考研考博-英語-廈門大學(xué)考試押題三合一+答案詳解1

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-廈門大學(xué)考試押題三合一+答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹(jǐn)慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點押密(共120題)1.單選題

MissTracymovedtoNewYorkintheearly1960s,apparentlytoescapejealousfriendswhowerebecomingincreasingly（

）ofhersuccess.

問題1選項

A.delightful

B.graceful

C.resentful

D.respectful

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容詞詞義辨析。delightful“可愛的；令人愉快的”；graceful“優(yōu)雅的”；resentful“氣憤的；厭惡的”；respectful“恭敬的；有禮貌的”。句意：特雷西女士在20世紀(jì)六十年早期搬到了紐約，明顯是為了逃離那些對她的成功嫉恨的朋友。選項C符合題意。

2.單選題

Agoodeducationisan（

）youcanfallbackonfortherestofyourlife.

問題1選項

A.asset

B.ethic

C.inventory

D.obligation

【答案】A

【解析】句意:好的教育是你余生能依靠的資產(chǎn)。

考查名詞辨析。Asset資產(chǎn),優(yōu)點,有利條件;ethic道德準(zhǔn)則,倫理標(biāo)準(zhǔn);inventory清單,財產(chǎn)清單,(商店的)存貨;obligation義務(wù),職責(zé),責(zé)任。因此A符合句意。

3.翻譯題

世界需要和平，和平才能發(fā)展。中國要實現(xiàn)自己的發(fā)展目標(biāo)，渴望有一個和平的國際環(huán)境。中國政府堅定不移地奉行獨立自主的和平外交政策，愿同各國加強(qiáng)合作，共同促進(jìn)人類和平與發(fā)展的崇高事業(yè)。尊重主權(quán)和互不干涉內(nèi)政是國與國之間發(fā)展關(guān)系的前提。一個國家喪失主權(quán)，人民就沒有尊嚴(yán)和地位。中國堅決捍衛(wèi)來之不易的國家主權(quán)和領(lǐng)土完整，決不允許任何外來干涉。同時，中國堅持平等相待，尊重別國的主權(quán)和領(lǐng)土完整，尊重各國人民自主選擇的社會制度。

【答案】

Theworldneedspeace,foronlywithpeacecantherebedevelopment.Chinaearnestlyhopestohaveapeacefulinternationalenvironmentinordertoachieveitsdevelopmentgoals.TheChinesegovernmentiscommittedtoanindependentforeignpolicyofpeaceandstandsreadytoworkwithothercountriestoadvancethenoblecauseofpeaceandprogressofmankind.

Respectforsovereigntyandnon-interferenceintheinternalaffairsofothercountriesistheprerequisiteforsoundstate-to-staterelations.Whenacountrylosessovereignty,itspeoplelosedignityandstatus.Chinaisfirminupholdingitshard-wonsovereigntyandterritorialintegrityandwillnevertolerateanyexternalinterference.Atthesametime,Chinatreatseachotherasequals,Chinaalsorespectsthesovereigntyandterritorialintegrityofothercountriesaswellastheindependentchoiceoftheirpeopleforsocialsystemsanddevelopmentpaths.

4.單選題

Thetechnologicaladvancesmadeitpossibleforthemiddleclassestoenjoywhathadoncebeen（）onlytotheveryrich.

問題1選項

A.manageable

B.measurable

C.acceptable

D.affordable

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。manageable“可管理的”；measurable“可衡量的”；acceptable“可接受的”；affordable“可負(fù)擔(dān)得起的”。句意：技術(shù)的進(jìn)步讓中產(chǎn)階級也能夠享受原本只有富人能夠供應(yīng)得起的東西。D項符合題意。

5.單選題

Whenitcomestotheslowingeconomy,EllenSperoisn'tbitinghernailsjustyet.Butthe47-year-oldmanicuristisn'tcutting,fillingorpolishingasmanynailsasshe'dliketo,either.Mostofherclientsspend$12to$50weekly,butlastmonthtwolongtimecustomerssuddenlystoppedshowingup.Speroblamesthesofteningeconomy."I'magoodeconomicindicator,"shesays."Iprovideaservicethatpeoplecandowithoutwhenthey'reconcernedaboutsavingsomedollars."SoSperoisdownscaling,shoppingatmiddle-browDillard'sdepartmentstorenearhersuburbanClevelandhome,insteadofNeimanMarcus."Idon'tknowifotherclientsaregoingtoabandonme,too"shesays.

EvenbeforeAlanGreenspan'sadmissionthatAmerica'sred-hoteconomyiscooling,lotsofworkingfolkshadalreadyseensignsoftheslowdownthemselves.FromcardealershipstoGapoutlets,saleshavebeenlaggingformonthsasshopperstempertheirspending.Forretailers,wholastyeartookin24percentoftheirrevenuebetweenThanksgivingandChristmas,thecautiousapproachiscoiningatacrucialtime.Already,expertssay.holidaysalesareoff7percentfromlastyear'space.Butdon'tsoundanyalarmsjustyet.Consumersseemonlyconcerned,notpanicked,andmanysaytheyremainoptimisticabouttheeconomy'slong-termprospect,evenastheydosomemodestbelt-tightening.

Consumerssaythey'renotindespairbecause,despitethedreadfulheadlines,theirownfortunesstillfeelprettygood.Homepricesareholdingsteadyinmostregions.InManhattan,"there'sanewgoldrushhappeninginthe$4millionto$10millionrange,predominantlyfedbyWallStreetbonuses.”saysbrokerBarbaraCorcoran.InSanFrancisco,pricesarestillrisingevenasfrenziedoverbiddingquiets."Insteadof20to30offers,nowmaybeyouonlygettwoorthree."saysJohnDeadly,aBayAreareal-estatebroker.Andmostfolksstillfeelprettycomfortableabouttheirabilitytofindandkeepajob.

Manyfolksseesilverliningstothisslowdown.Potentialhomebuyerswouldcheerforlowerinterestrates.Employerswouldn'tmindalittlefewerbubblesinthejobmarket.Manyconsumersseemtohavebeeninfluencedbystock-marketswings,whichinvestorsnowviewasanecessaryingredienttoasustainedboom.Dinersmightseeanupside,too.GettingatableatManhattan'shotnewAlainDucasserestaurantneedtobeimpossible.Notanymore.Forthat,Greenspan&Co.maystillbeworthtoasting.

1.By“EllenSperoisn'tbitinghernailsjustyet’’(Line1,Paragraph1),theauthormeans（）.

2.Howdothepublicfeelaboutthecurrenteconomicsituation?

3.Whenmentioning“the$4millionto$10millionrange’’(Lines3,Paragraph3)theauthoristalkingabout（）.

4.Whycanmanypeoplesee‘‘silverlinings”totheeconomicslowdown?

5.Towhichofthefollowingistheauthorlikelytoagree?

問題1選項

A.Sperocanhardlymaintainherbusiness.

B.Speroistoomuchengagedinherwork.

C.Sperohasgrownoutofherbadhabit.

D.Speroisnotinadesperatesituation.

問題2選項

A.Optimistic

B.Confused

C.Carefree

D.Panicked.

問題3選項

A.goldmarket.

B.realestate.

C.stockexchange

D.ventureinvestment.

問題4選項

A.Theywouldbenefitincertainways.

B.Thestockmarketshowssignsofrecovery.

C.Suchaslowdownusuallyprecedesaboom

D.Thepurchasingpowerwouldbeenhanced.

問題5選項

A.Anewboom,onthehorizon.

B.Tightenthebelt，thesingleremedy.

C.Cautionallright,panicnot

D.Themoreventures,themorechances.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:A

第3題:B

第4題:A

第5題:C

【解析】1.推理判斷題。Butthe47-year-oldmanicuristisn'tcutting,fillingorpolishingasmanynailsasshe'dliketo,either.Mostofherclientsspend$12toS50weekly,butlastmonthtwolongtimecustomerssuddenlystoppedshowingup.SoSperoisdownscaling,shoppingatmiddle-browDillard'sdepartmentstorenearhersuburbanClevelandhome,insteadofNeimanMarcus.這位47歲的美甲師也沒有像她想的那樣修剪、填充或拋光那么多的指甲。她的大多數(shù)客戶每周花費(fèi)12至50美元，但上個月，兩位老客戶突然不再光顧。因此，斯珀羅開始縮減開支，在迪拉德位于克利夫蘭郊區(qū)的家附近的中檔百貨商店購物，而不是去內(nèi)曼?馬庫斯(NeimanMarcus)。由此段內(nèi)容可知雖然Ellen的生意沒以前好了，但Ellen的生活狀況并沒有陷入絕望的境地。故D項正確。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。由第二段Butdon'tsoundanyalarmsjustyet.Consumersseemonlyconcerned,notpanicked,andmanysaytheyremainoptimisticabouttheeconomy'slong-termprospect,evenastheydosomemodestbelt-tightening.但是現(xiàn)在還沒有發(fā)出警報。消費(fèi)者似乎只是擔(dān)心，并沒有驚慌失措，許多人說，他們對經(jīng)濟(jì)的長期前景仍持樂觀態(tài)度，盡管他們采取了一些適度的緊縮措施?？芍M(fèi)者對經(jīng)濟(jì)形勢保持樂觀態(tài)度，故A項正確。

3.判斷推理題。由第三段Homepricesareholdingsteadyinmostregions.InManhattan,"there'sanewgoldrushhappeninginthe$4millionto$10millionrange,predominantlyfedbyWallStreetbonuses.”saysbrokerBarbaraCorcoran.InSanFrancisco,pricesarestillrisingevenasfrenziedoverbiddingquiets."Insteadof20to30offers,nowmaybeyouonlygettwoorthree."在大多數(shù)地區(qū)，房價保持穩(wěn)定。在曼哈頓，“新的淘金熱在400萬到1000萬美元之間發(fā)生，主要是由華爾街的獎金推動的。”經(jīng)紀(jì)人芭芭拉?科克倫說。在舊金山，房價仍在上漲，盡管瘋狂的高出價已經(jīng)平息。現(xiàn)在，你可能只會收到兩三個offer，而不是20到30個。可知400萬到1000萬美元是指房價，整段都是圍繞房價問題展開的，故B項正確。

4.判斷推理題。由最后一段“Potentialhomebuyerswouldcheerforlowerinterestrates.Employerswouldn'tmindalittlefewerbubblesinthejobmarket.Manyconsumersseemtohavebeeninfluencedbystock-marketswings,whichinvestorsnowviewasanecessaryingredienttoasustainedboom.Dinersmightseeanupside,too.GettingatableatManhattan'shotnewAlainDucasserestaurantneedtobeimpossible.Notanymore.潛在的購房者會為更低的利率而歡呼。雇主們不會介意就業(yè)市場少一點泡沫。許多消費(fèi)者似乎受到了股市波動的影響，投資者現(xiàn)在認(rèn)為股市波動是持續(xù)繁榮的必要因素。用餐者可能也看到了好處。要在曼哈頓炙手可熱的新阿蘭杜卡斯(AlainDucasse)餐廳訂到位子是不可能的，現(xiàn)在不是這樣了?？芍?jīng)濟(jì)衰退也能帶來一些好處。故A項正確。

5.推理判斷題。本文開篇用事例引出經(jīng)濟(jì)滑坡的話題，隨后表明人們對經(jīng)濟(jì)下滑仍然保持樂觀態(tài)度，最后指出，人們可從中可以得到不少好處。C項的“適度謹(jǐn)慎是必要的，無需驚慌”與本文相符，故C項正確。

6.單選題

Thedecision______,thenextproblemwashowtomakeagoodplan.

問題1選項

A.hasbeenmade

B.weremade

C.havingbeenmade

D.making

【答案】C

【解析】【選項釋義】

A.hasbeenmade被做B.weremade被做

C.havingbeenmade被做D.making做

【考查點】獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。

【解題思路】句子主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)完整，所以空格處只能做非謂語，而decision和thenextproblem不是同一個邏輯主語，所以前半部分只能做獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)；decision和make之間是被動的關(guān)系，而且是決定做出后，下個問題是怎么制定計劃，所以只能用havingbeenmade，C項正確。

【干擾項排除】

A、B選項為謂語動詞，不符合語法結(jié)構(gòu)；

D選項不符合時態(tài)，排除。

【句意】決定做好之后，下一個問題是如何制定一個好的計劃。

7.單選題

Lastmonththefirstbaby-boomersturned60.Thebulkygenerationbornbetween1946and1964isheadingtowardsretirement.Thelooming“demographiccliff”willseevastnumbersofskilledworkersdispatchedfromthelaborforce.Theworkforceisageingacrosstherichworld.WithintheEUthenumberofworkersagedbetween50and64willincreaseby25%overthenexttwodecades,whilethoseaged20-29willdecreaseby20%.InJapanalmost20%ofthepopulationisalreadyover65,thehighestshareintheworld.AndintheUnitedStatesthenumberofworkersaged55-64willhaveincreasedbymorethanhalfinthisdecade,atthesametimeasthe35-to-44-year-oldsdeclineby10%.

Giventhatmostsocietiesaregearedtoretirementataround65，companieshavealoomingproblemofknowledgemanagement,ofmakingsurethattheboomersdonotleavebeforetheyhavehandedovertheirexpertisealongwiththeofficekeysandtheire-mailaddress.Asurveyofhuman-resourcesdirectorsbyIBMlastyearconcluded:“Whenthebaby-boomergenerationretires,manycompanieswillfindouttoolatethatacareer'sworthofexperiencehaswalkedoutthedoor,leavinginsufficienttalenttofillinthevoid.”

Somealsofaceashortageofexpertise.Inaerospaceanddefense,forexample,asmuchas40%oftheworkforceinsomecompanieswillbeeligibletoretirewithinthenextfiveyears.Atthesametime,thenumberofengineeringgraduatesindevelopedcountriesisinsteepdecline.

Afewcompaniesaresosqueezedthattheyarealreadytakingexceptionalmeasures.EarlierthisyeartheLosAngelesTimesinterviewedanenterprisingAustralianwhowasstayinginBeverlyHillswhilehetriedtopersuadelocalstoemigratetoToowoomba,Queensland,toworkforhisengineeringcompanythere.Toowoombatoday;therestofthedevelopedworldtomorrow?

Ifyoulookhardenough,youcanfindcompaniesthathavebeguntoadapttheworkplacetoolderworkers.TheAARP,anAmericanassociationfortheover-50s,producesanannuallistofthebestemployersofitsmembers.Health-carefirmsinvariablycomenearthetopbecausetheyareoneoftheindustriesmostinneedofskilledlabor.Othersectorssimilarlyaffected,saystheConferenceBoard,includeoil,gas,energyandgovernment.

NearthetopoftheAARP’slatestlistcomesDeere&Company,ano-nonsenseindustrial-equipmentmanufacturerbasedinIllinois;about35%ofDeere’s46,000employeesareover50andanumberofthemareintheir70s.Thetoolsitusestoachievethat—flexibleworking,telecommuting,andsoforth—alsocoincidentallyhelpolderworkerstoextendtheirworkinglives.Thecompanyspends“alotoftime”ontheergonomicsofitsfactories,makingjobstherelesstiring,whichenablesolderworkerstostayatthemforlonger.

Likewise,formorethanadecade,Toyota,arguablytheworld’smostadvancedmanufacturer,hasadapteditsworkstationstoolderworkers.Theshortageofskilledlaboravailabletotheautomotiveindustryhasmadeitunusuallykeentorecruitolderworkers.BMWrecentlysetupafactoryinLeipzigthatexpresslysetouttoemploypeopleovertheageof45.

Needsmustwhenthedevildrives.Otherfirmsarepolishingtheiralumninetworks.IBMusesitsnetworktorecruitretiredpeopleforparticularprojects.Ernst&Young,aprofessional-servicesfirm,hasabout30,000registeredalumni,andabout25%ofits“experienced”newrecruitsareformeremployeeswhoreturnafteranabsence.

Butsuchexamplesareunusual.AsurveyinAmericalastmonthbyErnst&Youngfoundthat“althoughcorporateAmericaforeseesasignificantworkforceshortageasboomersretire,itisnotdealingwiththeissue.”Almostthree-quartersofthe1,400globalcompaniesquestionedbyDeloittelastyearsaidtheyexpectedashortageofsalariedstaffoverthenextthreetofiveyears.Yetfewofthemarelookingtoolderworkerstofillthatshortage;andevenfewerarelookingtothemtofillanothergapthathasalreadyappeared.ManyfirmsinEuropeandAmericacomplainthattheystruggletofindqualifieddirectorsfortheirboardswhenthepoolofretiredtalentfromthoseverysamefirmsisgrowingbyleapsandbounds.

Whyarefirmsnotworkinghardertokeepoldemployees?Partofthereasonisthatthecrunchhasbeenbeyondthehorizonofmostmanagers.Norishangingontoolderworkerstheonlywaytocopewithafallingsupplyoflabor.Theparticipationofdevelopingcountriesintheworldeconomyhasincreasedtheoverallsupply—whateverthelocaleffectofdemographicsintherichcountries.AvastamountofworkisbeingsentoffshoretosuchplacesasChinaandIndiaandmorewillgoinfuture.Somecountries,suchasAustralia,arerelaxingtheirimmigrationpoliciestoallowmuchneededskillstocomeinfromabroad.Otherswillavoidtheneedforworkersbyspendingmoneyonmachineryandautomation.

1.Accordingtothepassage,themostseriousconsequenceofbaby-boomersapproachingretirementwouldbe（）.

2.ThefollowingareallthemeasuresthatcompanieshaveadoptedtocopewiththeageingworkforceEXCEPT（）.

3.“Thecompanyspends‘a(chǎn)lotoftime’ontheergonomicsofitsfactories”meansthat（）.

4.Intheauthor’sopinion,Americanfirmsarenotdoinganythingtodealwiththeissueoftheageingworkforcemainlybecause（）.

5.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheauthor’sdevelopmentofargument?

問題1選項

A.alossofknowledgeandexperiencetomanycompanies

B.adecreaseinthenumberof35-to-44-year-olds

C.acontinuousincreaseinthenumberof50-to-64-year-olds

D.itsimpactonthedevelopedworldwhoseworkforceisageing

問題2選項

A.makingplacesofworkaccommodatetheneedsofolderworkers

B.usingalumninetworkstohireretiredformeremployees

C.encouragingformeremployeestoworkoverseas

D.grantingmoreconvenienceinworkinghourstoolderworkers

問題3選項

A.thecompanyattachesgreatimportancetothelayoutofitsfactories

B.thecompanyimprovestheworkingconditionsinitsfactories

C.thecompanyattemptstoreduceproductioncostsofitsfactories

D.thecompanyintendstorenovateitsfactoriesandupdateequipment

問題4選項

A.theyhavenotbeenawareoftheproblem

B.theyarereluctanttohireolderworkers

C.theyarenotsureofwhattheyshoulddo

D.theyhaveotheroptionstoconsider

問題5選項

A.introducingtheissue—citingwaystodealwiththeissue—describingtheactualstatus—offeringreasons.

B.describingtheactualstatus—introducingtheissue—citingwaystodealwiththeissue—offeringreasons.

C.citingwaystodealwiththeissue—introducingtheissue—describingtheactualstatus—offeringreasons.

D.describingtheactualstatus—offeringreasonsintroducingtheissue—citingwaystodealwiththeissue.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:C

第3題:B

第4題:D

第5題:B

【解析】1.事實細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：根據(jù)文章，嬰兒潮一代（指出生于生育高峰期的人，生育高峰兒），即將退休的最嚴(yán)重后果將是_________。根據(jù)題干定位到第一段第一句話Lastmonththefirstbaby-boomersturned60.Thebulkygenerationbornbetween1946and1964isheadingtowardsretirement.Thelooming“demographiccliff”willseevastnumbersofskilledworkersdispatchedfromthelaborforce.Theworkforceisageingacrosstherichworld.（上個月，嬰兒潮一代迎來了60歲生日。1946年至1964年出生的龐大一代正走向退休。即將出現(xiàn)的“人口懸崖”將導(dǎo)致大量熟練工人從勞動力市場流失。發(fā)達(dá)國家的勞動力都在老齡化。），所以D選項“它對勞動力老齡化的發(fā)達(dá)國家的影響”，符合題意。A選項“對許多公司來說是知識和經(jīng)驗的損失”，在文中并未提及，故排除。B選項“35-44歲人數(shù)的減少”，C選項“50-64歲人數(shù)的持續(xù)增長”，都是工人年齡未來的趨勢而不是后果，所以不符合題意。綜上所述，本題的正確答案是D選項。

2.推理判斷題。題干：以下是各公司為應(yīng)付勞動力老化而采取的所有措施，除了_______。根據(jù)文章第六段第二句話Thetoolsitusestoachievethat—flexibleworking,telecommuting,andsoforth—alsocoincidentallyhelpolderworkerstoextendtheirworkinglives.（用來實現(xiàn)這一目標(biāo)的工具—靈活工作、遠(yuǎn)程辦公等等—也巧合地幫助了年長的員工延長了他們的工作壽命。），可知A選項“使工作場所適應(yīng)年長工人的需要”和D選項“給年長的工人在工作時間上提供更多的便利”，是公司采取的措施，故排除A，D選項。根據(jù)文章第八段第二句話Otherfirmsarepolishingtheiralumninetworks.（其他公司也在完善他們的校友網(wǎng)絡(luò)），可知B選項“利用校友網(wǎng)絡(luò)來雇傭退休的前雇員”，也是公司采取的措施之一。只有C選項“鼓勵前雇員到海外工作”，在文中沒有提及。綜上所述，本題的正確答案是C選項。

3.推理判斷題。題干：“公司在工廠的人體工程學(xué)上花費(fèi)了‘大量時間’”，意味著_______。根據(jù)題干定位到文章第六段最后一句話Thecompanyspends“alotoftime”ontheergonomicsofitsfactories,makingjobstherelesstiring,whichenablesolderworkerstostayatthemforlonger.（該公司在工廠的人體工程學(xué)上花費(fèi)了“大量時間”，使那里的工作不那么累人，從而使年老的工人在那里呆的時間更長。），A選項“公司非常重視工廠的布局”，B選項“公司改善了工廠的工作條件”，C選項“公司試圖降低工廠的生產(chǎn)成本”，D選項“公司打算更新工廠和設(shè)備”，以上選項只有B選項才能是在人體工程學(xué)的基礎(chǔ)上使工作不那么累人。綜上所述，本題的正確答案是B選項。

4.事實細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：在作者看來，美國公司沒有采取任何措施來解決勞動力老齡化問題，主要是因為_______。根據(jù)題干定位到文章最后一段第一句話Whyarefirmsnotworkinghardertokeepoldemployees?Partofthereasonisthatthecrunchhasbeenbeyondthehorizonofmostmanagers.Norishangingontoolderworkerstheonlywaytocopewithafallingsupplyoflabor.（為什么公司不努力留住老員工？部分原因是，問題已經(jīng)超出了大多數(shù)管理者的能力范圍。抓住老員工不放也不是應(yīng)對勞動力供應(yīng)下降的唯一辦法。），所以D選項“他們會考慮其他選擇”符合題意。A選項“他們還沒有意識到這個問題”，B選項“他們不愿意雇傭年長的工人”和C選項“他們不確定他們應(yīng)該做什么”，在文中均沒有提及。綜上所述，本題的正確答案是D選項。

5.推理判斷題。題干：下面哪一個最好地描述了作者的論證過程？文章第一段第一句話就引出話題，描述現(xiàn)狀Lastmonththefirstbaby-boomersturned60.（上個月，嬰兒潮一代迎來了60歲生日）。接下來第一、二、三段具體展開了帶來的問題。第四、五、六、七、八段都在說明公司采取的一些措施，第九，十段則是在說明公司對勞動力老齡化問題不采取措施的原因，所以只有B選項符合文章的論述過程。綜上所述，本題的正確答案是B選項。

8.填空題

THEIRONBRIDGE

TheIronBridgewasthefirstofaskindinEuropeandisuniversallyrecognizedasasymboloftheIndustrialRevolution.

A:TheIronBridgecrossestheRiverSeverninCoalbrookdale,inthewestofEngland.Itwasthefirstcast-ironbridgetobesuccessfullyerected,andthefirstlargecast-ironstructureoftheindustrialageinEurope,althoughtheChinesewereexpertiron-castersmanycenturiesearlier.

B:Riversusedtotheequivalentoftoday’smotorways,inthattheywereextensivelyusedfortransportation.TheRiverSevern,whichstartsitslifeontheWelshmountainsandeventuallyenterstheseabetweenCardiffandBristol,isthelongestnavigableriverinBritain.Itwasidealfortransportationpurpose,andspecialboatswerebuilttonavigatethewaters.Bythemiddleoftheeighteenthcentury,theSevernwasoneofthebusiestriversinEurope.Localgoods,includingcoal,ironproducts,wool,grainandcider,weresentbyriver.Amongthegoodscomingupstreamwereluxuriessuchassugar,tea,coffeeandwine.Inplaces,theriverbankswerelinedwithwharvesandtheriverwasoftencrowdedwithboatsloadingorunloading.

C:In1638,BasilBrookepatentedasteel-makingprocessandbuiltafurnaceatCoalbrookdale.ThislaterbecamethepropertyofAbrahamDarby(referredtoasAbrahamDarbyItodistinguishhimfromhissonandgrandsonofthesamename.)AfterservinganapprenticeshipinBirmingham,DarbyhadstartedabusinessinBristol,buthemovedtoCoalbrookdalein1710withanideathatcokederivedfromcoalcouldprovideamoreeconomicalalternativetocharcoalasafuelforironmaking.Thisledtocheaper,moreefficientironmakingfromtheabundantsuppliesofcoal,ironandlimestoneinthearea.

D:Hisson,AbrahamDarbyII,pioneeredthemanufactureofcastiron,andhadtheideaofbuildingabridgeovertheSevern,asferryingstoresofallkindsacrosstheriver,particularlythelargequantitiesoffuelforthefurnacesatCoalbrookdaleandothersurroundingironworks,involvedconsiderableexpenseanddelay.However,itwashissonAbrahamDarbyIII(bornin1750)who,in1775,organizedameetingtoplanthebuildingofabridge.Thiswasdesignedbyalocalarchitect,ThomasPritchard,whohadtheideaofconstructingitofiron.

E:Sectionswerecastduringthewinterof1778-9fora7-metre-widebridgewithaspanof31metres,12metresabovetheriver.Constructiontookthreemonthsduringthesummerof1779,andremarkably,nobodywasinjuredduringtheconstructionprocess-afeatalmostunheardofeveninmodernmajorcivilengineeringprojects.Workontheapproachroadscontinuedforanothertwoyears,andthebridgewasopenedtotrafficin1781AbrahamDarbyⅢfundedthebridgebycommissioningpaintingsandengravings,buthelostalotontheproject,whichhadcostnearlydoubletheestimate,andhediedleavingmassivelargerdebtsin1789,agedonly39.Thedistrictdidnotflourishformuch1onger,andduringthenineteenthandearlytwentiethcenturiesfactoriescloseddown.Since1934thebridgehasbeenopenonlytopedestrians.UniversallyrecognizedasthesymboloftheIndustrialRevolution,theIronBridgenowstandsattheheartoftheIronBridgeGorgeWorldHeritageSite.

F:Ithasalwaysbeenamysteryhowthebridgewasbuilt.Despiteitspioneeringtechnologynoeye-witnessaccountsareknownwhichdescribetheironbridgebeingerected—andcertainlynoplanshavesurvived.However,recentdiscoveries,researchandexperimentshaveshednewlightonexactlyhowitwasbuilt,challengingtheassumptionsofrecentdecades.In1997asmallwatercoloursketchbyEliasMartincametolightintheSwedishcapital,Stockholm.Althoughthereisawealthofearlyviewsofthebridgebynumerousartists,thisistheonlyonewhichactuallyshowsitunderconstruction.

G:Upuntilrecentlyithadbeenassumedthatthebridgehadbeenbuiltfrombothbanks,withtheinnersupportstiltedacrosstheriver.Thiswouldhaveallowedrivertraffictocontinueunimpededduringconstruction.Butthepictureclearlyshowssectionsofthebridgebeingraisedfromabargeintheriver.Itcontradictedeverythinghistorianshadassumedaboutthebridge,anditwasevenconsideredthatthepicturecouldhavebeenafakeasnootherhadcometolight.Soin2001ahalf-scalemodelofthebridgewasbuilt,inordertoseeifitcouldhavebeenconstructedinthewaydepictedinthewatercolour.Meanwhile,adetailedarchaeological,historicalandphotographicsurveywasdonebytheIronbridgeGorgeMuseumTrust,alongwitha3DCAD(computer–aideddesign)modelbyEnglishHeritage.

H:Theresultstellusalotmoreabouthowthebridgewasbuilt.Wenowknowthatallthelargecastingsweremadeindividuallyastheyareallslightlydifferent.Thebridgewasn’tweldedorboltedtogetherasmetalbridgesarethesedays.Insteaditwasfittedtogetherusingacomplexsystemofjointsnormallyusedforwood—butthiswasthetraditionalwayinwhichironstructureswerejoinedatthetime.Theconstructionofthemodelprovedthatthepaintingshowsaveryrealisticmethodofconstructingthebridgethatcouldworkandwasinallprobabilitythemethodused.

I:NowonlyonemysteryremainsintheIronBridgestory.TheSwedishwatercoloursketchhadapparentlybeentornfromabookwhichwouldhavecontainedsimilarsketches,ithadbeendrawnbyaSwedishartistwholivedinLondonfor12yearsandtravelledBritaindrawingwhathesaw.Nobodyknowswhathashappenedtotherestofthebook,butperhapstheothersketchesstillexistsomewhere.IftheyareeverfoundtheycouldprovidefurthervaluableevidenceofhowtheIronBridgewasconstructed.

1.WhenwasthefurnaceboughtbyDarbyoriginallyconstructed?

2.Whenweretheroadsleadingtothebridgecompleted?

3.Whenwasthebridgeclosedtotraffic?

4.Whenwasamodelofthebridgebuilt?

【答案】1.1638

2.1781

3.1934

4.2001

【解析】1.根據(jù)文章C段，“In1638,BasilBrookepatentedasteel-makingprocessandbuiltafurnaceatCoalbrookdale.”，1638年，BasilBrooke申請了煉鋼工藝專利，并在科爾布魯代爾建造了一座熔爐?？芍@個熔爐是在1638年建成的。

2.根據(jù)文章E段，“Workontheapproachroadscontinuedforanothertwoyears,andthebridgewasopenedtotrafficin1781…”，修路工作又持續(xù)了兩年，大橋于1781年通車。持續(xù)兩年是在1779年大橋開始施工的基礎(chǔ)上計算的?？膳袛喑鐾ㄍ亲鶚虻穆肥?781年修完的，才能使大橋在1781年通車。

3.根據(jù)文章E段，“Since1934thebridgehasbeenopenonlytopedestrians.”，自1934年以來，這座橋只對行人開放?？膳袛喑龃髽驈?934年開始不通車。

4.根據(jù)文章G段，“Soin2001ahalf-scalemodelofthebridgewasbuilt,inordertoseeifitcouldhavebeenconstructedinthewaydepictedinthewatercolour.”，2001年，這座橋的半尺度模型建成，以判斷它是否能夠按照水彩畫中的方式建造。可判斷出2001年建成了這座橋的模型。

9.單選題

Agoodcitizenisexpectedto（）tothelawofhiscountry.

問題1選項

A.confront

B.comply

C.conform

D.confirm

【答案】C

【解析】動詞辨析。A選項confront“面對，遭遇”；B選項comply“遵守，順從”，不及物動詞，常和介詞with搭配。例句：Shemustbemadetocomplywiththerules.（必須讓她遵守規(guī)則。）；C選項conform“符合；遵照”，不及物動詞，常和介詞to搭配。例句：Thelamphasbeendesignedtoconformtonewsafetystandards.（該燈設(shè)計得符合新的安全標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。）D選項confirm“確認(rèn)，確定”。句意：一個好公民應(yīng)該遵守國家的法律。由選項意思和介詞搭配可知，C選項符合句意。

10.單選題

Havinghadherasaprofessorandadviser,Icantellyouthatsheisan（）forcewhopushesherstudentstoexcelfarbeyondtheirownexpectations.

問題1選項

A.inspirational

B.educational

C.excessive

D.instantaneous

【答案】A

【解析】形容詞辨析。inspirational鼓舞人心的；educational教育的；excessive過度的；instantaneous即刻的。句意是：由于她是我的教授兼指導(dǎo)老師，不妨告訴你，她具有一種（

）力量，激發(fā)著她的學(xué)生超越自我的期望。因此，A選項符合句意。

11.單選題

Anoldsayinghasitthathalfofalladvertisingbudgetsarewasted-thetroubleis,nooneknowswhichhalf.Intheinternetage,atleastintheory,thisfractioncanbemuchreduced.Bywatchingwhatpeoplesearchfor,clickonandsayonline,companiescanaim“behavioral”adsatthosemostlikelytobuy.

Inthepastcoupleofweeksaquarrelhasillustratedthevaluetoadvertisersofsuchfine-grainedinformation:Shouldadvertisersassumethatpeoplearehappytobetrackedandsentbehavioralads?Orshouldtheyhaveexplicitpermission?

InDecember2010America'sFederalTradeCommission（FTC.proposedaddinga"donottrack"（DNT）optiontointernetbrowsers,sothatuserscouldtelladvertisersthattheydidnotwanttobefollowed.Microsoft'sInternetExplorerandApple'sSafaribothofferDNT;Google'sChromeisduetodosothisyear.InFebruarytheFTCandDigitalAdvertisingAlliance（DAA.agreedthattheindustrywouldgetcrackingonrespondingtoDNTrequests.

OnMay31stMicrosoftsetofftherow:ItsaidthatInternetExplorer10,theversionduetoappearwindows8,wouldhaveDNTasadefault.

Itisnotyetclearhowadvertiserswillrespond.GettingaDNTsignaldoesnotobligeanyonetostoptracking,althoughsomecompanieshavepromisedtodoso.UnabletotellwhethersomeonereallyobjectstobehavioraladsorwhethertheyarestickingwithMicrosoft’sdefault,somemayignoreaDNTsignalandpressonanyway.

AlsouncleariswhyMicrosofthasgoneitalone.Afterall,ithasanadbusinesstoo,whichitsayswillcomplywithDNTrequests,thoughitisstillworkingouthow.IfitistryingtoupsetGoogle,whichreliesalmostwhollyondefaultwillbecomethenorm.DNTdoesnotseemanobviouslyhuge'sellingpointforwindows8-thoughthefirmhascomparedsomeofitsotherproductsfavorablywithGoogle'sonthatcountbefore.BrendonLynch,Microsoft'schiefprivacyofficer,blogged:"webelieveconsumersshouldhavemorecontrol."