心理學Psycholog英文版PPT記憶和情緒

Chapter3MENTALPROCESSLipingJia1TwoquestionsWhatdidyoulearnintheclassbeforethisclass?Ifyouwin5millionlottery,howdoyoufeel?2MemoryMemorypersistenceoflearningovertimeviathestorageandretrievalofinformation3MemoryYourememberedwhatyoulearnedinthelastclass,thisismemory.MemoryisveryimportantforusWithoutmemory,wecannotknowourparents,friendsandsoon.Ourlifewillbeterrible.

Alzheimer'sdisease45MemoryMemoryasInformationProcessingsimilartoacomputerwritetofile(encoding)savetodisk(storage)readfromdisk(retrieval)6MemoryEncodingtheprocessingofinformationintothememorysystemi.e.,extractingmeaning7MemoryStoragetheretentionofencodedinformationovertimeRetrievalprocessofgettinginformationoutofmemory8MemorySensoryMemorytheimmediate,initialrecordingofsensoryinformationinthememorysystemWorkingMemoryfocusesmoreontheprocessingofbrieflystoredinformation9MemoryShort-TermMemoryactivatedmemorythatholdsafewitemsbrieflylookupaphonenumber,thenquicklydialbeforetheinformationisforgottenLong-TermMemorytherelativelypermanentandlimitlessstorehouseofthememorysystem10ASimplifiedMemoryModelExternaleventsSensorymemoryShort-termmemoryLong-termmemorySensoryinputAttentiontoimportantornovelinformationEncodingEncodingRetrieving11Encoding:GettingInformationInEncodingEffortfulAutomatic12EncodingAutomaticProcessingunconsciousencodingofincidentalinformationspacetime13EncodingEffortfulProcessingrequiresattentionandconsciouseffort14EncodingEbbinghaususednonsensesyllables

TUVZOFGEKWAVthemoretimespracticedonDay1,thefewerrepetitionstorelearnonDay2SpacingEffectdistributedpracticeyieldsbetterlong-termretentionthanmassedpractice15Encoding201510508162432425364Timeinminutestakentorelearnlistonday2Numberofrepetitionsoflistonday116Encoding:SerialPositionEffect12Percentageofwordsrecalled0908070605040302010Positionofwordinlist1234567891011SerialPositionEffect--tendencytorecallbestthelastitemsinalist17WhatDoWeEncode?SemanticEncodingencodingofmeaningincludingmeaningofwordsAcousticEncodingencodingofsoundespeciallysoundofwordsVisualEncodingencodingofpictureimages18Encoding19EncodingImagerymentalpicturesapowerfulaidtoeffortfulprocessing,especiallywhencombinedwithsemanticencodingChillsparktrail20EncodingChunkingorganizingitemsintofamiliar,manageableunitslikehorizontalorganization--177614921812194121Encoding:ChunkingOrganizedinformationismoreeasilyrecalled22Storage:

Short-TermMemoryShort-TermMemory

limitedindurationandcapacity“magical”number7+/-20102030405060708090369121518Timeinsecondsbetweenpresentationofcontestantsandrecallrequest(norehearsalallowed)Percentagewhorecalledconsonants23Storage:Long-TermMemorySubsystemsTypesoflong-termmemoriesExplicit(declarative)WithconsciousrecallImplicit(nondeclarative)WithoutconsciousrecallFacts-generalknowledge(“semanticmemory”)Personallyexperiencedevents(“episodicmemory”)Skills-motorandcognitiveDispositions-classicalandoperantconditioningeffects24Retrieval:GettingInformationOutRecallmeasureofmemoryinwhichthepersonmustretrieveinformationlearnedearlierasonafill-in-theblanktestRecognitionMeasureofmemoryinwhichthepersonhasonlytoidentifyitemspreviouslylearnedasonamultiple-choicetest25RetrievalRelearningmemorymeasurethatassessestheamountoftimesavedwhenlearningmaterialasecondtimePrimingactivation,oftenunconsciously,ofparticularassociationsinmemory26ForgettingForgettingasencodingfailureInformationneverentersthelong-termmemoryExternaleventsSensorymemoryShort-termmemoryLong-termmemoryAttentionEncodingEncodingEncodingfailureleadstoforgetting27ForgettingForgettingasencodingfailureWhichpennyistherealthing?28ForgettingEbbinghausforgettingcurveover30days--initiallyrapid,thenlevelsoffwithtime1234510152025301020304050600TimeindayssincelearninglistPercentageoflistretainedwhenrelearning29ForgettingForgettingcanresultfromfailuretoretrieveinformationfromlong-termmemoryExternaleventsAttentionEncodingEncodingRetrievalfailureleadstoforgettingRetrievalSensorymemoryShort-termmemoryLong-termmemory30ForgettingasInterferenceLearningsomeitemsmaydisruptretrievalofotherinformationProactive(forwardacting)InterferencedisruptiveeffectofpriorlearningonrecallofnewinformationRetroactive(backwardsacting)Interferencedisruptiveeffectofnewlearningonrecallofoldinformation31ForgettingasInterference32Forgetting

RetroactiveInterferenceWithoutinterferingevents,recallisbetterAftersleepAfterremainingawake12345678Hourselapsedafterlearningsyllables90%80706050403020100Percentageofsyllablesrecalled33ForgettingForgettingcanoccuratanymemorystageAsweprocessinformation,wefilter,alter,orlosemuchofit34Forgetting-InterferenceMotivatedForgettingpeopleunknowinglyrevisememoriesRepressiondefensemechanismthatbanishesfromconsciousnessanxiety-arousingthoughts,feelings,andmemories35MemoryConstructionEyewitnessesreconstructmemorieswhenquestionedDepictionofactualaccidentLeadingquestion:“Abouthowfastwerethecarsgoingwhentheysmashedintoeachother?”Memoryconstruction36ImproveYourMemoryStudyrepeatedlytoboostrecallSpendmoretimerehearsingoractivelythinkingaboutthematerialMakematerialpersonallymeaningfulUsemnemonicdevicesassociatewithpegwords--somethingalreadystoredmakeupstorychunk37ImproveYourMemoryActivateretrievalcues--mentallyrecreatesituationandmoodRecalleventswhiletheyarefresh--beforeyouencountermisinformationMinimizeinterferenceTestyourownknowledgerehearsedeterminewhatyoudonotyetknow38Emotion39Emotionangryhappy40Emotionfearsad41Emotion42EmotionFaraday,anUKscientists,becauseofhisworkstressandhispoorbodycondition,hefallillfrequently.Manytreatmentswerenoteffective,then,afamousdoctorgavehimacheck,withoutaprescription,justgavehimawords:aclownintothecity,morethanadozendoctors.“43EmotionFaradaysavorthissentence.Fromthenon,heoftentooktimetogotothecircusandcomedy,goodshowalwaysmadehimlaugh,healsotookaholidaytothefieldandthebeach,keephappymood,overtime,Faraday’sbodygraduallyrecovered.44EmotionWhatcanyoulearnfromthestory?45TheoriesofemotionJames-LangeTheoryCannon-BardTheoryCognitivePerspectivesonEmotion46TheoriesofemotionWhatisemotion?47Think:whytheraincausedifferentemotions?Theoriesofemotion48TheoriesofemotionXiaom