3DMAX室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)效果圖畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)

第章緒···························································································································1.1關(guān)于效果··················································································································1.2本次畢業(yè)計(jì)的介紹······································································································1第章制環(huán)····················································································································2.13DMAX2010·····················································································································22.2

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4···················································································································2第章快鍵攝機(jī)建···································································································3.1經(jīng)常用到快捷鍵·········································································································33.2攝像機(jī)設(shè)置·················································································································3.3CAD的入和墻壁創(chuàng)建··································································································43.3.1導(dǎo)入CAD文43.3.2墻壁的創(chuàng)建3.4家具、外布景··············································································································3.5合并外文件·················································································································第章測(cè)期染置···········································································································4.1測(cè)試期染參數(shù)設(shè)········································································································8第章燈和質(zhì)設(shè)········································································································115.1燈光的置···················································································································5.1.1太陽(yáng)光125.1.3目標(biāo)燈光5.1.4補(bǔ)光5.2材質(zhì)的置··················································································································第章出·························································································································6.1關(guān)于光子················································································································146.2出圖參設(shè)置···············································································································6.2.1生成光子146.2.2渲染6.3PS后調(diào)整················································································································16第章尾·························································································································7.1心得體會(huì)···················································································································參文：··························································································································18致：································································································································第1緒論1.1關(guān)于效果圖制作效果圖，其實(shí)就是為了讓客戶看到裝修好之后的樣子，從而讓客戶掏錢(qián)。有些客戶可能看不懂CAD圖，希望能更好更直觀地看到圖，所以制作的效果圖還是有一定作用的。不論是手繪還是電腦，效果圖只是一種設(shè)計(jì)師表達(dá)的方式?，F(xiàn)在有一個(gè)區(qū)就是效果圖的真實(shí)性，不必要把效果圖做得和照片一樣真實(shí)，只要能表達(dá)出設(shè)計(jì)師的設(shè)計(jì)理念，客戶能看明白就可以了。至于現(xiàn)有的模型還是自己制作的模型，我覺(jué)得只要能提高工作效率就好，用天的時(shí)間制作的效果圖和用1天的時(shí)間制作的效果圖，從圖面質(zhì)量和逼真度上可能會(huì)有差距但最后的作用應(yīng)該是一樣的。效果圖的制作不是做不是來(lái)顯示我們建模多么的嫻熟和細(xì)致，渲染多么的漂亮，真實(shí)度多么的貼近照片，而是要體現(xiàn)出設(shè)計(jì)師的設(shè)計(jì)理念，只要客戶能看懂就好了。有時(shí)一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的草圖也會(huì)起到同樣的作用。1.2本次畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的介紹首先為本人對(duì)于設(shè)計(jì)方面十分不專業(yè)以出來(lái)各方面效果若有各方面的違和感，請(qǐng)各位見(jiàn)諒。其實(shí)作為效果圖多時(shí)候并不需要所有模型都自己建出來(lái)會(huì)合并很多外部文件，以及很多的附材質(zhì)的操作，這就需要有一定的積累。所以本次雖然也會(huì)用到不少外部文件，但還是會(huì)涉及到一些簡(jiǎn)單基礎(chǔ)的建模方法。而且為了避免電腦配置不足以及技術(shù)上不必要的重復(fù)，本次設(shè)計(jì)只完成了大廳和廚房的設(shè)計(jì)，其他地方一律簡(jiǎn)單處理。因?yàn)榇髲d有兩大面落地玻璃，基本上太陽(yáng)光以及天光就足夠亮了，后期PS改一下曲線、對(duì)比度/亮度諸如此類效果就可以了；而廚房由于窗口比較小，所以就用到不少的補(bǔ)光操作，這也是我另外一個(gè)我想要介紹的。第2制作環(huán)境2.13DMAX2010在2010版本中增加了新的建模工具，可以自由地設(shè)計(jì)和制作復(fù)雜的多邊形模型。且新的及時(shí)預(yù)覽功能支持AO、HDRI、soft、硬件反鋸齒等效果。此版本給予設(shè)計(jì)者新的創(chuàng)作思維與工具，并提升了與后制軟件的結(jié)合度，讓設(shè)計(jì)者可以更直觀的進(jìn)行創(chuàng)作，將創(chuàng)意無(wú)限發(fā)揮。另外，vray一個(gè)比較常用的渲染軟件，它可以作為一個(gè)插件2.2vray1.5sp4VRay是由chaosgroup和asgvis公司出品國(guó)由曼恒公司負(fù)責(zé)推廣的一款高質(zhì)量渲染軟件是目前業(yè)界最受歡迎的渲染引擎V-Ray內(nèi)核開(kāi)發(fā)的有VRayfor3dsmaxMaya、Sketchup、Rhino等多版本，為不同領(lǐng)域的優(yōu)秀3D建模軟件提供了高質(zhì)量的圖片和動(dòng)畫(huà)渲染。除此之外，VRay可以提供單獨(dú)的渲染程序，方便使用者渲染各種圖片。第3快捷鍵、攝像機(jī)和建模3.1經(jīng)常用到的快捷鍵里面的快捷鍵十分多熟練運(yùn)用快捷鍵有于增加效率這里介紹一下本人經(jīng)常用到的部分快捷鍵：取消網(wǎng)格顯示：G拖動(dòng)場(chǎng)景：鼠標(biāo)中鍵轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)物體：ALT+鼠標(biāo)中鍵單獨(dú)顯示物體：按名稱選擇物體：H加選：CTRL+擇物體減選：ALT+選擇物體最大化到選擇到的物體：Z最大化所有物體：線框顯示物體：F3隱藏相機(jī)：SHIFT+C隱藏?zé)簦?.2像機(jī)的設(shè)置為了方便渲染測(cè)試，先要設(shè)置好攝像機(jī)，這里一般沒(méi)什么要求，把攝像機(jī)放在認(rèn)為合適的地方，高度一般為人的高度。人的視野為°左右，也可以略為調(diào)整，直到個(gè)人感覺(jué)適合為止。SHIFT+F顯示安全框，能顯示真實(shí)渲染時(shí)候的視角。3.3CAD導(dǎo)入和墻壁的創(chuàng)建入CAD文文件→導(dǎo)入，導(dǎo)入CAD。因?yàn)镃AD圖導(dǎo)進(jìn)去之后，一般就不需要再修改了，所以導(dǎo)入之后可以成組然后凍結(jié)之。墻壁關(guān)于墻壁的創(chuàng)建，方法有很多，可以一面面墻壁建立，也可以通過(guò)擠出一個(gè)多邊形然后挖洞，出于對(duì)各方面的考慮，這里我使用了后者的建立墻壁的方法。而關(guān)于墻壁挖洞的問(wèn)題，我當(dāng)初了解過(guò)之后，由于以前學(xué)到的知識(shí)比較依賴多邊形的布爾運(yùn)算，而這樣讓多邊形出現(xiàn)一些無(wú)謂的線和面，還很容易導(dǎo)致?tīng)€面，所以一般是比較少用布爾運(yùn)算的。導(dǎo)入CAD圖之后，建立墻體的第一步就是要打開(kāi)捕捉開(kāi)關(guān)，切換到.5D捕捉2.5D捕捉的作用就是確保捕捉所畫(huà)出來(lái)的線是在同一個(gè)平面上的。畫(huà)好線之后，在圖上有窗口或者門(mén)的地方也畫(huà)上點(diǎn)，方便以后挖洞，如下圖所示：然后擠出相應(yīng)的高度，加入法線修改器，右擊對(duì)象屬性，背面消隱選項(xiàng)勾上，即可看到物體里面然后右鍵轉(zhuǎn)換為可編輯多邊形開(kāi)始制作墻體，顯示線框，切換到線段級(jí)別下，選中有窗口的地方兩邊的線，右擊連接，如下圖在面級(jí)別下刪除窗口應(yīng)該挖洞那個(gè)面，邊界級(jí)別下，選中被刪面的邊，SHIFT+鼠標(biāo)拖動(dòng)拉出窗框，下圖是完成之后的墻壁，本人稍作了修改3.4具、窗外布景窗戶以及家具的制作不外乎就是普通的捕捉、畫(huà)線、擠出、放樣，或者轉(zhuǎn)化為可編輯多邊形，在邊級(jí)別下設(shè)置的切角（平滑里不需多做贅述。下面簡(jiǎn)單介紹一個(gè)制作枕頭（抱枕）和窗外景色的方法。先制作一個(gè)矮的長(zhǎng)方體，分段數(shù)多些，加入Cloth改器，設(shè)置對(duì)象屬性如下圖，確定之后模擬本地，抱枕開(kāi)始膨脹，然后轉(zhuǎn)換為可編輯多邊形，平滑之。我們渲染的時(shí)候看窗外該是有景色而不是一片漆黑的么這個(gè)效果如何做到呢？下面簡(jiǎn)單介紹一下：首先畫(huà)一條弧線，擠出適當(dāng)?shù)母叨却_定能夠完全擋住窗外的一片漆黑（最好在建立攝像機(jī)之后完成附上VR燈光質(zhì)，里面加上自己需要的窗外景物圖片，渲染如果還是一片漆黑就添加法線，貼圖位置錯(cuò)誤就添加貼圖修改即可。3.5并外部文件需要注意的是帶材質(zhì)的文件和不帶材質(zhì)的文件，有些下載下來(lái)的文件歸檔好，帶材質(zhì)，有些沒(méi)有，如果直接用別人的材質(zhì)，材質(zhì)名有可能和自己材質(zhì)庫(kù)的名沖突，這個(gè)問(wèn)題要處理好，不然以后會(huì)導(dǎo)致文件名相同無(wú)法歸檔。第4測(cè)試期渲染設(shè)置4.1試期渲染參數(shù)設(shè)置為了方便渲染看到燈光和材質(zhì)的效果，需要設(shè)置一下測(cè)試時(shí)期的渲染參數(shù)，否則渲染將會(huì)十分慢，F(xiàn)10調(diào)出渲染設(shè)置窗口，參考設(shè)置如下供參考，實(shí)際情況清酌量修改）設(shè)置渲染圖像的大小，這里設(shè)置成關(guān)閉默認(rèn)燈光，圖像采樣器為固定，關(guān)閉抗鋸齒過(guò)濾器打開(kāi)間接照明（GI次反彈設(shè)置為發(fā)光圖，二次反彈設(shè)置為燈光緩存面當(dāng)前預(yù)設(shè)由原來(lái)的“高”改為“非常低”燈光緩存下設(shè)為100第5燈光和材質(zhì)的設(shè)置5.1光的設(shè)置本人做了客廳和廚房，因?yàn)榭蛷d有兩塊大落地玻璃，如果模擬晚上會(huì)十分浪費(fèi)，因此我模擬了白天的情況，太陽(yáng)透過(guò)玻璃射進(jìn)來(lái)，真實(shí)情況的大廳會(huì)十分光亮的，因此基本上不需要使用燈光，只用模擬的太陽(yáng)光和天光基本上就足夠，有少量暗的地方采用補(bǔ)光和后期的PS處理；而廚房由于外面射進(jìn)來(lái)的光有限，而且是背向我們模擬的太陽(yáng)光的，所以只靠天光是不夠的，我們需要使用一些補(bǔ)光的操作。模擬太陽(yáng)光我使用了目標(biāo)平行光，開(kāi)始沒(méi)有設(shè)置為VR陰影，導(dǎo)致陽(yáng)光無(wú)法透過(guò)透明的玻璃；真實(shí)的陰影不是棱角分明的，因此可在陰影參數(shù)里面調(diào)節(jié)：F10→Vray：環(huán)境→這里需要根據(jù)不同的地方酌量修改。即使客廳模擬起來(lái)已經(jīng)比較寬敞明亮，但還是有一些燈槽比較暗，這與真實(shí)不符，于是我模擬了下圖這樣的燈光創(chuàng)建一個(gè)目標(biāo)燈光燈光分部選擇光度學(xué)WEB然后下面再選擇一個(gè)光域網(wǎng)的文（網(wǎng)上自行下載強(qiáng)度/顏色/減下設(shè)置燈光強(qiáng)度。設(shè)置如下，僅供參考故名思議，就是渲染的時(shí)候，有些地方不夠明亮，而現(xiàn)實(shí)的效果實(shí)際上光是通過(guò)無(wú)數(shù)次反射得來(lái)的，計(jì)算機(jī)無(wú)法進(jìn)行如此多的計(jì)算，導(dǎo)致某些地方暗了，為了解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題，有時(shí)候我們要進(jìn)行補(bǔ)光的操作。補(bǔ)光我用了VR的面光源，參數(shù)僅供參考補(bǔ)光→5.2質(zhì)的設(shè)置設(shè)置好燈光之后我們需要把物體都附上材質(zhì)，材質(zhì)這些東西是比較繁瑣的，但做多了之后，我們可以把做好的材質(zhì)放入到材質(zhì)庫(kù)里面，這樣以后用到相同的材質(zhì)就不用重新設(shè)置了。我這里用到的是VR材質(zhì)，用到的有：多維子對(duì)象（不同的面附上不同材質(zhì)減（隨著距離變化，顏色深淺變化質(zhì)包裹器（本人用于色彩溢出）等等，由于大量的材質(zhì)參數(shù)不可能一一列舉，這里推薦一個(gè)網(wǎng)站以供參考：/list/416第6出圖6.1關(guān)于光子圖當(dāng)測(cè)試完，感覺(jué)燈光，材質(zhì)，等各方面都滿意的時(shí)候。我們就可以出圖了，這里我們采用了保存光子圖（即可以理解為保存光照信息的文件）然后再調(diào)用的方法，這樣出來(lái)的效果跟直接渲染成圖一樣，但是能夠節(jié)省渲染時(shí)間，但要注意保存了光子圖之后場(chǎng)景物體不能再移動(dòng)，否者需要重新跑光子圖。6.2圖參數(shù)設(shè)置點(diǎn)擊選擇“不渲染最終圖像像采樣器（反鋸齒）設(shè)置如下圖。點(diǎn)擊選擇“不渲染最終圖像樣器（反鋸齒）設(shè)置如上圖。

間接照明選項(xiàng)卡下前預(yù)設(shè)改中燈光緩存下，細(xì)分值改為指定光子圖保存路徑和調(diào)用光子圖的路徑設(shè)如上圖然后點(diǎn)擊渲保存光子圖。然后點(diǎn)渲染計(jì)算完畢之后，彈出窗口，選擇剛才輸出的光子