoneyifyouwanttohaveyourchild’sbloodpressurecheckedinagrocery

D.inalocalgrocery,youarefreetodeterminehowtohaveyourchild’bloodpressureexamined

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Drugtreatment.

B.Weightloss.

C.Exercise.

D.Overwork.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.childrenwithhypertensionareunlikelytosufferfromheartattackandstroke

B.parent'sbloodpressuredecidestheirchildren’sbloodpressure

C.besidesoverweight,thereareotherfactorsresultinginhypertension

D.vigorousexercisesometimeswillleadtohearttrouble

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:A

第3題:D

第4題:C

【解析】第1題:1.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

1.Theword“unclog”inthelastparagraphcanbereplacedby______.1.最后一段的unclog可以用______代替。

A.fixA.修理

B.clearB.清除

C.hinderC.阻礙

D.dismantleD.拆卸

【考查點(diǎn)】詞義推測(cè)題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干定位至最后一段第二句“這些食物不僅能降低孩子的血壓，還能增強(qiáng)他們的免疫系統(tǒng)，unclog他們的管道”，可知，既然是有益的食物，當(dāng)然是能疏通和清潔管道。所以u(píng)nclog的意思是“疏通”的意思，只有B項(xiàng)“清理，清除”意思與之相近。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】A項(xiàng)“修理”、C項(xiàng)“阻礙”和D項(xiàng)“拆卸”都是曲解原文。

第2題:2.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

2.Bysaying“It’snotthesortofthingyoucancatchbyputtingyourchild’sarminacuffatthefreemonitoringstationinyourlocalgrocery”,thewriterimplies______.2.通過說“這不是那種你在當(dāng)?shù)仉s貨店的免費(fèi)監(jiān)測(cè)站把孩子的手臂套在袖口上就能抓到的東西”，作者想表示______。

A.hypertensionishardtodetectA.高血壓很難檢測(cè)

B.childrenoftenrefusetohavetheirbloodpressuretestedB.孩子們經(jīng)常拒絕測(cè)量血壓

C.you’llhavetopayalotofmoneyifyouwanttohaveyourchild’sbloodpressurecheckedinagroceryC.如果你想在雜貨店檢查孩子的血壓，你將不得不支付一大筆錢

D.inalocalgrocery,youarefreetodeterminehowtohaveyourchild’bloodpressureexaminedD.在當(dāng)?shù)氐囊患译s貨店，你可以自由決定如何檢查孩子的血壓

【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干定位至第五段第二句“這不是那種你在當(dāng)?shù)仉s貨店的免費(fèi)監(jiān)測(cè)站把你的孩子的手臂綁在袖口上就能抓到的東西”，結(jié)合上一句“你怎么知道你的孩子是不是像67萬10到18歲患有高血壓的美國(guó)孩子一樣呢？”，以及第五段一直強(qiáng)調(diào)檢測(cè)兒童是否高血壓，醫(yī)生需要參考特殊的表格，如果有異常的話需要醫(yī)生重復(fù)進(jìn)行測(cè)試，來確保讀數(shù)為真，還要檢查是否有其他的疾病引起高血壓，第五段最后一句更是直接點(diǎn)明“因?yàn)楦哐獕汉茈y被發(fā)現(xiàn)，國(guó)家心肺血液研究所建議每年對(duì)每個(gè)3歲以上的兒童進(jìn)行血壓檢查”，可以推測(cè)出作是想表達(dá)測(cè)量高血壓并非易事，所以并不是在當(dāng)?shù)仉s貨店通過簡(jiǎn)單的檢測(cè)機(jī)器就可以檢查出的，必須去醫(yī)院做檢查，故該題選擇A項(xiàng)正確。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

B項(xiàng)“孩子們經(jīng)常拒絕測(cè)量血壓”原文未提及，屬于無中生有；

C項(xiàng)“如果你想在雜貨店檢查孩子的血壓，你將不得不支付一大筆錢”與原文不符合，原文已經(jīng)提到雜貨店的監(jiān)測(cè)站是免費(fèi)的，該項(xiàng)反向干擾；

D項(xiàng)“在當(dāng)?shù)氐囊患译s貨店，你可以自由決定如何檢查孩子的血壓”根據(jù)解題思路可知，該項(xiàng)并不符合原文，屬于曲解原文。

第3題:3.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

3.Whichofthefollowingisnotsuggestedbythewritertocontrolhypertension?3.以下哪項(xiàng)不是作者建議的控制高血壓的方法？

A.Drugtreatment.A.藥物治療。

B.Weightloss.B.減肥。

C.Exercise.C.鍛煉。

D.Overwork.D.過度工作。

【考查點(diǎn)】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)第四段最后一句“而且在大多數(shù)情況下，通過減肥和鍛煉，或者作為最后的手段，藥物治療（throughweightlossandexerciseor,asalastresort,drugtreatment），控制血壓可以使過度勞累的肌肉收縮到正常大小”，從中可知，控制高血壓的辦法包括減肥、鍛煉和藥物治療，只有D項(xiàng)“過度工作”沒有提到。故該題選擇D項(xiàng)正確。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】A項(xiàng)“藥物治療”、B項(xiàng)“減肥”和C項(xiàng)“鍛煉”都符合原文，屬于反向干擾。

第4題:4.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

4.Wecanconcludefromthepassagethat______.4.我們可以從文章中得出______的結(jié)論？

A.childrenwithhypertensionareunlikelytosufferfromheartattackandstrokeA.患有高血壓的兒童不太可能患心臟病和中風(fēng)

B.parent’sbloodpressuredecidestheirchildren’sbloodpressureB.父母的血壓決定孩子的血壓

C.besidesoverweight,thereareotherfactorsresultinginhypertensionC.除了超重，還有其他因素導(dǎo)致高血壓

D.vigorousexercisesometimeswillleadtohearttroubleD.劇烈運(yùn)動(dòng)有時(shí)會(huì)導(dǎo)致心臟病

【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段第一句“大約有一半的高血壓病例是直接由兒童超重引起的”，從這句話我們可以推斷，還有其他的因素也會(huì)導(dǎo)致高血壓。C項(xiàng)“除了超重，還有其他因素導(dǎo)致高血壓”符合這一分析，故該題選擇C項(xiàng)正確。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A項(xiàng)“患有高血壓的兒童不太可能患心臟病和中風(fēng)”，在原文第三段提到，患有高血壓的兒童出現(xiàn)危險(xiǎn)的心肌增厚，所以該項(xiàng)并不正確，屬于反向干擾；

B項(xiàng)“父母的血壓決定孩子的血壓”沒有提到，無中生有；

D項(xiàng)“劇烈運(yùn)動(dòng)有時(shí)會(huì)導(dǎo)致心臟病”，在原文最后一段倒數(shù)第二句提到“劇烈的運(yùn)動(dòng)也會(huì)幫助他們保持血管的健康和寬闊，降低他們的血壓”，可知，“劇烈運(yùn)動(dòng)有時(shí)會(huì)導(dǎo)致心臟病”與原文不符，曲解原文。

2.單選題

Accordingtothenewschoolofscientiststechnologyisanoverlookedforceinexpandingthehorizonsofscientificknowledge.Sciencemovesforward,theysay,notsomuchthroughtheinsightsofgreatmenofgeniusasbecauseofmoreordinarythingslikeimprovedtechniquesandtools.Inshort,aleaderofthenewschoolcontends,thescientificrevolution,aswecallit,waslargelytheimprovementaninventionanduseofaseriesofinstrumentsthatexpandedthereachofscienceininnumerabledirections.

Overtheyears,toolsandtechnologythemselvesasasourceoffundamentalinnovationhavelargelybeenignoredbyhistoriansandphilosophersofscience.ThemodernschoolthathailstechnologyarguesthatsuchmastersasGalileo,Newton,Maxwell,Einstein,andinventorssuchasEdisonattachedgreatimportanceto,andderivedgreatbenefitfrom,craftinformationandtechnologicaldevicesofdifferentkindsthatwereusableinscientificexperiments.

Thecoreoftheargumentofatechnology-yes,genius-noadvocatewasananalysisofGalileo’sroleatthestartofthescientificrevolution.ThewisdomofthedaywasderivedfromPtolemy,anastronomerofthesecondcentury,whoseelaboratesystemoftenskyputEarthatthecenterofallheavenlymotions.Galileo’sgreatestglorywasthatin1609hewasthefirstpersontoturnthenewlyinventedtelescopeontheheavenstoprovethattheplanetsrevolvearoundthesunratherthanaroundtheearth.Buttherealheroofthestory,accordingtothenewschoolofscientists,wasthelongevolutionintheimprovementofmachineryformakingeyeglasses.

Federalpolicyisnecessarilyinvolvedinthetechnologyvsgeniusdispute.WhethertheGovernmentshouldincreasethefinancingofpurescienceattheexpenseoftechnologyorviceversaoftendependsontheissueofwhichisseenasthedrivingforce.

1.Whatleadstotheexpansionofscienceintermsofthenewschoolofscientists?

2.Whatisthenatureofscientificrevolutionaccordingtoaleaderofthenewschool?

3.Whydoesmodernschoolofscientistspayattentiontotheinventionandimprovementoftoolsandtechnology?

4.Whatconclusioncanbedrawnfromthelastparagraph?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Thecreativeideasofthegreatminds.

B.Thescientificknowledgeofthegeniuses.

C.Theimprovementofordinarytoolsandtechniques.

D.Theneglectedforceinscientificinnovations.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Ithelpstoinventaseriesofnewinstruments.

B.Itisactuallytheresultofthedevelopmentofaseriesofinstruments.

C.Itpushesthesciencetowardaparticulardirection.

D.Ithasimprovedthetechniquesininnumerabledirections.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Becausetheycanbeappliedinscientificexperiments.

B.Becausetheyaregreatlyadmiredbyscientistsandinventors.

C.Becausetheyareoverlookedbyhistoriansandphilosophers.

D.Becausetheycanbeservedasasourceofbasicinnovations.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Thegovernment'sdecisiononitsfinanceallocationisdeterminedbyitsopinionontheprioritybetweenscienceandtechnology.

B.Thegovernmenthasdevelopedpurescienceattheexpenseoftechnology.

C.Thegovernmenthasattachedmoreimportancetotechnologythanpurescience.

D.Thegovernmentwillnolongerincreasethefinancialsupporttopurescience.

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:D

第4題:A

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文的第一段，“Sciencemovesforward,theysay,notsomuchthroughtheinsightsofgreatmenofgeniusasbecauseofmoreordinarythingslikeimprovedtechniquesandtools.”他們說，科學(xué)的發(fā)展與其說源于天才偉人的真知灼見，不如說源于改進(jìn)了的技術(shù)和工具等更為普通的東西。A選項(xiàng)“偉大思想的創(chuàng)造性思想”，B選項(xiàng)“天才的科學(xué)知識(shí)”，C選項(xiàng)“普通工具和技術(shù)的改進(jìn)”，D選項(xiàng)“科學(xué)創(chuàng)新中被忽視的力量”。因此，C選項(xiàng)符合題意。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干定位到第一段的最后一句，“Inshort,aleaderofthenewschoolcontends,thescientificrevolution,aswecallit,waslargelytheimprovementaninventionanduseofaseriesofinstrumentsthatexpandedthereachofscienceininnumerabledirections.”簡(jiǎn)而言之，新學(xué)派的一位領(lǐng)袖認(rèn)為，我們所謂的科學(xué)革命主要是指一系列儀器的改進(jìn)、發(fā)明和使用，這些發(fā)明和使用使科學(xué)發(fā)展的范圍無所不及。A選項(xiàng)“它有助于發(fā)明一系列新儀器”，B選項(xiàng)“它實(shí)際上是一系列儀器發(fā)展的結(jié)果”，C選項(xiàng)“它把科學(xué)推向一個(gè)特定的方向”，D選項(xiàng)“它在無數(shù)方面改進(jìn)了技術(shù)”。因此，B選項(xiàng)符合題意。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文的第二段，“Overtheyears,toolsandtechnologythemselvesasasourceoffundamentalinnovationhavelargelybeenignoredbyhistoriansandphilosophersofscience.”多年來，工具和技術(shù)本身作為基礎(chǔ)性創(chuàng)新的源泉在很大程度上被科學(xué)史學(xué)家和科學(xué)哲學(xué)家們所忽視。A選項(xiàng)“因?yàn)樗麄兛梢詰?yīng)用于科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)”，B選項(xiàng)“因?yàn)樗麄兩钍芸茖W(xué)家和發(fā)明家的尊敬”，C選項(xiàng)“因?yàn)樗麄儽粴v史學(xué)家和哲學(xué)家所忽視”,D選項(xiàng)“因?yàn)樗鼈兛梢宰鳛榛緞?chuàng)新的源泉”。因此，D選項(xiàng)符合題意。

4.判斷推理題。根據(jù)題干定位到文章的最后一段，“WhethertheGovernmentshouldincreasethefinancingofpurescienceattheexpenseoftechnologyorviceversaoftendependsontheissueofwhichisseenasthedrivingforce.”政府是應(yīng)該以犧牲技術(shù)為代價(jià)增加純科學(xué)的融資，還是反過來增加純科學(xué)的融資，往往取決于哪一方被視為驅(qū)動(dòng)力的問題。A選項(xiàng)“政府對(duì)其資金配置的決定取決于其對(duì)科學(xué)與技術(shù)優(yōu)先地位的看法”，B選項(xiàng)“政府以犧牲技術(shù)為代價(jià)發(fā)展了純科學(xué)”，C選項(xiàng)“政府更重視技術(shù)而不是純科學(xué)”，D選項(xiàng)“政府將不再增加對(duì)純科學(xué)的資金支持”。因此，A選項(xiàng)符合題意。

3.單選題

Itisnotuncommonforthere（

）problemsofcommunicationbetweentheoldandtheyoung.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.being

B.wouldbe

C.be

D.tobe

【答案】D

【解析】句意:老人與年輕人之間存在著溝通問題是很常見的。

固定搭配。itis+形容詞+fortheretobe...。

4.單選題

Thetotalinfluenceofliteratureuponthecourseofhumanhistory（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.anevaluationisdifficult

B.isdifficulttoevaluate

C.difficulttoevaluateit

D.itisdifficulttoevaluate

【答案】B

【解析】考查句子成分。Thetotalinfluenceofliteratureuponthecourseofhumanhistory“文學(xué)對(duì)人類歷史進(jìn)程的全部影響”為主語，沒有謂語或系動(dòng)詞，無法構(gòu)成完整的句子結(jié)構(gòu)，C選項(xiàng)內(nèi)沒有謂語動(dòng)詞或系動(dòng)詞，代入也無法組成完整的句子，錯(cuò)誤；A，D選項(xiàng)都有各自的主語，和題干的主語重復(fù)，錯(cuò)誤；B選項(xiàng)代入能構(gòu)成完整的句子，因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

5.單選題

Theproblemwithemploying（）peopleisthattheyoftendon’tstayinthejobforlong.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.overpriced

B.overqualified

C.overrated

D.overwhelmed

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。overpriced“定價(jià)過高的”；overqualified“資歷過高的，條件太好的”；overrated“評(píng)價(jià)過高的，高估的”；overwhelmed“不堪重負(fù)的，受寵若驚的”。句意：招聘那些不堪重負(fù)的人的問題就是這些人不會(huì)在工作崗位上待太久。選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

6.單選題

QwestboaststhatitsdigitalinfrastructurecantransmittheentireLibraryofCongressacrossAmericain20seconds.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.superstructure

B.instrument

C.facilities

D.foundation

【答案】C

【解析】【選項(xiàng)釋義】

A.superstructure上層建筑B.instrument儀器；器具

C.facilities設(shè)施；工具D.foundation地基；基礎(chǔ)

【考查點(diǎn)】名詞辨析。

【解題思路】infrastructure本意是“基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施”，由后半句句意“可以在20秒內(nèi)將整個(gè)美國(guó)國(guó)會(huì)圖書館的信息傳送到全國(guó)各地”可知，能夠傳送信息，那么句中digitalinfrastructure應(yīng)該指“數(shù)字設(shè)備”的意思，facility指可供使用的設(shè)備或設(shè)施，C項(xiàng)詞義與之相近，故該題選擇C項(xiàng)。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A、D項(xiàng)不符合劃線單詞詞義；

B項(xiàng)instrument通常指能使人們完成某一精確動(dòng)作或測(cè)量的一種小型儀器，尤指電工儀表、測(cè)量裝置，航海或航空用的控制裝置。

【句意】奎斯特通訊公司自夸其數(shù)字基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施可以在20秒內(nèi)將整個(gè)美國(guó)國(guó)會(huì)圖書館的信息傳送到全國(guó)各地。

7.單選題

Ineconomics，demandimpliessomethingslightlydifferentfromthecommonmeaningoftheterm.Thelayman,forexample，oftenusedthetermtomeantheamountthatisdemandedofanitem.Thus,ifthepriceweretodecreaseandindividualswantedmoreoftheitem,itiscommonlysaidthatdemandincreases.Toaneconomist,demandisarelationshipbetweenaseriesofpricesandaseriesofcorrespondingquantitiesthataredemandedattheseprices.I￡oneroadstheprevioussentencescarefully，itshouldbecomeapparentthatthereisadistinctionbetweenthequantitydemandedanddemand.Thisdistinctionisoftenapointofconfusionandweallshouldbeawareofandunderstandthedifferencebetweenthesetwoitems.Werepeat,therefore,thatdemandisarelationshipbetweenpriceandquantitiesdemanded,andthereforesuggeststheeffectofone(e.g.，price)ontheother(e.g.quantitydemanded).Therefore,knowledgeofthedemandforaproductenablesonetopredicthowmuchmoreofaproductwillbepurchasedifpricedecreases.Buttheincreaseinquantitydemandeddoesnotmeandemandhasincreased,sincetherelationshipbetweenpriceandquantity(i.e.，thedemandfortheproduct)hasnotchanged.Demandshiftswhenthereisachangeinincome,expectations,tastes,etc.，suchthatadifferentquantityoftheproductisdemandedatthesameprice.

Inalmostallcases，aconsumerwantsmoreofanitemifthepricedecreases.Thisrelationshipbetweenpriceandquantitydemandedissostrongthatitisreferredtoasthe“l(fā)awofdemand”.This“l(fā)aw”canbeexplainedbytheincomeandsubstitutioneffects.Theincomeeffectoccursbecausepriceincreasesreducethepurchasingpoweroftheindividualand,thus，thequantitydemandedofgoodsmustdecrease.Thesubstitutioneffectreflectstheconsumer’sdesiretogetthe“bestbuy”.Accordingly,ifthepriceofproductAincreases,theindividualwilltendtosubstituteanotherproductandpurchaselessofgoodsAThenegativecorrelationbetweenpriceandquantitydemandedisalsoexplainedbythelawofdiminishingmarginalutility.Accordingtothislaw，theadditionalutilitytheconsumergainsfromconsumingaproductdecreasesassuccessivelymoreunitsoftheproductareconsumed.Becausetheadditionalunitsyieldlessutilityorsatisfaction,theconsumeriswillingtopurchasemoreonlyifthepriceoftheproductdecreases.

Economistsdistinguishbetweenindividualandmarketdemand.Asthetermimplies，individualdemandconcernstheindividualconsumerandillustratethequantitiesthatindividualsdemandatdifferentprices.Marketdemandincludesthedemandofallindividualsforaparticulargoodsandisfoundbysummingthequantitiesdemandedbyallindividualsatthevariousprices.

Theothersideofthepricesystemissupply.Asinthecaseofdemand,supplyisarelationshipbetweenaseriesofpricesandtheassociatedquantitiessupplied.Itisassumedthataspriceincreasestheindividualorfirmwillsupplygreaterquantitiesofaproduct.Thereisapositivecorrelationbetweenquantitysuppliedandproductprice.

Economistsalsodistinguishbetweenachangeinsupplyandquantitysupplied.Thedistinctionissimilartotheonemadewithrespecttodemand.Also，asinthecaseofdemand,economistsdistinguishbetweenindividualfirmsupplyandmarketsupply，whichisthesummationofindividualsupply.

Takentogether,supplyanddemandyieldequilibriumofpriceandquantity.Equilibriumisastateofstability,withbalancedforcesinwhichpricesandquantitywillremainconstant.Moreover，thereareforcesinthemarketthatwillacttoestablishequilibriumifchangesindemandorsupplycreatedisequilibrium.Forexample,ifpricesareaboveequilibrium,thequantitysuppliedexceedsquantitydemandedandsurplusesoccurthathaveadownwardpressureonprices.Thesepressureswillpersistuntilequilibriumisestablished.Ifpricesarebelowequilibrium,theproductwillbecomescareandtherewillbeanupwardpressureonprice.

1.Accordingtothepassage,demand_____.

2.Accordingtothepassage,thelawofdiminishingmarginalutility_____.

3.Theword“equilibrium”（Line1，Para.6）mostprobablymeans_____.

4.Whatcanyouinferfromthepassage?

5.Thepurposeofthispassageistoillustrate_____.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.increasesaspricedecreases

B.canbepredictedifthereisachangeinprice

C.remainsconstantatthesameprice

D.isinfluencedbychangesintheconsumer’sincomeandtastes

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.isexplainedbyincomeandsubstitutioneffects

B.explainswhytheadditionalunitsyieldlessutility

C.showsthattheadditionalunitsyieldlesssatisfaction

D.reflectstheconsumer’sdesiretogetthecheapestbuy

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.stability

B.balance

C.summation

D.consistency

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Pricedecreasesasmoreproductsaresupplied.

B.Thereisapositivecorrelationbetweensupplyanddemand.

C.Thereisanupwardpressureonpriceifmoreproductsaredemanded.

D.Bothquantitydemandedandquantitysuppliedaredependentonproductprices.

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.thetwosidesofpricesystem

B.therelationshipbetweendemandandsupply

C.therelationshipbetweenpriceandquantity

D.thedistinctionbetweendemandandquantitydemanded

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:C

第3題:B

第4題:C

第5題:A

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段最后一句，“Demandshiftswhenthereisachangeinincome，expectations，tastes,etc.，suchthatadifferentquantityoftheproductisdemandedatthesameprice.”，可知需求隨著收入、預(yù)期和品味等因素而改變，造成相同價(jià)格下產(chǎn)品的需求量不同。選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

2.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段，“Becausetheadditionalunitsyieldlessutilityorsatisfaction,theconsumeriswillingtopurchasemoreonlyifthepriceoftheproductdecreases.”，可知在邊際效用遞減規(guī)則中，因?yàn)轭~外產(chǎn)品產(chǎn)生的效用和滿意度較低，只有該產(chǎn)品的價(jià)格降低，消費(fèi)者才愿意購買更多的產(chǎn)品。選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

3.詞義理解題。根據(jù)文章最后一段第二句，“Equilibriumisastateofstability,withbalancedforcesinwhichpricesandquantitywillremainconstant.”，根據(jù)本句對(duì)equilibrium的解釋，可知，它是一種穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)，價(jià)格和數(shù)量在平衡力下保持不變。可推測(cè)equilibrium應(yīng)該有平衡的意思，和balance同義，選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

4.推斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段，“…Ifpricesarebelowequilibrium,theproductwillbecomescareandtherewillbeanupwardpressureonprice.”，可知如果價(jià)格低于平衡值，產(chǎn)品會(huì)稀缺，又對(duì)價(jià)格產(chǎn)生上壓力。選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

5.主旨題。本文先后討論了供給和價(jià)格之間的關(guān)系，以及需求和價(jià)格之間的關(guān)系，供給和需求是市價(jià)格體系的兩個(gè)方面，最后提到了市場(chǎng)體系中供需平衡的調(diào)控，選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

8.單選題

Theprofessorcouldhardlyfindsufficientgrounds______hisargumentsinfavorofthenewtheory.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.whichtobaseon

B.onwhichtobase

C.tobebasedon

D.tobaseon

【答案】B

【解析】【試題解析】考查定語從句。句意：這位教授幾乎找不到足夠的根據(jù)來支持他的新理論。根據(jù)橫線到句尾是對(duì)sufficientgrounds進(jìn)行修飾的定語從句，確定用引導(dǎo)詞which；根據(jù)短語basehisargumentsonthesesufficient，確定用介詞on，B選項(xiàng)onwhichtobase正確。A選項(xiàng)whichtobaseon介詞和語序錯(cuò)誤；C選項(xiàng)tobebasedon和D選項(xiàng)tobaseon介詞使用錯(cuò)誤。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

9.寫作題

Youareaskedtowriteinnolessthan200wordsaboutthetitleofHarmfulPlagiarisminAcademicFieldinChina.YoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutlinegiveninChinesebelow.

RemembertowriteneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.

目前在學(xué)術(shù)界出現(xiàn)了剽竊和抄襲等不良現(xiàn)象。作為一名未來的博士研究生，你如何看待這些現(xiàn)象，你認(rèn)為應(yīng)該如何制止，以及你應(yīng)該如何從自身做起。

【答案】

HarmfulPlagiarisminAcademicFieldinChina10.單選題

Signswarnedthatthetrailwas（）eveningoodweatherconditions,soonlyexperiencedandwell-equippedhikersshouldattemptit.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.affluent

B.wholesome

C.treacherous

D.incurable

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容詞詞義辨析。A選項(xiàng)affluent“豐富的”；B選項(xiàng)wholesome“健全的”；C選項(xiàng)treacherous“危險(xiǎn)的”；D選項(xiàng)incurable“不能治愈的”。句意：指示牌上寫著，即使在天氣條件好的情況下，這條小路也是危險(xiǎn)的，所以只有經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富、裝備精良的徒步旅行者才能嘗試。本句表示小路很危險(xiǎn)。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

11.單選題

Ifthesalinityofoceanwatersisanalyzed,itisfoundtovaryonlyslightlyfromplacetoplace.Nevertheless,someofthesesmallchangesareimportant.Therearethreebasicprocessesthatcauseachangeinoceanicsalinity.Oneoftheseisthesubtractionofwaterfromtheoceanbymeansofevaporation-conversionofliquidwatertowatervapor.Inthismanner,thesalinityisincreased,sincethesaltsstaybehind.Ifthisiscarriedtotheextreme,ofcourse,whitecrystalsofsaltwouldbeleftbehind:this,bytheway,ishowmuchofthetablesaltweuseisactuallyobtained.

Theoppositeofevaporationisprecipitation,suchasrain,bywhichwaterisaddedtotheocean.Heretheoceanisbeingdilutedsothatthesalinityisdecreased.Thismayoccurinareasofhighrainfallorincoastalregionswhereriversflowintotheocean.Thussalinitymaybeincreasedbythesubtractionofwaterbyevaporationordecreasedbytheadditionoffreshwaterbyprecipitationorrunoff.

Normally,intropicalregionswherethesunisverystrong,theoceansalinityissomewhathigherthanitisinotherpartsoftheworldwherethereisnotasmuchevaporation.Similarly,incoastalregionswhereriversdilutethesea,salinityissomewhatlowerthaninotheroceanicareas.

Athirdprocessbywhichsalinitymaybealteredisassociatedwiththeformationandmeltingofseaice.Whenseawaterisfrozen,thedissolvedmaterialsareleftbehind.Inthismanner,seawaterdirectlybeneathfreshlyformedseaicehasahighersalinitythanitdidbeforetheiceappeared.Ofcourse,whenthisicemeltsitwilltendtodecreasethesalinityofthesurroundingwater.

IntheWeddellSea,offAntarctica,thedensestwaterintheoceansisformedasaresultofthisfreezingprocess,whichincreasesthesalinityofcoldwater.Thisheavywatersinksandisfoundinthedeepestportionsoftheoceansoftheworld.

13.Whatdoesthispassagemainlydiscuss?

14.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaftertheformationofoceanice?

15.WhydoestheauthormentiontheWeddellSeainthelastparagraph?

16.Whatcanbeinferredaboutthewaternearthebottomofoceanswithices?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Thechangeinoceanicsalinity

B.Theprocessesofseawater

C.Theformationofourtablesalt

D.Theconversionofseawater

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Thesaltisstillinthewater.

B.Theheavywatersinks.

C.Thewaterbecomesdenser.

D.Watersalinitydecreases.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Tosuggestthatithassalinityvariation.

B.TocompareAntarcticwaterswithArcticwaters.

C.Toindicatethelocationofdeepwaters.

D.Togiveanexampleofcold-watersalinity.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Itmovesveryquickly.

B.Itisrelativelywarm.

C.Itssalinityisrelativelyhigh.

D.Itisrelativelycold.

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:D

第3題:D

第4題:C

【解析】13.主旨大意題。文章的第一句Ifthesalinityofoceanwatersisanalyzed,itisfoundtovaryonlyslightlyfromplacetoplace.（如果對(duì)海水的鹽度進(jìn)行分析，就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)各地的鹽度差別很小。）但是有些小的變化是重要的，最后再說明了導(dǎo)致海洋的鹽度變化的基本過程有三個(gè)：蒸發(fā)、降水和冰。文章一直圍繞著鹽度變化進(jìn)行闡述。因此A選項(xiàng)“海洋鹽度的變化”正確，符合題意。B選項(xiàng)“海水的過程”，C選項(xiàng)“我們食鹽的形成”，D選項(xiàng)“海水的轉(zhuǎn)化”均與題意不符，可排除。故選A。

14.推理判斷題。定位在倒數(shù)第二段Whenseawaterisfrozen,thedissolvedmaterialsareleftbehind.Inthismanner,seawaterdirectlybeneathfreshlyformedseaicehasahighersalinitythanitdidbeforetheiceappeared.（海水凍結(jié)時(shí)，溶于其中的物質(zhì)被留了下來。這樣，在新形成的海洋冰正下方的海水會(huì)比在冰塊形成之前有更高的鹽度。）由此可知海洋冰形成后附近水域的鹽度會(huì)上升，而不是下降，因此D選項(xiàng)“鹽度降低”錯(cuò)誤。同理可知A選項(xiàng)“鹽還在水里”，C選項(xiàng)“水變得更濃了”正確。B選項(xiàng)“重水下沉”定位在最后一段IntheWeddellSea,offAntarctica,thedensestwaterintheoceansisformedasaresultofthisfreezingprocess,whichincreasesthesalinityofcoldwater.（在南極洲附近的威德爾海，海洋中最稠密的水是由于這種凍結(jié)過程而形成的，這種凍結(jié)過程增加了冷水的鹽度。）可知Thisheavywatersinks這種重水下沉也與海洋冰的形成有關(guān)。故選D。

15.推理判斷題。定位在最后一段IntheWeddellSea,offAntarctica,thedensestwaterintheoceansisformedasaresultofthisfreezingprocess,whichincreasesthesalinityofcoldwater.Thisheavywatersinksandisfoundinthedeepestportionsoftheoceansoftheworld.（在南極洲附近的威德爾海，海洋中濃度最高的水是由于這種凍結(jié)過程而形成的，這種凍結(jié)過程增加了冷水的鹽度。這種重水下沉，在世界海洋最深的部分被發(fā)現(xiàn)。）還是在對(duì)第三種導(dǎo)致海洋的鹽度變化的過程海洋冰的舉例，因此答案選D選項(xiàng)“舉冷水鹽度的例子”正確，符合題意。A選項(xiàng)“表明它有鹽度變化”，與題意不符，可排除。B選項(xiàng)“把南極水域和北極水域進(jìn)行比較”屬于無中生有，可排除。C選項(xiàng)“指示深水的位置”偷換主語，非深水而是重水下沉?？膳懦?。故選D。

16.推理判斷題。根據(jù)原文Inthismanner,seawaterdirectlybeneathfreshlyformedseaicehasahighersalinitythanitdidbeforetheiceappeared.（這樣，在新形成的海洋冰正下方的海水會(huì)比在冰塊形成之前有更高的鹽度。）和thedensestwaterintheoceansisformedasaresultofthisfreezingprocess,whichincreasesthesalinityofcoldwater.（由于這種凍結(jié)過程，海洋中最密集的水形成，增加了冷水的鹽度）由此可推理出在海洋冰底下的海水濃度會(huì)更高。因此C選項(xiàng)“它的鹽度相對(duì)較高”正確，符合題意。A選項(xiàng)“它移動(dòng)得很快”，B選項(xiàng)“海水會(huì)相對(duì)暖和”，D選項(xiàng)“海水相當(dāng)冷”，均未涉及，不符合題意，可排除。故選C。

12.單選題

Althoughnotaneconomisthimself,Dr.Smithhaslongbeenaseverecriticofthe（）government’spolicies.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.economical

B.economy

C.economic

D.economics

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容詞詞義辨析。A:economical“節(jié)儉的，經(jīng)濟(jì)的；經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)惠的”；B:economy“經(jīng)濟(jì)；節(jié)約”；C:economic“經(jīng)濟(jì)上的，經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的”；D:economics“經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)”。句意：盡管史密斯博士不是一個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家，但是長(zhǎng)期以來，對(duì)政府的經(jīng)濟(jì)上的政策來說，他是一個(gè)嚴(yán)厲的評(píng)論家。根據(jù)語境和句意可知C為正確答案。

13.單選題

Itcannotbedeniedthattheexistingresourcesonearthwillbedepleted,butscientistsare（）toconcedetheinevitabilityofthatday,realizingthatnewenergiescanbefoundinthenearfuture.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.bound

B.unprepared

C.hesitant

D.likely

【答案】D

【解析】固定搭配。句意：毫無疑問，地球上存在的資源將會(huì)枯竭。但是科學(xué)家認(rèn)為

在不久的將來會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)新的資源。bound有義務(wù)的；unprepared沒有準(zhǔn)備好的；hesitant有疑慮的；likely可能的。此處，belikelyto為固定搭配，意為“可能做某事”。故選D。

14.單選題

Thereisgrowing（）amongecologiststhatbiodiversitycannotbeadequatelyconservedbyprotectedareasalone.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.consensus

B.concession

C.conception

D.contention

【答案】A

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)consensus“共識(shí)，一致”，B選項(xiàng)concession“讓步，妥協(xié)”，C選項(xiàng)conception“構(gòu)想，懷孕”，D選項(xiàng)contention“爭(zhēng)論，觀點(diǎn)”。句意:生態(tài)學(xué)家們?cè)絹碓揭恢抡J(rèn)為，僅靠保護(hù)區(qū)是不能充分保護(hù)生物多樣性的。因此，A選項(xiàng)符合句意。

15.單選題

Itistruethat____awildplantintoamajorfoodcropsuchaswheatrequiresmuchresearchtime.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.multiplying

B.breeding

C.magnifying

D.generating

【答案】B

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析與上下文語義。A選項(xiàng)multiply“使大幅增加”；B選項(xiàng)breed“培養(yǎng)；培育（動(dòng)植物）”；C選項(xiàng)magnify“放大；夸贊；夸大”；D選項(xiàng)generate“使形成；產(chǎn)生（電等能量）”。句意：確實(shí)____一種野生植物變成