法律英語第一課翻譯課件

Lesson

one

Legal

system

10/13/20221法律英語Lesson

one

Legal

system10/Everylawhasnoatomofstrength,asfarasnopublicopinionsupportsit.

Wendellphillips,Americanleaderagainstslavery若是沒有公眾輿論的支持，法律是絲毫沒有力量的。

美國廢奴運動領(lǐng)袖菲力普斯W

10/13/20222法律英語EverylawhasnoatomofstrenBackgroundTwoperiodsoflegalhistory:ThePeriodoftheEnglishColoniesThePeriodoftheUnitedStatesOnMay14,1607,theVirginiaCompanyexplorerslandedonJamestownIslandtoestablishtheVirginiaEnglishcolonyTheRevolutionaryWarinAmerica(1775-1783)10/13/20223法律英語BackgroundTwoperiodsoflega10/13/20224法律英語10/11/20224法律英語CharacteristicsCommonlawlegalsystem普通法系DecentralizationCaselawStaredecisis

遵從前例10/13/20225法律英語CharacteristicsCommonlawlegText——Part

OneThe

United

States

is

atoncea

very

new

nationa

very

old

nation既年輕又古老的國家10/13/20226法律英語Text——Part

OneThe

United

Stateit

is

constantly

being

renewed

by

the

addition

of

new

elements

of

population

and

of

new

States不斷有新的人口成分和新州的加入It

is

a

new

nationComparedwithmanyothercountries

與其他國家相比10/13/20227法律英語it

is

constantly

being

renewed

It

isthe

oldest

of

the

"new"

nations

—the

first

one

to

be

made

out

ofan

Old

World

colony.

第一個從舊大陸殖民地脫胎而出的國家the

oldest

written

constitution

the

oldest

continuous

federal

systemthe

oldest

practice

of

self-governmentIt

is

old10/13/20228法律英語

It

isthe

oldest

of

the

"new"The

whole

of

its

history

belongs

in

the

period

since

the

invention

of

the

printing

press.美國歷史是印刷發(fā)明以后的歷史。10/13/20229法律英語The

whole

of

its

history

belofor

events

such

as

those

that

are

lost

in

the

legendary

past

of

Italy

or

France

or

England

are

part

of

the

printed

record

of

the

United

States

那些在意大利、法國或英國過去的傳說中湮沒的那些事件，是美國有文字記載歷史的一部分。The

whole

of

its

history

is

recorded10/13/202210法律英語for

events

such

as

those

thatAnd

the

American

record

Comprehensive

復(fù)雜Immense

繁多10/13/202211法律英語And

the

American

record

CompreRecord

of

the

colonial

era

殖民時代的記載Recordof

the

Nation

since

1776國家從1776年開始的記載Recordof

the

present

fifty

States

當前50個州的記載The

intricate

network

ofrelationships

between

States

andNation

各州與聯(lián)邦之間錯綜復(fù)雜關(guān)系的記載10/13/202212法律英語Record

of

the

colonial

era

10/The

reports

of

the

United

States

Supreme

Court

fill

350

volumesThe

reports

of

some

States

are

almost

equally

voluminous.

聯(lián)邦最高法院判例匯編州法院判例匯編10/13/202213法律英語The

reports

of

the

United

StaThe

reader

who

wants

to

trace

the

history

of

law

in

America

is

confronted

with

over

5,000

stout

volumes

of

legal

cases.想要探索美國法律歷史的人面對的是5000多巨冊的法律案例。10/13/202214法律英語The

reader

who

wants

to

traceNo

one

document,

no

handful

of

documents,

can

properly

be

said

to

reveal

the

character

of

a

people

or

of

their

government.

沒有哪一個或者少數(shù)幾個文件可以準確地揭示一國人民或政府的特征。10/13/202215法律英語No

one

document,

no

handful

ofWhen

hundreds

and

thousands

of

documents

strike

a

consistent

note，over

more

than

a

hundred

years,

we

have

a

right

to

say

that

is

the

keynote.當一百多年來成百上千的文件敲擊出始終如一的音調(diào)時，我們可以說這就是基調(diào)。10/13/202216法律英語When

hundreds

and

thousands

oThe

American

legal

system,

like

the

English,

is

methodologically

mainly

a

caselaw

system.

判例法Part

Two

10/13/202217法律英語The

American

legal

system,

likCivillawlegalsystem大陸法系/羅馬法系Commonlawlegalsystem普通法系Statutorylaw法國和德國為代表，還有瑞士、意大利、奧地利、比利時、盧森堡、荷蘭、西班牙、葡萄牙、日本等Caselaw形成于英國，包括加拿大，澳大利亞，新西蘭，愛爾蘭，印度、巴基斯坦，馬來西亞和新加坡，香港地區(qū)也采用英美法10/13/202218法律英語CivillawlegalsystemCommonl

Most

fields

of

private

law

still

consist

primarily

of

case

law

and

the

extensive

and

steadily

growing

statutory

continues

to

be

subject

to

binding

interpretation

through

case

law.

私法的大多數(shù)領(lǐng)域主要包括判例法，以及廣泛的不斷增加的成文法，這些成文法繼續(xù)通過判例法受制于有約束力的法律解釋。10/13/202219法律英語

Most

fields

of

private

law

sKnowledge

Technique

central

importancefor

an

understanding

of

American

lawand

legal

methodology10/13/202220法律英語Knowledge

Technique

central

iThe

common

law

is

historically

the

common

general

law

——

with

supremacy

over

local

law

——which

was

decreed

by

the

itinerant

judges

of

the

English

royal

court.

普通法在歷史上是普通綜合法，由英國皇家法院的巡回法官頒布的普通綜合法地位高于地方法。10/13/202221法律英語The

common

law

is

historicallyenforcement強制執(zhí)行；

claim請求；action訴訟行為；writ法院令狀；

classicalRomanlaw古羅馬法10/13/202222法律英語enforcement強制執(zhí)行；10/11/2022Theenforcementofaclaimpresupposedtheexistenceofaspecialformofaction,awrit,withtheresultthattheoriginalcommonlawrepresentedasystemof‘a(chǎn)ction’similartothatofclassicalRomanlaw.某項訴訟請求的強制執(zhí)行是以法院令狀這種特殊訴訟形式的存在為前提的，而這就使最初的普通法表現(xiàn)為由類似于古羅馬法的“訴訟行為”所構(gòu)成的體系。10/13/202223法律英語Theenforcementofaclaimpr

If

a

writ

existed

(in

1227)

a

claim

could

be

enforced;

有法院令狀，訴訟請求就要強制執(zhí)行；there

was

no

recourse

for

a

claim

without

a

writ,

the

claim

did

notexist.

沒有法院令狀為前提的訴訟請求，就沒有追索權(quán)，因而該訴訟請求也就不存在。10/13/202224法律英語

If

a

writ

existed

(in

1227)

a

This

system

became

inflexible

when

the

"Provisions

of

Oxford"

(1258)

prohibited

the

creation

of

new

writs,

except

for

the

flexibility

which

the

"writ

upon

the

case"

allowed

and

which

later

led

to

the

development

of

contract

and

tort

law.

這一制度在（1258年）“牛津條例”禁止新令狀產(chǎn)生以后變得固定下來；除非“本案令狀”允許了靈活性的例外，后者后來發(fā)展成合同與侵權(quán)法。10/13/202225法律英語

This

system

became

inflexibleThe

narrow

limits

of

the

forms

of

action

and

the

limited

recourse

they

provided

led

to

the

development

of

equity

law

and

equity

case

law.

訴訟形式的限制及其提供的有限追索權(quán)導致了衡平法和衡平判例法的產(chǎn)生。10/13/202226法律英語The

narrow

limits

of

the

forms衡平法由英國衡平法法院的大法官在處理專門的申訴案件時，為避免過分重視令狀和程序方面的技術(shù)性問題，而集中考慮案情的理據(jù)得失，最終發(fā)展出有別于普通法的法律規(guī)范，就是衡平法。10/13/202227法律英語衡平法由英國衡平法法院的大法官在處理專門的申訴案件時，為避“Equity”——doing

equity公平——行為公平deciding

ex

aequo

et

bono決定公平且善良（拉丁語）was

first

granted

by

the

King,

and

later

by

his

Chancellor

as

"keeper

of

the

King's

conscience",

toaffordreliefinhardshipcases.首先由國王，以后由作為“國王良知守護人”的大法官作出，以便對難以解決的案例提供救濟。10/13/202228法律英語“Equity”——doing

equity10/11/20In

the

fifteenth

century,

however,

equity

law

and

equity

case

law

developed

into

an

independent

legal

system

and

judiciary

(Court

of

chancery)which

competed

with

the

ordinary

common

law

courts.

15世紀，衡平法和衡平判例法發(fā)展成獨立的法律制度和司法制度（大法官法庭），大法官法庭與普通法法庭并列存在。10/13/202229法律英語In

the

fifteenth

century,

howe普通法衡平法普通法專指英國在11世紀后由法官通過判決形式逐漸形成的適用于全英格蘭的一種判例法。而衡平法是指英國在14世紀后對普通法的修正和補充而出現(xiàn)的一種判例法。10/13/202230法律英語普通法衡平法普通法專指英國在11世紀后由法官通過判決形式逐漸Its

rules

and

maxims

became

fixed

and,

to

a

degree,

inflexible

as

in

any

legal

system.

衡平法的規(guī)則和原則逐漸確定，與任何法律制度一樣，具有一定程度的固定性。equity

law10/13/202231法律英語Its

rules

and

maxims

became

firelief

in

the

form

of

specific

performance

特殊履行的救濟方式the

injunction禁令（臨時或最終的采取或不采取某種行為的命令）the

development

of

so

calledmaxims

of

equity

law形成所謂的衡平法座右銘

Special

characteristics

of

equity

law：10/13/202232法律英語relief

in

the

form

of

specificHowever,

equitable

relief

regularly

will

lie

only

when

the

common

law

relief

isinadequate.

不過，只有當普通法救濟不充分時，才適用衡平救濟。10/13/202233法律英語However,

equitable

relief

regFor

instance,

specific

performance

for

the

purchase

of

real

propertywill

be

granted

because

common

law

damages

are

deemed

to

be

inadequate

since

they

cannot

compensate

the

buyerin

view

of

the

uniqueness

attributed

toreal

property.

例如，對購買不動產(chǎn)提供特殊履行的救濟，因為普通法的賠償被認為不充分，由于不動產(chǎn)具有特殊性，普通法的賠償無法補償買方。10/13/202234法律英語For

instance,

specific

performAs

the

common

law,

equity

law

became

part

of

American

law

either

through

judicial

acceptance司法接受

or

through

express

statutory

provision明確的成文法條款10/13/202235法律英語As

the

common

law,

equity

law

Today,

both

legal

systems

have

been

merged

in

many

American

jurisdictions

普通法

衡平法there

is

only

one

form

of

civil

suit

in

these

jurisdictions

as

well

asin

federal

practice.

在美國司法管轄區(qū)和聯(lián)邦實踐中只有一套民事訴訟形式10/13/202236法律英語

Today,

both

legal

systems

hav美國紐約州立法機構(gòu)于1848年通過了由戴維·菲爾德起草的《菲爾德民事程序法典》，稍后更成立了一個“法典化委員會”來“將紐約州的全部法律簡化為成文的、系統(tǒng)化的法典”。10/13/202237法律英語美國紐約州立法機構(gòu)于1848年通過了由戴維·菲爾德起草的《菲Only

few

States

continue

to

maintain

a

separate

chancery

court.

獨立大法官法庭10/13/202238法律英語Only

few

States

continue

to

mReferencetothehistoricaldevelopmentisimportant

參考歷史發(fā)展非常重要Itexplainstheoriginandsignificanceofmanycontemporarylegalconceptsthe

division

of

title

in

the

law

of

property財產(chǎn)法上的所有權(quán)分割10/13/202239法律英語Referencetothehistoricalde

it

is

still

relevant

for

the

decision

of

such

questionsReferencetothehistoricaldevelopmentisimportant

參考歷史發(fā)展非常重要

a

right

to

a

trial

by

jury

陪審團的審判權(quán)10/13/202240法律英語

it

is

still

relevant

for

the

“ordinary”

common

law

relief

of

damages

普通法規(guī)定的賠償金救濟“extraordinary”

equity

remedy

of

specific

performance

衡平法規(guī)定的特定履行救濟10/13/202241法律英語“ordinary”

common

law

relief

o"Case

law"

describes

the

entire

body

of

judge

made

law

and

today

includes

common

law

and

equity

precedents.

“判例法”指所有的法官定法，目前既包括普通法，也包括衡平法先例。10/13/202242法律英語"Case

law"

describes

the

entir

In

imprecise

and

confusing

usage

the

terms

"common

law"

and

"case

law"

are

often

used

synonymously,

with

the

term

“common

law”

in

thisusage

connoting

judge-made

law

in

general

as

contrasted

with

statutory

law.

普通法與判例法混用，被用作同義詞，是指“法官定法”。是與成文法相對的概念。10/13/202243法律英語

In

imprecise

and

confusing

us