【精品】高級(jí)英語視聽說教程book2聽力文本

【精品】高級(jí)英語視聽說教程book2聽力文本【精品】高級(jí)英語視聽說教程book2聽力文本【精品】高級(jí)英語視聽說教程book2聽力文本【精品】高級(jí)英語視聽說教程book2聽力文本編制僅供參考審核批準(zhǔn)生效日期地址：電話：傳真:郵編:Book2Chapter1ThePopulationTodaywe’regoingtotalkaboutpopulationintheUnitedStates.Accordingtothemostrecentgovernmentcensus,thepopulationis281,421,906people.Nowthisrepresentsanincreaseofalmost33millionpeoplesincethe1990census.Apopulationofover281millionmakestheUnitedStatesthethirdmostpopulouscountryinthewholeworld.Asyouprobablyknow,thePeople’sRepublicofChinaisthemostpopulouscountryintheworld.Butdoyouknowwhichisthesecondmostpopulous

Well,ifyouthoughtIndia,youwereright.Thefourth,fifth,andsixthmostpopulouscountriesareIndonesia,Brazil,andPakistan.Nowlet’sgetbacktotheUnitedStates.Let’slookatthetotalU.S.populationfigureof281millioninthreedifferentways.Thefirstwayisbyraceandorigin;thesecondisbygeographicaldistribution,orbywherepeoplelive;andthethirdwayisbytheageandsexofthepopulation.Firstofall,let’stakealookatthepopulationbyraceandorigin.ThelatestU.S.censusreportsthat75.1percentofthepopulationiswhite,whereas12.3percentisblack.ThreepercentareofAsianorigin,and1percentisNativeAmerican.2.4percentofthepopulationisamixtureoftwoormoreraces,and5.5percentreportthemselvesas“ofsomeotherrace”.Let’smakesureyourfiguresareright:OK,white,75.1percent;black,12.3percent;Asian,3percent;NativeAmerican,1percent;amixtureoftwoormoreraces,2.4percent;andofsomeotherrace,5.5percent.Hispanics,whoseoriginslieinSpanish-speakingcountries,comprisewhites,blacks,andNativeAmericans,sotheyarealreadyincludedintheabovefigures.ItisimportanttonotethatHispanicsmakeup12.5percentofthepresentU.S.population,however.Finally,thecensustellsusthat31millionpeopleintheUnitedStateswereborninanothercountry.Ofthe31millionforeignborn,thelargestpart,27.6percentarefromMexico.Thenextlargestgroup,fromthePhilippines,number4.3percent.Anotherwayoflookingatthepopulationisbygeographicaldistribution.DoyouhaveanyideawhichstatesarethefivemostpopulousintheUnitedStatesWell,I’llhelpyououtthere.Thefivemostpopulousstates,withpopulationfigures,areCalifornia,withalmost34million;NewYork,with21million;Texas,with19million;andFlorida,with16million;andIllinoiswith12.5millionpeople.Didyougetallthosefiguresdown

Well,ifnot,I’llgiveyouachancelatertocheckyourfigures.Well,then,let’smoveon.Alltold,overhalf,orsome58percentofthepopulation,livesintheSouthandintheWestoftheUnitedStates.Thisfigure,58percent,issurprisingtomanypeople.ItissurprisingbecausetheEastismoredenselypopulated.Nevertheless,therearemorepeoplealltogetherintheSouthandWest.Tounderstandthisseemingcontradiction,oneneedonlyconsidertherelativelylargersizeofmanysouthernandwesternstates,soalthoughtherearemorepeople,theyaredistributedoveralargerarea.Tofinishupthissectionongeographicaldistribution,considerthatmorethanthree-quartersofthepeopleliveinmetropolitanareaslikeLosAngeles,NewYork,Chicago,andHouston.Thatmeansthatonly20percent,or2outof10people,liveinruralareas.Aninterestingsidenoteisthatsome3,800,000U.S.citizensliveabroad,thatis,inforeigncountries.Beforewefinishtoday,IwanttodiscussthedistributionoftheU.S.populationintermsofageandsex.Justforinterest,wouldyousaytherearemoremenormorewomenintheUnitedStatesWell,accordingtothe2000census,therearemorewomen.Infact,therearemorethanfivemillionmorewomenthanmenintheU.S.population.Ifweconsiderthatmoremalesthanfemalesareborneachyear,howcanthisdifferencebeexplained

Well,foravarietyofcomplicatedreasonsthatwecan’tgointohere,thereisaprogressivelyhigherdeathrateformalesastheygetolder.Thisisseenin2003lifeexpectancyfigures:thelifeexpectancyforwomenis80.4yearswhereasformenitisonly74.5years.Idon’tknowhowtheselifeexpectancyfigurescomparetothoseinyourcountries,butstatisticallywomengenerallylivelongerthanmenworldwide.Now,tofinishup,let’slookattheaverageageofthewholepopulation.Overall,theaverageageofthepopulationisincreasing:from33.1yearsin1990to35.3yearsin2000.Theaverageagehasbeenslowly,butsteadily,increasingoverthepastseveraldecades.Thistrendtowardahigheraverageagecanbeexplainedbyadecreasingbirthrateandanincreasinglifeexpectancyforthepopulationasawhole.Well,I’dliketoinvestigatethesetwosubjectsfurther,butIseeourtimeisup,sowe’llhavetocallitquitsfortoday.YoumaywanttopursuethetopicoftheagingU.S.populationfurther,sotherearesomesuggestionsattheendofthelessontohelpyoudoso.Thankyou.ChapterTwoImmigration:PastandPresentTheactofimmigrating,orcomingtoanewcountrytolive,iscertainlynothingnew.Throughouthistory,peoplehaveimmigrated,ormovedtonewcountries,formanydifferentreasons.Sometimesthesereasonswereeconomicorpolitical.Otherpeoplemovedbecauseofnaturaldisasterssuchasdroughtsorfamines.Andsomepeoplemovedtoescapereligiousorpoliticalpersecution.Nomatterwhatthereason,mostpeopledonotwanttoleavetheirnativelandanddosoonlyundergreatpressureofsomesort,butafewpeopleseemquiteadventuresomeandrestlessbynatureandliketomovealot.ItseemsbothkindsofpeoplecametoAmericatolive.ThesubjectofimmigrationisquitefascinatingtomostAmericans,astheyviewthemselvesasanationofimmigrants.However,theearlyBritonswhocametowhatistodaytheUnitedStatesconsideredthemselves“settlers”or“colonists,”ratherthanimmigrants.Thesepeopledidnotexactlythinktheyweremovingtoanewcountrybutweremerelysettlingnewlandforthe“mothercountry.”TherewerealsolargenumbersofDutch,French,German,andScotch-Irishsettlers,aswellaslargenumbersofblacksbroughtfromAfricaasslaves.AtthetimeofindependencefromBritainin1776,about40percentofpeoplelivinginwhatisnowtheUnitedStateswerenon-British.Themajorityofpeople,however,spokeEnglish,andthetraditionsthatformedthebasisoflifeweremainlyBritishtraditions.ThisperiodwehavejustbeendiscussingisusuallyreferredtoastheColonialPeriod.Today,we’realittlemoreinterestedinactualimmigrationafterthisperiod.Let’sfirstlookatwhatisoftencalledtheGreatImmigration,whichbeganabout1830andendedin1930.Thenlet’sconsiderthereasonsforthisso-calledGreatImmigrationandthereasonsitended.Finally,let’stalkabouttheimmigrationsituationintheUnitedStatesAsIsaid,we’llbeginourdiscussiontodaywiththeperiodofhistorycalledtheGreatImmigration,whichlastedfromapproximately1830to1930.ItwillbeeasierifwelookattheGreatImmigrationintermsofthreemajorstages,ortimeperiods.Thefirststagewasfromapproximate1y1830to1860.Now,beforethistime,thenumberofimmigrantscomingtotheUnitedStateswascomparativelysmall,onlyabout10,000ayear.However,theratebegantoclimbinthe1830swhenabout600,000immigrantsarrived.Theratecontinuedtoclimbduringthe1840swithatota1of1,700,000peoplearrivinginthatdecade.Theratecontinuedtoclimb,andduringthe1850s2,600,000immigrantsarrived.DuringthisfirststageoftheGreatImmigration,thatis,betweentheyears1830and1860,themajorityofimmigrantscamefromGermany,GreatBritain,andIreland.Nowlet’sconsiderthesecondstageoftheGreatImmigration.Thesecondstagewasfroml860to1890,duringwhichtimeanother10,000,000peoplearrived.Betweenl860and1890themajorityofimmigrantscontinuedtobefromGermany,Ireland,andGreatBritain.However,duringthesecondstage,asmallerbutsignificantnumberofimmigrantscamefromtheScandinaviannationsofDenmark,NorwayandSweden.ThethirdstageoftheGreatImmigration,whichlastedfrom1890to1930,wastheeraofheaviestimmigration.Betweentheyearsl890andl930,almost22millionimmigrantsarrivedintheUnitedStates.MostofthesenewarrivalscamefromtheSouthernEuropeancountriesofGreece,Italy,Portugal,andSpainandtheEasternEuropeancountriesofPolandandRussiaNowthatweknowsomethingaboutthenumbersandoriginsofimmigrantswhocametotheStatesduringtheGreatImmigration,let’sconsiderthereasonswhymostofthesepeopleimmigratedtotheUnitedStates.WhydidsuchlargenumbersofEuropeansleavetheirhomesforlifeinanunknowncountry

Itwouldbeimpossibletodiscussallthecomplexpoliticalandeconomicreasonsinanydepthtoday,butwecantouchonafewinterestingfactsthatmighthelptoclarifythesituationforyou.Firstofall,oneofthemostimportantreasonswasthatthepopulationofEuropedoubledbetweentheyears1750and1850.Atthesametimethatthepopulationwasgrowingsorapidly,theIndustrialRevolutioninEuropewascausingwidespreadunemployment.ThecombinationofincreasedpopulationandthedemandforlandbyindustryalsomeantthatfarmlandwasbecomingincreasinglyscarceinEurope.ThescarcityoffarmlandinEuropemeantthattheabundanceofavailablelandinthegrowingcountryoftheUnitedStateswasagreatattraction.Duringtheseyears,theUnitedStateswasanexpandingcountryanditseemedthattherewasnoendtoland.Infact,in1862,thegovernmentofferedpubliclandfreetocitizensandtoimmigrantswhowereplanningtobecomecitizens.Inadditiontoavailablefarmland,therewerealsoplentifuljobsduringtheseyearsofgreateconomicgrowth.Otherattractionswerefreedomfromreligiousorpoliticalpersecution.SomeothergroupsalsocametotheUnitedStatesasthedirectresultsofnaturaldisastersthatleftthemindesperatesituations.Forexample,thefrequentfailureofthepotatocropinIrelandbetweentheyears1845and1849ledtowidespreadstarvationinthatcountry,andpeopleweredriventoimmigrate.AnotherfactorthataffectedthenumberofimmigrantscomingtotheUnitedStateswasimprovedoceantransportbeginninginthe1840s.Atthattime,shipslargeenoughtocarrylargenumbersofpeoplebegantomakeregulartripsacrosstheocean.Nowlet’ssummarizethereasonsforthehighrateofimmigrationtotheUnitedStatesduringtheyearswediscussed:first,thedoublingofthepopulationinEuropebetween1750and1850;second,theunemploymentcausedbytheIndustrialRevolution;andthird,thelandscarcityinEurope,followedbyreligiousandpoliticalpersecutionandnaturaldisaster.Thesereasonscombinedwithimprovedtransportationprobablyaccountforthelargestnumberofimmigrants.IwouldnowliketotalkbrieflyabouttheperiodoftimefollowingtheGreatImmigrationandthereasonsforthedeclineintherateofimmigration.Althoughimmigrationcontinuestoday,immigrationnumbershaveneveragainreachedthelevelsthatwediscussedpreviously.Thereareseveralreasonsforthisdecline.ThisdeclinewasinpartduetovariouslawswhoseaimwastolimitthenumberofimmigrantscomingfromdifferentpartsoftheworldtotheUnitedStates.ThefirstsuchlawthatlimitedthenumberofimmigrantscomingfromacertainpartoftheworldwastheChineseExclusionActof1882.Thislawwasfollowedbymanyotherlawsthatalsotriedtolimitthenumbersofpeopleimmigratingfromvariouscountriesorpartsoftheworld.Inadditiontosuchlaws,certainlyeconomicandgeopoliticaleventsasimportantastheGreatDepressionstartingin1929andWorldWarIIalsocontributedtothedeclineinimmigration.Let’sconcludeourtalkbydiscussingthecurrentsituationwithrespecttoimmigration,whichisquitedifferentfromthatinthepast.Tounderstandsomeofthechanges,it’simportanttonotethatin1965strictquotasbasedonnationalitywereeliminated.Let’sseehowdifferentthingsaretodayfromthepast.AsInoted,thegreatestnumberofimmigrantstotheUnitedStateshavehistoricallybeenEuropean.AccordingtoU.S.Censusfigures,in1860,thepercentageofimmigrantsthatwereEuropeanwas92percent.Butby1960,thepercentageofEuropeanimmigrantshaddroppedto74.5percent,andbytheyear2002,ithaddroppedto14percent!In2002,52.2percentofimmigrantscamefromLatinAmerica,thatis,fromtheCaribbean,CentralAmerica,andSouthAmerica.MexicoisordinarilyconsideredpartofNorthAmerica,buttheU.S.CensusBureauconsidersMexicoasaCentralAmericancountryintermsofimmigrationstatistics,andestimatesthatmorethanone-thirdofthetotalofallimmigrantstotheUnitedStatesin2002camefromMexicooranotherCentralAmericancountry.Thenextlargestpercentage,25.5percent,ofimmigrantscamefromAsia,mainlyfromthePhilippines,China,andAlthoughimmigrationdroppedsharplywhentheUnitedStatesenteredWorldWarIandremainedlowthroughouttheDepressionandWorldWarIIyears,attheendofthel940s,immigrationbegantoincreaseagainandhas,ingeneral,risensteadilysincethen.ItmightsurpriseyoutoknowthattheactualnumberofimmigrantscomingyearlytotheStatesinrecentyearsisaboutthesameasthenumberscomingyearlybetween1900and1910.Keepinmind,though,thatthepopulationoftheUnitedStatesismuchlargernowthanattheturnofthecentury,sothatwhiletheyearlynumbersmaybesimilar,thepercentageofthepopulationthatisforeign-bornisconsiderablysmallertodaythanitwasacenturyago.Itmightbeinterestingtospeculateonimmigrationinthefuture.Willthetrendcontinuefornon-EuropeanstoimmigratetotheUnitedStatesTheanswerisprobablyyesfortheforeseeablefuture.Dothesenon-EuropeanpeoplecometotheUnitedStatesforthesamereasonsthatEuropeanscame

Well,landisnolongerplentifulandcheap.Industrynolongerrequireslargenumbersofunskilledworkers.Infact,thegovernmentusuallytriestorestrictimmigrationtothosepeoplewhoalreadyhavetheskillstobesuccessfulinU.S.society.Still,peoplecomeforpolitica1andeconomicreasonsandprobablywillcontinuetodChapter3 AmericansatWorkWhetheryouloveitorhateit,workisamajorpartofmostpeople’sliveseverywhereintheworld.Americansarenoexception.Americansmightcomplainabout“blueMonday,”whentheyhavetogobacktoworkaftertheweekend,butmostpeopleputalotofimportanceontheirjob,notonlyintermsofmoneybutalsointermsofidentity.Infact,whenAmericansareintroducedtoanewperson,theyalmostalwaysaskeachother,“Whatdoyoudo?”Theyareasking,whatisyourjoborprofession.Today,however,wewon’tlookatworkintermsofwhatworkmeanssociallyorpsychologically.Rather,we’regoingtotakealookatworkintheUnitedStatestodayfromtwoperspectives.First,we’lltakeahistoricallookatworkinAmerica.We’lldothatbylookingathowthingschangedfortheAmericanworkerfromthebeginningtotheendofthetwentiethcentury,thatis,fromtheyear1900totheyear1999.Thenwe’lllookathowU.S.workersaredoingtoday.Aswelookatthechangesoverthelastcentury,we’regoingtousealotofstatisticstodescribethesechanges.Youwillneedtowritedownalotofnumbersintoday’slecture.First,let’sconsiderhowthetypeofworkpeoplewereinvolvedinchanged.Atthebeginningofthetwentiethcentury,about38percentoftheworkforcewasinvolvedinagriculture;thatis,theyworkedonafarm.Bytheendofthecentury,only3percentstillworkedonfarms.Therewasalsoalargedecreaseinthenumberofpeopleworkinginmining,manufacturing,andconstruction.Thenumberofworkersinmining,manufacturing,andconstructionwentdownfrom31percentto19percent.Whilethenumberofpeopleinthesegoodsproducingindustrieswentdown,thenumberofpeopleintheserviceindustrieswentup.Asyoumayknow,aserviceindustryisonethatprovidesaservice,ratherthangoodsorproducts.Afewexamplesincludetransportation,tourism,banking,advertising,healthcare,andlegalservices.I’msureyoucanthinkofmore.Theserviceindustryworkforcejumpedfrom31percentoftheworkforceattheturnofthecenturyto78percentin1999.Let’srecapthenumbers:in1900,38percentinagriculture;31percentinmining,manufacturing,andconstruction;and31percentintheserviceindustries.Thatshouldaddupto100percent.In1999,3percentinagriculture;19percentinmining,manufacturing,andconstruction;and78percentintheserviceindustries.Again,thatshouldaddupto100percent.Thelaborforcechangedinotherimportantways.Forexample,childlaborwasnotunusualatthebeginningofthetwentiethcentury.In1900therewere1,750,000childrenagedtentofifteenworkingfull-timeinthelaborforce.Thiswas6percentofthelaborforce.Overtheyears,childlaborlawsbecamemuchstricterandby1999,itwasillegalforanyoneundersixteentoworkfull-timeinanyofthefiftystates.Whilethenumberofchildrenintheworkforcewentdown,thenumberofwomenwentupdramatically.In1900,only19percentofwomenwereemployed;in1999,60percentofwomenwereholdingdownjobs.Let’sseewhathashappenedtowagesandsalaries.AllthenumbersIwillgiveyouareintermsof1999dollars.Letmeexplain.In1900theaveragepercapitaincomewas$4,200ayear.Thatdoesnotmeanthattheaverageworkerin1900earned$4,200,ayear,butthatwhatheorsheearnedwasequalto$4,200in1999.Thatis,theamountofmoneytheaverageworkerearnedin1900wasworththesameas$4,200in1999.Theaveragepercapitaincomein1999was$33,700.Notonlydidpeopleearnalotmoremoneyattheendofthecentury,theyalsoreceivedalotmoreinbenefitsthanatthebeginningofthecentury.ThelastareathatI’dliketogiveyouafewstatisticsaboutisworkplacesafety.Mostofuswhogotoworkeverydaydon’tthinkalotaboutwhetherwearesafeornot,butin1900itwasarealconcernforalotofworkers.Therearen’tmanystatisticsavailable,buttheU.S.governmentdoeshavestatisticsontwoindustriesthatwillgiveyousomeideaofthedifferencestoday.In1900almost1,500workerswerekilledincoal-miningaccidents;in1999,thenumberwas35.2,555railroadworkerswerekilledin1900,comparedto56in1999.Peopleoftentendtoromanticizethepastandtalkabout“thegoodolddays,”butIthinkit’sfairtosaythatbytheendofthetwentiethcentury,U.S.workersingeneralmademoremoney,theyenjoyedmorebenefits,andtheirworkingconditionshadimprovedgreatly.Nowlet’sturnourattentiontothecurrentsituationforU.S.workers.ThepictureisnotsorosyastheonedrawnbycomparingU.S.workersatthebeginningandtheendofthetwentiethcentury.I’mgoingtofocusonthecurrentsituationintermsofproductivity,workinghours,andwagesandsalaries.Firstlet’sconsiderthenumberofhoursworked.Accordingtoa2003studyreleasedbytheUnitedNationsInternationalLaborOrganization,U.S.workersarethemostproductiveintheworldamongindustrializednations,buttheyworklongerhoursthanEuropeanworkerstoachievethisproductivity.Europeanstypicallyhavefourtosixweeksofvacationayear,whereastheaverageAmericanworkerhasonlyabouttwoweeks.ThisstudypointsoutthatthelongerworkinghoursintheUnitedStatesisarisingtrend,whilethetrendinotherindustrializedcountriesistheopposite.WorkersinsomeEuropeancountriesactuallyoutproduceAmericanworkersperhourofwork.IthasbeensuggestedthatthishigherrateofproductivitymightbebecauseEuropeanworkersarelessstressedthanU.S.workers.Atanyrate,thereseemstobegeneralagreementthatU.S.productivityhasgreatlyincreasedoverthelastthirtyyears.However,workershavenotseentheirwagesriseatthesamerate.AgroupofsociologistsintheirbookInequalitybyDesignpointoutthatthereisagrowinggapbetweenrichAmericansandeveryoneelseintheUnitedStates.Theywritethatbetween1949and1974,increasesinproductivitywerematchedbyincreasesinwagesforworkersinbothmanufacturingandtheserviceindustries,butsince1974,productivityincreased68percentinmanufacturingand50percentinservices,butrealwagesstagnated.Thatis,wagesmoveduplittleornotatall.So,wheredoesallthemoneygeneratedbytheincreasedproductivitygothen

Accordingtotheauthorsofthisbook,themoneygoestothesalariesforCEOs,tothestockmarket,andtocorporateprofits.Workersplayagreatroleinincreasingproductivity,butnolongerseetheirwagesconnectedtoincreasedproductivity.Inotherwords,CEOs’salaries,thestockmarket,andthecorporateprofitsgoupasworkproductivitygoesup,butworkers’wagesdon’t.WhatarethereasonswhyU.S.workers,whoarethemostproductiveintheworld,havetoworklongerhours,havefewervacationdays,andseetheirwagesstagnateandnotrisingatthesamerateasproductivity

Theanswertothisquestioniscomplexandcontroversial,buttherearetworeasonsmostpeoplewhospeakorwriteabouttheseissuesmention:ThefirstisthatlaborunionsintheUnitedStateshavelostgreatpowersincethebeginningofthe1980s,andthesecondisthatthegovernmenthaspassedlawsthatfavortherichandweakentherightsoftheworkers.Iseeourtimeisup.So,I’llseeyounexttime.Chapter4FamilyintheUnitedStatesAhundredyearsago,oneheardthesamekindofcommentsabouttheAmericanfamilythatonehearstoday---inshort,thattheAmericanfamilyisdisintegrating.Proofofthisdisintegrationattheendofthenineteenthcenturyincludedthreepoints:thedecliningbirthrate,arisingdivorcerate,andevidencethatwomenwerenotcompletelycontentwiththeirdomesticrole.It’salittlesurprisingtomethatthesameclaimaboutthefamilyisbeingmadetoday---thatitisdisintegrating.Andoftenthesamepointsarementionedasproof:decliningbirthrates,increasingdivorcerates,anddiscontentofwomenwithdomesticroles.Now,innowaydoImeantoimplythatcultural,demographic,andeconomicconditionsarethesamenowastheywere100yearsago.Onthecontrary,theverynatureofthefamilyhaschangeddrasticallyinthelast50years,nottomentionthelast100years.ButIdon’tthinktheaverageperson’sconceptofthefamilyhaschangedverymuchovertheyears.Alotofpeoplehaveonfixedideaofthefamily:amarriedcouplewhereMotherstayshometocareforthechildrenandFatherworks.ButthisideaischallengedbywhatweseeeverydayinU.S.society.Tobesure,thefamilyisaverysensitivebarometerforwhatishappeninginthesociety,theculture,andtheeconomyoftheUnitedStates.Tomakethispointclearer,we’lltakealookathowtheAmericanfamilyhaschangedinthelast50yearsbylookingatthreedifferenttimeperiods:therearethemid-1940stothemid-1960s;themid-60stothemid-80s;andfinallythepresent.SociologistBarbaraDafoeWhiteheadlabelsthesethreeperiods:theperiodoftraditionalfamilism,theperiodofindividualism,andtheperiodofthenewfamilism.Iwilltryforeachperiodtoshowhoweconomic,demographic,andculturalelementsinteractand,inturn,affectthefamily.Well,let’sproceedinchronologicalorderandstartwithtraditionalfamilism.We’retalkinghereofthetwentyyearsfromthemid-1940stothemid-1960s.ThiswastheperiodafterWorldWarII,aperiodcharacterizedbyaverystrongeconomy.ThisgavetheUnitedStatesarisingstandardoflivingandagrowingmiddleclass.Demographically,thepredominantconfigurationofthefamilyfromtheseyearswasthetraditionalone:amarriedcouplewithchildren.Somewomenworked,butdivorcerateswerelow,andbirthrateswerehigh.Iguessyoucouldsaythatthecountryidealizedthefamilyintheseyears.AndwhatImeanis,therewasacommitmenttothefamilyfromitsmembersandareverenceforitfromsociety.TVprogramsoftheeradepictedthefamilyintheclassicalconfiguration:workingfather,housewife,andchildren.Culturally,threecharacteristicsstandoutinthisperiod:conformitytosocialnorms,greatermaledominationofthefamilythaninthelaterperiods,andclear-cutgenderroles,thatis,clearandseparaterolesformenandwomenathomeandatwork.Well,thingschangedquiteabitafterthisperiod.Let’smoveontothesecondperiod,theperiodofindividualism.Thisperiodisfromthemid-1960stothemid-1980s.Now,becauseindividualismissooftenmentionedinourdiscussionofU.S.cultureandpeople,Ishouldmakealittledetourherebeforewediscussit.Individualismbringstomindtwootherwords:independenceandself-reliance.Individualismconveystheideathatoneshouldthinkandactforhimselforherself,accordingtowhatonefeelsisright.Individualismiseasilyconfusedwithegotismorselfishness,butinitsbestsense,itismuchmore.Individualismimpliesthatonehasthefreedomtodecidewhatisbestratherthanallowingthatdecisiontobemadebyagroupsuchasthecommunityorsociety.Individualismdoes,ofcourse,conflictwiththeconceptofcommunity,whichimpliesthatthegroupsharesinmakingdecisions.AndthisconflictbetweentheindividualandthecommunityisonethatcomesupagainandagaininourlectureseriesabouttheUnitedStates.Allright,let’sgetbacktoourdiscussionaboutthefamily.Thesecondperiod,theperiodofindividualism,sawthreeimportantsocialandpoliticalmovements.DoyouhaveanyideawhichmovementsImightbetalkingaboutKeepinmindthatthesedecadeswerecharacterizedbyalackofconformitytosocialnorms.Well,themovementshaveinmindarethesexualrevolution,inwhichsexwasclearlynolongerreservedformarriage;thewomen’sliberationmovement;andthemovementagainstthewarinVietnam.Allthreemovements---thesexualrevolution,woman’sliberation,andtheantiwarmovement---weretypicalofthenonconformingnatureofthesedecades.Now,culturally,itisinthisperiodwhereweseetwoim