屆高考英語實戰(zhàn)演練專題閱讀理解《附詳析》 優(yōu)秀獎 省一等獎 市賽獲獎

2022屆高考英語實戰(zhàn)演練專題閱讀理解（71-75）《附詳析》(第71篇)Mankindisstillevolving(進化),accordingtoarecentstudybyateamofscientistsledbyaYaleUniversityevolutionarybiologist.Butresearchsuggeststhatthenaturalselectionprocessisnolongerdrivenbysurvival,perhapsbecauseofdifferencesinwomen’sfertility(能生育性)．Theteamexamined2,238womeninFramingham,Massachusetts,theUSandstudiedthemedicalhistoriesofsome14,000residentssince1948.Theyfoundthatstrong，slightlyfatwomentendtohavemorechildren.Andifthistrendweretocontinueforthenext10generations,by2409theaveragewomanwouldbe2cmshorter,1kgheavier,andhaveahealthierheart.Thatrateofevolutionisprettysimilartowhatweseeinplantsandanimals.Humans_don’_t_seem_to_be_any_exception,_theteamsaid.Otherrecentgeneticresearchbacksupthatbelief.OnestudybyJohnHawks,ananthropologistattheUniversityofWisconsinatMadison,foundthatsome1,800humangenevariations(變異)arecommoninrecentgenerationsbecauseofevolution.Amongthechangesaremutations(突變)thatallowpeopletodigestmilkorresistmalaria(瘧疾)andothersthatgovernbraindevelopment.SincetheIndustrialRevolution,modernhumanshavegrowntallerandstronger.It’seasytoassumethatevolutionismakinghumansfitter.ButaccordingtoanthropologistPeterMcAllister,thecontemporarymalehasevolvedphysicallyinto“thesorriestexampleofmaleeverontheplanet”.AnaverageNeanderthalwoman,McAllisternotes,couldhavebeatArnoldSchwarzeneggerinanarmwrestling(腕力)match.AndearlyAustralianAboriginescouldeasilydefeatUsainBoltina100-mdash.However,DouglasEwbank,oftheUniversityofPennsylvania,saysthatculturalfactorstendtohaveamuchgreaterimpactthannaturalselectiononfuturegenerations,sopeopletendtoignoreevolution’seffects.And,despiteevidenceindicatingevolutionstillworks,SteveJones,anevolutionarybiologistatUniversityCollegeLondon,thinksthattheimpactofevolutiononhumansisnotthemostimportant.“Whatmakeshumanswhatweareisinourminds,inoursociety,andnotinourevolution，”saidJones.[語篇解讀]科學(xué)家們發(fā)現(xiàn)人類還在不斷地進化，但是他們認為自然選擇對人類進化的影響已經(jīng)沒那么大了1．Whatdoestheunderlinedsentence“Humansdon’tseemtobeanyexception”imply?A.Plantsandanimalsareevolvingfasterthanhumans.B.Evolutiondoesn’tworkinhumansanylonger.C.Therateofevolutioninplantsandanimalsalsoappliestohumans.D.Humansareuniqueintheirevolution.[解析]推理判斷題根據(jù)第四段內(nèi)容可知，人類的進化速度和動植物的很相似，人類并不例外，由此可判斷動植物的進化速度也適用于人類[答案]C2．Whyistherecentgeneticresearchquotedinthefifthparagraph?A.Tosupportthebeliefthatmankindisstillevolving.B.Toshowhumangenevariationsarecommoninrecentgenerations.C.Toprovemodernhumanshavegrownfitter.D.Tosuggestthatthenaturalselectionprocessisnolongerdrivenbysurvival.[解析]細節(jié)理解題根據(jù)第五段中的Otherrecentgeneticresearchbacksupthatbelief可知最近的其他基因研究也支持“人類還在進化”這一觀點，和文章開頭的主題句照應(yīng)[答案]A3．Accordingtothepassage,wecaninferthatArnoldSchwarzenegger________.A.usedtobeafamousactorB.isanAmericangovernorC.isveryweakD.isverystrong[解析]推理判斷題第六段中舉施瓦辛格的例子是為了證明在人類越來越健壯的進化中，男性成為最令人遺憾的例子由對施瓦辛格的了解和文段內(nèi)容可判斷阿諾德·施瓦辛格很強壯，力氣很大[答案]D4．AccordingtoDouglasEwbank,whichofthefollowingfactorsplaysagreaterpartinthefuturegenerations?A.Culture. B.Evolution.C.Naturalselection. D.Geneticmutations.[解析]細節(jié)理解題根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段內(nèi)容可知，在未來的后代中，起更大作用的是文化因素[答案]A5．Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?A.Mankindisstillevolving.B.Womenwillgetfatter.C.Thehistoryofhumanevolution.D.Futurewomentendtohavemorechildren.[解析]主旨大意題本文第一句就是主題句，后面都是圍繞著“人類還在不斷地進化”這一觀點進行論述的[答案]A[長難句解讀]thechangesaremutations(突變)thatallowpeopletodigestmilkorresistmalaria(瘧疾)andothersthatgovernbraindevelopment.本句主語很長，為了句子結(jié)構(gòu)的平衡進行了倒裝主句的主語是mutationsandothers，定語從句thatallowpeopletodigestmilkorresistmalaria修飾mutations，定語從句thatgovernbraindevelopment修飾others2．And,despiteevidenceindicatingevolutionstillworks,SteveJones,anevolutionarybiologistatUniversityCollegeLondon,thinksthattheimpactofevolutiononhumansisnotthemostimportant.本句的主語是SteveJones,anevolutionarybiologistatUniversityCollegeLondon是SteveJones的同位語，that引導(dǎo)一個賓語從句despiteevidence為介詞短語作狀語，后面的非謂語動詞短語作evidence的后置定語(第72篇)THURSDAY,July9(HealthDayNews)—Anewstudythatfoundthatalowercaloriedietslowedtheagingprocessinmonkeyscouldbethebestproofyetthatrestricteddietsmightdothesameforhumans.“Thebigquestioninagingresearchis,‘Willcaloricrestrictioninspeciescloselyrelatedtohumansslowaging？’”saidRichardWeindruch,seniorauthorofapaperappearingintheJuly10issueofisthefirstcleardemonstrationthat,inaprimatespecies,we’reinducingaslowdownoftheagingprocess—showingincreasedsurvival,resistancetodisease,lessbrainatrophyandlessmuscleloss.“Thispredictshumanswouldrespondsimilarly，”addedWeindruch,professorofmedicineattheUniversityofWisconsinandaninvestigatorattheVeteransHospitalinMadison.Anotherexpertnotedthat,despitesomehighlypublicizedstudiesincertainspecies,thelinkbetweenrestrictedeatingandlongerlifespanhasbeenfarfromproven.“Theideathatdietaryrestrictionextendslifespaninallspeciesisnottrue.Manystrainsofratsandmicedonotrespond.Insomestrains,it’sactuallydeleterious，”explainedFelipeSierra,directorofthebiologyofagingprogramattheUSNationalInstituteonAging(NIA),whichsupportedthenewstudy.“Thefactthatitdoesn’tworkinsomemicebutitdoesseemtoworkinmonkeysissurprisinganditgivesushope.”Butthere’salargerquestion:howtochangehumans’increasinglylaxeatinghabits.“This_finding_doesn’t_give_me_hope_that_humans_are_going_to_go_into_dietary_restriction，”addedMarianneGrant,aregistereddietitianatTexasA&MHealthScienceCenterCoastalBendHealthEducationCenterinCorpusChristi.[語篇解讀]這是一篇新聞報道，研究人員通過對動物的研究證明低熱量的飲食可能會延長人的壽命1．Theunderlinedword“restricted”means“________”．A.limited B.satisfiedC.reserved D.fascinated[解析]詞義猜測題根據(jù)第一段可知，低熱量的飲食可以延長猴子的壽命，這一試驗證明有節(jié)制的飲食可能同樣會延長人的壽命[答案]A2．WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutWeindruchistrue?A.Thisexperimentindicatesrestricteddietscouldextendhumans’lifespan.B.Adequatesleepisanotherwaytoreducethespeedofagingprocess.C.Theexperimentwasafailureinsomespeciessuchasmice.D.Theexperimentwhichhadbeentestedonhumansgotagreatsuccess.[解析]細節(jié)理解題根據(jù)第三段第一句話可知答案為A[答案]A3．AccordingtoFelipeSierra’sidea,weknowthat________.A.therestricteddietsexperimentreallyhadnodistincteffectonratsandmiceB.humansarefindingnewwaystoslowdowntheagingprocessofallthespeciesC.theexperimentisunnecessarytobecarriedonbecauseoftheresponseofthemiceD.theexperimentconfirmedthatrestricteddietsextendlifespaninallspecies[解析]細節(jié)理解題從第四段的第二句“Manystrainsofratsandmicedonotrespond.”可知答案[答案]A4．Itcanbeinferredfromtheunderlinedsentencethat________.A.theresultoftheexperimentshowsthathumansarenotpiggingoutnowadaysB.nowadayshumansareturningunhealthydietsintolowercaloriedietsC.howtochangehumans’carelesseatinghabitsisalongwaytogoD.theexperimentchangedhumans’increasinglycarelesseatinghabits[解析]細節(jié)理解題由畫線句子可知人們目前并沒有進入到控制飲食的狀態(tài)中，也就是說要改變?nèi)藗兟唤?jīng)心的飲食習(xí)慣還有很長的路要走[答案]C5．Theauthormostlikelywrotethistextto________.A.comparethetwoexperimentsonratsandmonkeysB.illustratethedatafromtheresearchC.callonpeopletopayattentiontotheirdailydietsD.introducealivelydebatetoamusethereader[解析]寫作目的題作者的目的是通過介紹試驗”低熱量的飲食可能會延長人的壽命”，呼吁人們注意控制飲食[答案]C[長難句解讀]Anotherexpertnotedthat,despitesomehighlypublicizedstudiesincertainspecies,thelinkbetweenrestrictedeatingandlongerlifespanhasbeenfarfromproven.本句的主句為Anotherexpertnotedthat，其中that引導(dǎo)的是一個賓語從句從句用despite表示讓步關(guān)系，后面的farfromproven意為”遠沒有得到證明”(第73篇)Thetreadlepumpisbasedonadesigndevelopedinthe1970sbyNorwegianengineerGunnarBarnes.Itcanbemadelocally.Thetreadlepumpiseasytobuildfrombambooorotherwoodandtwometalcylinders(圓筒)withpistons(活塞).Thepistonsgoupanddownasapersonstandsonleverdevices—treadles—andusesanaturalwalkingmotion.Howmanyhoursadaythepumpneedstobeoperateddependsontheseasonandhowmuchwaterisneededforcrops.Itcouldbetwohoursaday.Itcouldbesevenhoursaday.Smallchildrensometimesstandwiththeirparentsonthetreadles.Everyoneinthefamilycantaketurnsoperatingthepump.TheAcumenFundisanonprofitgroupthatinvestsinbusinessprojectstofightpoverty.ItstudiedtheeffectsoftreadlepumpsintheIndianstateofUttarPradesh.UttarPradeshhasthreetreadlepumpmanufacturersandmorethanseventythreethousandpumps.Acumenreportedthatfamiliesusingthematemorevegetables,becausetheywereabletogrowmoretoeatandtosell.Manyofthesefamiliesalsodrankmoremilk,becausetheyboughtacowwiththeiraddedearnings.Menwithtreadlepumpsoftennolongerhavetoleavethefarmtoseekextraworkincities.Thepumpcanalsoimproveeducation.Farmersoftenusetheirextraearningstobuybooksfortheirchildrenortopayforschooling.AfarmerinZambiasaidhehopedtohaveenoughmoneyinthreeyearstobuyadieselpoweredpump(柴油泵).Thenhecouldgrowmorecropsoveralargerarea.Buttheworldeconomiccrisishashadaneffectonsomefarmers.IDEexecutivedirectorZeniaTatasayssomewhowereabletobuydieselpumpsnowdonothaveenoughmoneytobuyfuel.Sotheyareusingtheirtreadlepumpsagain.[語篇解讀]腳踏泵因其簡單、易行、實用之特點，正在世界的廣大貧困地區(qū)被推廣，以幫助農(nóng)民脫貧致富，且已取得了顯著的效果1．Thetreadlepump________.A.isinventedbyanAmericanengineerB.ismainlymadeofmetalC.consistsoftwocylinderswithpistonsD.consistsoftwocylinderswithanengine[解析]事實細節(jié)題根據(jù)第二段第一句可知答案為C[答案]C2．Whatdoestheauthorwanttotellusaboutthetreadlepumpinthesecondparagraph?A.Itshistory.B.Itsworkingprinciple.C.Itsstructure.D.Itsusageandeffects.[解析]作者意圖題A和D顯然不對，C有一定干擾性，但其不能概括第二句，介紹工作原理時，一般要同時介紹其結(jié)構(gòu)，故選B[答案]B3．Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat________.A.itiseasytolearnhowtooperatethetreadlepumpB.itisdifficulttobuildatreadlepumpC.thetreadlepumpisusedmoreinwinterthaninsummerD.operatingthetreadlepumpcankeepfit[解析]推理判斷題B和C與文中內(nèi)容相悖，可排除易錯選D，但文中沒有依據(jù)，無法推知根據(jù)第四段，小孩也可幫忙，家庭中每個人都可參與，可推知A為答案[答案]A4．EachtreadlepumpmanufacturerintheIndianstateofUttarPradeshhasproducedonaverageabout________.A.18,000pumps B.24,000pumpsC.37,000pumps D.73,000pumps[解析]數(shù)據(jù)推算題根據(jù)第五段第三句可知，該州共三家生產(chǎn)商，共有七萬三千多架腳踏泵，平均每家生產(chǎn)兩萬四千架左右，故選B[答案]B5．WhydoesthefarmerinZambiahopetobuyadieselpoweredpump?A.Becausehewantstogrowcropsonalargerscale.B.Becausehehatestoleavethefarmtoseekfortuneincities.C.Becauseadieselpoweredpumpischeaperthanbefore.D.Becauseoilismuchcheaperthanbefore.[解析]事實細節(jié)題根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段第二句可知答案[答案]A[長難句解讀]IDEexecutivedirectorZeniaTatasayssomewhowereabletobuydieselpumpsnowdonothaveenoughmoneytobuyfuel.該句為雙重復(fù)合句主句主語為IDEexecutivedirectorZeniaTata，謂語為says，后面為省略了that的賓語從句該賓語從句的主干部分為somedonothaveenouehmoneytobuyfuel，whowereabletobuydieselpumps為定語從句，修飾主語some(第74篇)Itwasneardusk,andKimCooperandherhusband,Steve,weretruckingthroughnorthernKentuckytransportationautopartsfromLouisvilletoDetroitforagoodscompany.“Steve,wakeup！”sheshouted.“There’satruckonfire！”Insidetheburningtruck,RonnieSanders,38,wasfightingforhislife.He’dbeenrunningaheavyloadoftractorsandforkliftsfromGeorgiatoIndianapoliswhenavaninfrontofhimstoppedsuddenlyintrafficontheicyroad.AsRonnieboredown,hecouldseechildreninthebackseat.Thetruck’sbulkwouldprobablyprotecthimfromtheworstoftheimpact,buttheforceof23tonswouldlikelycrush(壓碎)everyoneinsidethevan.“Ifiguredinsteadofkillingotherpeople,I’djustputthetruckintheditch.”Atthebottom,rockscutafueltank,whichcaughtfire.AtreebranchdestroyedthewindshieldandknockedRonnieunconscious.Hecametolifeacoupleofminuteslatertofindthecabinflamesandhislegsonfire.StevedashedtoRonnie,whowashangingheadfirstfromthepassengerdoor.Ronniehadusedhispocketknifetocuthimselffreefromthedriver’ssideseatbeltonlytogethisboottrappedinanotherone.Steveclimbedintotheburningcabtofreehim.HetriedthreetimestopullRonnieoutbeforefinallyfreeinghim.ButRonnie’slegswerestillburning,soStevelaidhimontheground,rippedoffhisownshirt,andbeattheflameswithit.He’dmanagedtodraghimabout20yardswhenoneofthetruck’s150gallonfueltanksexploded.BothSteveandRonniepaidapriceforriskingtheirlivesforstrangers.Ronniespenttwomonthsinthehospitalandreceivedskingraftsonbothofhislegs.Stevesufferedsmokebreathingandminorburns,andshrapnelfromthefueltankexplosionbrokeatooth.InFebruary,theCoopersreceivedaHerooftheHighwayawardfromtheOpenRoadFoundationforrescuinganinjureddriver.SteveinsistsRonnieistherealhero:“Ifhehadn’tgoneintotheditch,hewouldhavehitthatvan.Itwashisdecisiontodriveofftheroad.”“Ifeelprettygoodaboutit，”saysRonnie.“Alotofpeoplecouldhavebeenhurt.”解讀：本文為記敘文，主要講述了theCoopers途中遇到Ronnie開的大卡車著火了；Ronnie為了不造成更大的傷害，不顧自身的安危，將卡車開進水溝里，而Steve則竭盡全力救助Ronnie1.Accordingtothepassage,Ronnie’sputtingthetruckintheditchcontributesto________.A.hisconcernforhisownsafetyB.hispoordrivingskillC.theicyroadD.hisconcernforothers’lives[解析]細節(jié)推斷題由文章的第三段第一句話“Ifiguredinsteadofkillingotherpeople，I’djustputthetruckintheditch.”可推斷出[答案]D2.WhatprobablymadeRonniecometolifeafterdrivingthetruckintheditch?A.Thenoisefromthehighway.B.ThecallfromtheCoopers.C.Thepainfromtheburninglegs.D.Theheatofthefire.[解析]細節(jié)推斷題根據(jù)文章的第三段最后一句話Hecametolifeacoupleofminuteslatertofindthecabinflamesandhislegsonfire.利用排除法[答案]C3.HowdidSteveputouttheflamesinRonnie’slegs?A.HebeattheflameswithRonnie’sshirt.B.Hebeattheflameswithhisownshirt.C.Heputoutthefirewithatankofwater.D.Heputoutthefirewithabagofsand.[解析]細節(jié)理解題根據(jù)文章第五段第二句話，Steve撕下自己的襯衫，用它來撲滅(Ronnie雙腿上的)火焰[答案]B4.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“shrapnel”inParagraph6mean?A.Abranchofatree.B.Asmallpieceofmetal.C.Awaveoftheexplosion.D.Theheatoftheexplosion.[解析]詞義猜測題根據(jù)下文shrapnelfromthefueltankexplosionbrokeatooth可知是“油箱爆炸產(chǎn)生的金屬片打碎了一顆牙”[答案]B5.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleofthispassage?A.Heroes:TheCoopersB.Heroes:RoadsideFlamesC.AccidentsontheIcyRoadD.AccidentsintheDitch[解析]確定文章標題綜觀全文，A，C，D三項不夠全面；而B項即表明事故，也表明了事故中竭力營救他人的英雄[答案]B(第75篇)AstronautsaboardthespacestationCelebratedaspacefirstonWednesdaybydrinkingwaterthathadbeenrecycledfromtheirurineandsweatandwaterthatcondensesfromexhaledair.Theysaid“cheers”，clickeddrinkingbagsandtoastedNASAworkersonthegroundwhoweresippingtheirownversionofrecycleddrinkingwater.TherecyclingsystemisneededforastronautstationsonthemoonandMars.ItalsowillsaveNASAmoneybecauseitwon’thavetoshipupasmuchwatertothestationbyspaceshuttleorcargo,it’simportantasthespacestationisabouttoexpandfromthreepeoplelivingonboardtosix.TherecyclingsystemhadbeenbroughtuptothespacestationlastNovemberbyspaceshuttleEndeavour,butitcouldn’tbeuseduntilsamplesweretestedbackonEarth.Sowhenitcametimetoactuallydrinkup,NASAmadeabigdealofit.Thethreemancrewstood,holdingtheirdrinksandcongratulatedengineersintwoNASAcentersthatworkedonthesystem.“Thisissomethingthathadbeenthestuffofsciencefiction，”Barrattsaidbeforetakingasmallmouthful.“Thetasteisworthtrying.”NASAdeputyspaceshuttlemanagerLeRoyCaincalledit“ahugemilestone”．Thenewsystemtakesthecombinedurineofthecrewfromthetoilet,movesittoabigtank,wherethewaterisboiledoff,andthevaporiscollected.Therestoftheurineisthrownaway.Thewatervaporismixedwithwaterfromaircondensation,andthenitgoesthroughfilters.Whensixcrewmembersareaboarditcanmakeaboutsixgallonsfromurineinaboutsixhours.“Somepeoplemayfindtheideaofdrinkingrecycledurinedistasteful,butitisalsodoneonEarthwithalotlongertimebetweenurineandthetap”saidMarybethEdeen,thespacestation’snationallabmanager.ThetechnologyNASAdevelopedforthissystemhasalreadybeenusedforquickwaterpurificationafterthe2022Asiantsunami,Edeensaid.“Wearehappytohavethiswaterworkthroughthesystem—we’rehappytohaveitworkthroughoursystems，”Barrattsaid.[語篇解讀]本文講的是國際空間站宇航員試飲尿液循環(huán)水1．Accordingtothetext,therecyclingsystemisimportantbecause________.A.itmakestravelingtothemoonforthecommonpersonpossibleB.withitNASAwon’tneedtoshipanywateruptothespacestationC.itcanhelptomeettheneedformorewaterafterthecrewareexpandedD.itprotectstheenvironmentinspacebyreducingtheamountofwaste[解析]細節(jié)理解題根據(jù)第二段中的“it’simportantasthespacestationisabouttoexpandfromthreepeoplelivingonboardtosix”可知C項正確[答案]C2．WhatistheRIGHTtimeorderofthefollowingeve