廣東省高等教育自學考試英語語言學

2011年10月廣東省高等教育自學考試英語語言學問卷(課程代碼06422)(20%)Fillinthefollowingblankswithaword,whoseinitialletterhasbeengiven.1.Thetotalityoflinguisticvarietiespossessedbyanindividualconstituteshislinguisticr.2.Imotivationreferstolearnerslearningthesecondlanguageforenjoymentorpleasurefromlearning.Thephonetictranscription,ntranscription,isnormallyusedbyphoneticianstogiveminuteanddetaileddescriptionsofspeechsounds.Thewaythatnewwordsarecoinedfromalreadyexistingwordsby“subtracting”anaffixthoughttobepartoftheoldwordiscalledb.Themeaningofawordcanbedissectedintomeaningcomponentscalledsemanticf6.Inadditiontosocialchanges,oneofthemostpervasivesourcesoflanguagechangeseemstobethecontinualprocessofculturaltacrossgenerations.Pisthestudyofsoundsusedinlinguisticcommunication.Whenthevocalcordsaredrawnwideaparttoletairgothroughwithoutvibration,thesoundsthusproducedarev.Thesocialgroupthatissingledoutforanyspecialstudyisnamedasthescommunity.AccordingtoN.Chomsky,creferstotheidealuser'sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.Preferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.Thenotionofcisessentialtothepragmaticstudyoflanguage.Damagetopartsoftheleftcortexbehindthecentralsulcusresultsinatypeofaphasiacalledfaphasia.Thecviewofmeaningisbasedonthepresumptionthatonecanderivemeaningfromorreducemeaningtoobservablecontexts.Lexicaldtaskisakindofexperimentpsycholinguisticsemploytoinvestigatelexicalaccess.Atheorywhichexplicitlyemploysthenotion“concept”isthesemantictproposedbyOgdenandRichardsintheirbookTheMeaningofMeaning.Clear[l]anddark[l]areallophonesofthesameonephoneme/l/.Theynevertakethesamepositioninsoundcombinations,thustheyaresaidtobeincdistribution.Sincethereareoftenintermediateformsbetweenthetwomembersofanantonymouspair,sotheyarecalledgantonyms.Sisconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.Atexperimentisatechniquethatisusedtostudythedeterminantsofsentenceprocessingdifficulty.Multiplechoice(15%)Choosethebestanswertothefollowingitems.Changesinalanguagearechangesinthegrammarofthespeakersofthelanguage.Thismeansthatphonemes,,wordsandgrammaticalrulesmaybeborrowed,added,lostoraltered.A.phrasesB.sentencesC.morphemesD.utteranceTheconsonant[f]inEnglishcanbecorrectlydescribedashavingthefollowingphoneticfeatures:A.voiceless,bilabial,stopB.voiceless,labiodental,fricativeC.voiced,bilabial,stopD.voiced,labiodental,fricativestudyoflanguageasawholeisoftencalledA.universallinguisticsB.commonlinguisticsC.prescriptivelinguisticsD.generallinguisticsthephrasestrueturerule“S?NPVP",thearrowcanbereadas.A.isequaltoB.consistsofC.hasD.generatesillocutionarypointofistoexpressthepsychologicalstatespecifiedintheutterance.A.representativesB.commissivesC.expressivesDdeclarationsGenerativeGrammarwasintroducedbyin1957.motivationoccurswhenthelearnerdesirestolearnasecondlanguagebecauseofthewishtoidentifywiththetargetculture.A.InstrumentalB.FunctionalC.IntegrativeD.Socialdifferentwordsmayhavethesameorsimilarmeaning,thesamewordmayhavemorethanonemeaning.Thiskindofwordsarecalled.A.polysemicwordsB.homographsC.homonymsD.synonymstermlinguisticsmaybedefinedasawayofreferringtotheapproachwhichstudieslanguagechangesovervariousperiodsoftimeandatvarioushistoricalstages.A.synchronicB.diachronicC.comparativeD.historicalcomparativeacttheorywasoriginatedwiththeBritishphilosopherinthelate50'softhe20thcentury.thelinguisticstudyaimstolaydownrulesforcorrectandstandardbehaviorinusinglanguage,itissaidtobe.A.descriptiveB.prescriptiveC.synchronicD.diachronicthecaseofspit,theconsonant[p]issaidtobe.A.aspiratedB.voicedC.unaspiratedD.unprounceabletheelement“-es”indicatesisthirdpersonsingular,presenttense,theelement“-ed”pasttense,and“-ing”progressiveaspect.Sincetheyarethesmallestunitsoflanguageandmeaningful,theyarealso.A.phonemesB.phonesC.allophonesD.morphemesareclassifiedintoseveralkinds.Thiskindtowhich‘girland‘lass'belongiscalled___synonyms.A.stylisticB.dialectalC.emotiveD.collocationalaspeechcommunityPeoplehavesomethingincommon:alanguageoraparticularvarietyoflanguageandrulesforusingit..B.linguisticallyC.culturallyD.pragmaticallyTrueoffalsejudgement(20%)Theinteractionistviewholdsthatlanguagedevelopsasaresultofthecomplexinterplaybetweenthehumancharacteristicsofthechildandtheenvironmentinwhichthechilddevelops.Acreoleissaidtobeformedwhenapidginhasbecometheprimarylanguageofaspeechcommunity,andisacquiredbythechildrenofthatspeechcommunityastheirnativelanguage.Gardenpathsentenceisanawkwardsentencethatmisleadsthespeakersandtakesthemdownthegardenpathtoawrongdirection.Aphonemeisthesmallestlinguisticunitofsoundthatcandistinguishtwowords.Registerreferstothetypeofutterancewhichisselectedasappropriatetothetypeoftypology.Phonologystudiesthefunctioningofthespeechsounds.PredicationanalysiswasproposedbytheBritishlinguistJ.Searletoanalyzethemeaningofutterance.43.Specifiershavebothspecialsemanticandsyntacticrolessincetheyhelpmakemoreprecisethemeaningoftheheadandmarkaphraseboundary.Differentlanguageofferpeopledifferentwaysofexpressingtheworldaround,theythinkandspeakdifferently,thisisalsoknownaslinguisticrelativity.Metacognitivestrategiesdealwiththewaysidelearnersinteractorcommunicatewithotherspeakers,nativeornon-native.Explainthefollowingnotionsbriefly(25%)derivat