新視野大學(xué)英語第三版讀寫教程第四冊(cè)Units1-6課文及翻譯

Unit1Loveandlogic:Thestoryoffallacy愛情與邏輯:謬誤的故事IhadmyfirstdatewithPollyafterImadethetradewithmyroommateRob.Thatyeareveryguyoncampushadaleatherjacket,andRobcouldn'tstandtheideaofbeingtheonlyfootballplayerwhodidn't,sohemadeapactthathe'dgivemehisgirlinexchangeformyjacket.Hewasn'tthebrightestguy.Pollywasn'ttooshrewd,either.在我和室友羅伯的交易成功之后,我和波莉有了第一次約會(huì)。那一年校園里每個(gè)人都有件皮夾克,而羅伯是校足球隊(duì)員中唯一ー個(gè)沒有皮夾克的,他一想到這個(gè)就受不了,于是他和我達(dá)成了一項(xiàng)協(xié)議,用他的女友換取我的夾克。他可不那么聰明,而他的女友波莉也不太精明。Butshewaspretty,well-off,didn'tdyeherhairstrangecolorsorweartoomuchmakeup.Shehadtherightbackgroundtobethegirlfriendofadogged,brilliantlawyer.IfIcouldshowtheelitelawfirmsIappliedtothatIhadaradiant,well-spokencounterpartbymyside,Ijustmightedgepastthecompetition.但她漂亮而且富有也沒有把頭發(fā)染成奇怪的顔色或是化很濃的妝。她擁有合適的家庭背景,足以勝任一名堅(jiān)忍而書智的律師的女友。如果我能夠讓我所申請(qǐng)的頂尖律師事務(wù)所看到我身邊伴隨著一位光彩照人、談吐優(yōu)雅的另一半,我就很有可能在競聘中以微弱優(yōu)勢獲勝。"Radiant"shewasalready.Icoulddispenseherenoughpearlsofwisdomtomakeher"well-spoken".“光彩照人”,她已經(jīng)是了。而我也能施予她足夠多的“智慧之珠”,讓她變得“談吐優(yōu)雅”。Afterabannerdayout,Idroveuntilweweresituatedunderabigoldoaktreeonahillofftheexpressway.WhatIhadinmindwasalittleeccentric.Ithoughtthevenuewithaperfectviewoftheluminouscitywouldlightenthemood.Westayedinthecar,andIturneddownthestereoandtookmyfootoffthebrakepedal."Whatarewegoingtotalkabout?"sheasked.在ー起外出度過了美好的一天之后,我驅(qū)車來到了髙速公路旁一座小山上一棵古老的大橡樹下。我的想法有些怪異。而這個(gè)地方能夠俯瞰燈火燦色的城區(qū),我覺得它會(huì)使人的心情變輕松。我們呆在車子里,我調(diào)低了音響并把腳從剎車上挪開。“我們要談些什么?”她問道。"Logic."“邏輯學(xué)?！?Cool,"shesaidoverhergum.“好酷啊,”她ー邊嚼著口香糖ー邊說。"Thedoctrineoflogic,“1said,"isastapleofclearthinking.Failuresinlogicdistortthetruth,andsomeofthemarewellknown.FirstletslookatthefallacyDictoSimpliciter."“邏輯學(xué)的原理,‘‘我說道,“即清晰思考的主要原則。邏輯上出現(xiàn)的問題會(huì)歪曲事實(shí),其中有些還很普遍。我們先來看看ー種叫做?絕對(duì)判斷，的邏輯謬誤?！?Great,"sheagreed.“好啊,”她表示同意。"DictoSimplicitermeansanunqualifiedgeneralization.Forexample:Exerciseisgood.Therefore,everybodyshouldexercise."“,絕對(duì)判斷’是指在證據(jù)不足的情況下所作出的推斷。比方說:運(yùn)動(dòng)是有益的,所以毎個(gè)人都應(yīng)該運(yùn)動(dòng)。Shenoddedinagreement.她點(diǎn)頭表示贊同。1couldseeshewasstumped."Polly,'1Iexplained,"itstoosimpleageneralization.Ifyouhave,say,heartdiseaseorextremeobesity,exerciseisbad,notgood.Therefore,youmustsayexerciseisgoodformostpeople."我看得出她沒弄明白?！安ɡ?”我解釋說,“這個(gè)推斷太過簡單化了。如果你有心臟病或者超級(jí)肥胖癥什么的,運(yùn)動(dòng)就變得有害而不是有益。所以你應(yīng)該說,運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)大多數(shù)人來說是有益的。,，"NextisHastyGeneralization.Self-explanatory,right?Listencarefully:Youcan'tspeakFrench.Robcan'tspeakFrench.LookslikenobodyatthisschoolcanspeakFrench."“接下來是?草率結(jié)論’。這似乎不言自明,對(duì)吧?仔細(xì)聽好了:你不會(huì)說法語,羅伯也不會(huì)說法語,那么這所學(xué)校里好像是沒有人會(huì)說法語?！?Really?"saidPolly,amazed."Nobody?",?是嗎?”波莉吃驚地說?！皼]有人嗎?”"Thisisalsoafallacy,"Isaid."Thegeneralizationisreachedtoohastily.Toofewinstancessupportsuchaconclusion."“這也是ー種邏輯謬誤,.’我說,“這ー結(jié)論太草率了,因?yàn)槟軌蛑С诌@ー結(jié)論的例證太少了?！盨heseemedtohaveagoodtime.Icouldsafelysaymyplanwasunderway.1tookherhomeandsetadateforanotherconversation.她似乎學(xué)得很開心,而我也可以放心地說我的計(jì)劃正在穩(wěn)步推進(jìn)中。我把她送回家,并且定下了下一次約會(huì)交談的日子。Seatedundertheoakthenextevening1said,*'OurfirstfallacytonightiscalledAdMisericordiam."第二天晚上,坐在那棵橡樹下,我說:“今天晩上我們要談的第一個(gè)邏輯謬誤叫，文不對(duì)題、”Shenoddedwithdelight.她髙興地點(diǎn)了點(diǎn)頭。"Listenclosely,"Isaid."Amanappliesfbrajob.Whenthebossaskshimwhathisqualificationsare,hesayshehassixchildrentofeed."“聽好了,”我說,“有個(gè)人去申請(qǐng)工作,當(dāng)老板問他有什么應(yīng)聘資格時(shí),他說他有六個(gè)孩子要撫養(yǎng)。”"Oh,thisisawful,awful,"shewhisperedinachokedvoice.“哇,這太可怕了,太可怕了,“她哽咽著輕聲說到。"Yes,it'sawful,"Iagreed,“butifsnoargument.Themanneveransweredtheboss'squestion.Insteadheappealedtotheboss'ssympathy-AdMisericordiam."“對(duì),是挺可怕的,”我表示贊同地說,“但這不是理由。這個(gè)人根本沒有回答老板的問題,而只是在博取老板的同情，這就是，文不對(duì)題‘?！盨heblinked,stilltryinghardtokeepbackhertears."她眨著眼睛,仍在竭カ地忍住眼淚。Next,"Isaidcarefully,"wewilldiscussFalseAnalogy.Anexample,studentsshouldbeallowedtolookattheirtextbooksduringexams,becausesurgeonshaveX-raystoguidethemduringsurgery.，，接下來”,我小心地說,，，我們來討論，錯(cuò)誤類比、舉個(gè)例子:學(xué)生考試時(shí)應(yīng)該允許看課本,因?yàn)橥饪漆t(yī)生在做手術(shù)時(shí)可以看X光片?！?Ilikethatidea,"shesaid.，，我喜歡這個(gè)主意,”她說。"Polly,“Igroaned,"don'tderailthediscussion.Theinferenceiswrong.Doctorsaren'ttakingatesttoseehowmuchtheyhavelearned,butstudentsare.Thesituationsarealtogetherdifferent.Youcan'tmakeananalogybetweenthem."，，波莉,”我抱怨道,“別打岔,這ー推論是錯(cuò)誤的。醫(yī)生們不是在參加考試以檢査他們學(xué)到了多少,而學(xué)生卻是。他們的情況完全不同,你不能將他們作類比?！?Istillthinkit'sagoodidea,“saidPolly.“我仍然認(rèn)為這是ー個(gè)好主意,”波莉說。Withfivenightsofdiligentwork,IactuallymadealogicianoutofPolly.Shewasananalyticalthinkeratlast.Thetimehadcomefortheconversionofourrelationshipfromacademictoromantic.經(jīng)過五個(gè)夜晚的辛勤努力,我竟然真的將波莉打造成了一個(gè)邏輯行家,她總算能夠分析思考了?，F(xiàn)在應(yīng)該是時(shí)候讓我們的關(guān)系從學(xué)術(shù)向浪漫發(fā)展了。"Polly,“Isaidwhennextwesatunderouroak,"tonightwewon*tdiscussfallacies."“波莉,”當(dāng)我們又一次坐在那棵橡樹下的時(shí)候我對(duì)她說,“今晩我們不討論邏輯謬誤了?！?Oh?"shesaid,alittledisappointed.“哦?”她回答說,有一點(diǎn)失望。Favoringherwithagrin,Isaid,"Wehavenowspentfiveeveningstogether.Wegetalongprettywell.Wemakeaprettygoodcouple."我贊許地對(duì)她笑了笑,說:“我們?cè)谝黄鹨呀?jīng)度過了五個(gè)晚上,相互之間挺合得來,我們是蠻相配的ー對(duì)?！?HastyGeneralization,"saidPollybrightly."Orasanormalpersonmightsay,that'salittlepremature,don'tyouthink?"'Ilaughedwithamusement.She'dlearnedherlessonswell,farsurpassingmyexpectations."Sweetheart,"Isaid,pattingherhandinatolerantmanner,"fivedatesisplenty.Afterall,youdon'thavetoeatawholecaketoknowit'sgood."“草率結(jié)論,“波莉伶俐地說,“或者是按一般人的說法,這個(gè)結(jié)論有些不成熟,你不這樣認(rèn)為嗎?”我被逗得笑了起來,她功課還真學(xué)得不錯(cuò),大大超過了我的預(yù)期?！坝H愛的,”我開口說,同時(shí)寛容地拍了拍她的手,“五次約會(huì)已經(jīng)夠多了,畢竟你不需要吃掉整個(gè)蛋糕才知道它是不是好吃?！??！板e(cuò)誤類比,”波莉立即回應(yīng)。“你的前提是約會(huì)就如同吃東西?？赡悴皇堑案?你是個(gè)男孩?！蔽矣中α诵?不過不覺得那么有趣了,同時(shí)還不能表露出我害怕她學(xué)得太好了。再錯(cuò)幾步我可就無法挽回了。我決定改變策略,轉(zhuǎn)而嘗試奉承她的辦法?！安ɡ?我愛你。請(qǐng)答應(yīng)做我的女朋友,沒有你我什么也不是。”“文不對(duì)題,”她說。“你還真是能在遇到邏輯謬誤時(shí)ーー辨別它們了,”我說,心里的希望已經(jīng)開始動(dòng)搖?！安贿^不要對(duì)它們太死板,我是說這都是些學(xué)術(shù)的東西。你知道,學(xué)校里學(xué)的東西和實(shí)際生活根本沒有什么聯(lián)系?！薄敖^對(duì)判斷,”她說道,“而且,你自己教的東西應(yīng)該自己身體カ行?！蔽乙幌绿似饋?怒火中燒,“你到底愿不愿意做我的女朋友?”“我不愿意,”她答道。“為什么?”我追問道。“我對(duì)另一位求愛者更感興趣ー羅伯和我重歸于好了?！蔽覙Oカ地保持著平靜,說道r你怎么會(huì)甩了我而選擇羅伯?看看我,ー個(gè)聰明過人的學(xué)生,一個(gè)不同凡響的學(xué)者,一個(gè)前途無■的人。32“錯(cuò)誤類比,“波莉立即回應(yīng)。“你的前提是約會(huì)就如同吃東西?？赡悴皇堑靶?你是個(gè)男孩。”33我又笑了笑,不過不覺得那么有趣了,同時(shí)還不能表露出我害怕她學(xué)得太好了。再錯(cuò)幾步我可就無法挽回了。我決定改變策略,轉(zhuǎn)而嘗試奉承她的辦法。34“波莉,我愛你。請(qǐng)答應(yīng)做我的女朋友,沒有你我什么也不是?！?5“文不對(duì)題,”她說。36“你還真是能在遇到邏輯謬誤時(shí)ーー辨別它們了,”我說,心里的希望已經(jīng)開始動(dòng)搖。“不過不要對(duì)它們太死板,我是說這都是些學(xué)術(shù)的東西。你知道,學(xué)校里學(xué)的東西和實(shí)際生活根本沒有什么聯(lián)系?！?“絕對(duì)判斷,”她說道,“而且,你自己教的東西應(yīng)該自己身體カ行?！?8我一下跳了起來,怒火中燒,“你到底愿不愿意做我的女朋友?”39“我不愿意,”她答道。40“為什么?”我追問道。41“我對(duì)另一位求愛者更感興趣——羅伯和我重歸于好了。”42我極カ地保持著平靜,說道:“你怎么會(huì)甩了我而選擇羅伯?看看我,ー個(gè)聰明過人的學(xué)生,ー個(gè)不同凡響的學(xué)者,一個(gè)前途無?的人。再看看羅伯,ー個(gè)肌肉發(fā)達(dá)的蠢材,ー個(gè)有了上頓沒下頓的家伙。你是否能給我ー個(gè)充足的理由,為什么要選擇跟他?”43“喔,這是什么假設(shè)啊!為了讓像你這樣聰明的人能夠明白,我這么說吧,”波莉反駁道,聲音里充滿了諷剌,“事情的真相是——我喜歡羅伯穿皮衣。是我讓他同意你們的協(xié)議的,這樣他就能擁有你的夾克r再看看羅伯,ー個(gè)肌肉發(fā)達(dá)的蠢材,ー個(gè)有了上頓沒下頓的家伙。你是否能給我ー個(gè)充足的理由，為什么要選擇跟他?”43“喔,這是什么假設(shè)啊!為了讓像你這樣聰明的人能夠明白,我這么說吧,”波莉反駁道.聲音里充滿了諷剌，“事情的真相是——我喜歡羅伯穿皮衣。是我讓他同意你們的協(xié)議的,這樣他就能擁有你的夾克rUnit2Theconfusingpursuitofbeauty令人困惑的對(duì)美的追求Ifyou'reaman,atsomepointawomanwillaskyouhowshelooks.如果你是一位男士,肯定在某個(gè)時(shí)候會(huì)有女士問你她看起來怎么樣。Youmustbecarefulhowyouanswerthisquestion.Thebesttechniqueistoformanhonestyetsensitiveresponse,thenpromptlyexcuseyourselfforsomekindofemergency.Trustme,thisistheeasiestwayout.Noamountofrehearsalwillhelpyoucomeupwiththerightanswer.對(duì)于如何應(yīng)對(duì)這個(gè)問題，你一定得小心。最好的對(duì)策就是給ー個(gè)誠實(shí)但又謹(jǐn)慎的回答,然后借口有急事馬上脫身。相信我,這是最簡單的方法。對(duì)于她的這ー問題，無論你事先練習(xí)多少次,都不會(huì)找到正確答案。Theproblemisthatmendonotthinkoftheirlooksinthesamewaywomendo.Mostmenformanopinionofthemselvesinseventhgradeandsticktoitfortherestoftheirlives.Somementhinkthey'reirresistiblydesirable,andtheyrefusetochangethisopinionevenwhentheygrowbaldandtheirfacesvisiblywrinkleastheyage.其原因是,男性和女性對(duì)外表的看法藏然不同。大多數(shù)男性對(duì)自己外表的評(píng)價(jià)在七年級(jí)時(shí)就形成了,而且終生不變。有些男性認(rèn)為自己有不可抗拒的魅力,即使隨著年齡的增長,他們頭發(fā)掉光了,臉上布滿皺紋,他們?nèi)匀痪芙^改變這種看法。Mostmen,Ibelieve,arenotarrogantabouttheirlooks.Ifthetransientthoughtpassesthroughtheirmindsatall,theyliketothinkofthemselvesasaverage-looking.Beingaveragedoesn'tbotherthem;averageisfine.Theydon'taffixmuchvaluetotheirlooks,orthinkofthemintermsofaesthetics.Theirprimaryformofbeautycareistoshavethemselves,whichisessentiallythesamecaretheygivetotheirlawns.If,attheendofhisfour-minuteallotmentoftimeforgrooming,amanhasmanagedtowipemostoftheshavingcreamoutofthestrandsofhishairandisn'tbleedingtoobadly,hefeelshe'sdoneallhecan.我相信,大多數(shù)男性都不會(huì)對(duì)自己的相貌感到過分自傲。如果他們偶爾想到自己外表的話,他們?cè)敢庹J(rèn)為自己樣貌中等。長相普通不會(huì)使他們有任何煩惱,因?yàn)槠胀ň鸵呀?jīng)是很好了。男性不是特別注重自己的外貌,也不會(huì)從美學(xué)的角度去審視自己。他們的打扮方式主要就是刮刮胡子,就像打理自家草坪ー樣。對(duì)于一位男性來說,如果能花四分鐘刮刮胡子,結(jié)束之后再把粘到頭發(fā)上的剃須膏擦凈，又沒有出血太厲害,他就覺得自己已經(jīng)盡心盡力了。Womendonotlookatthemselvesthisway.IfIhadtoguesswhatmostwomenthinkabouttheirappearance,itwouldbe:"Notgoodenough."Nomatterhowattractiveawomanmaybe,herperceptionofherselfiseclipsedbythebeautyindustry.ShehastroublethinkingI'mbeautiful,Shemagnifiesthesmallestimperfectionsinherbodyandimaginesthemasglaringflawsthewholeworldwillnoticeandridicule.女性可不是這樣看待自己的。如果非要我猜測大多數(shù)女性對(duì)自己的相貌是如何評(píng)價(jià)的話,那肯定是:“還不夠好?！币晃慌?無論她看起來多么吸引人,她對(duì)自己的看法總是由于受美容業(yè)的影響而蒙著ー層陰影。要她認(rèn)為“我很漂亮’’是一件難事。她把身體上的極小的不完美之處加以放大，并且幻想這些缺點(diǎn)十分明顯,以至于全世界的人都會(huì)注意到并且嘲笑她。Whydowomenconsidertheirlookssodeficient?Thischronicinsecurityisn'tinborn,butcreatedthroughtheinteractionofmanycomplexpsychologicalandsocietalfactors,beginningwiththedollswegivethemaschildren.Girlsgrowupplayingwithdollsproportionedsothat,iftheywerehuman,theywouldbesevenfeettallandweigh61pounds,withtinythighsandalargeupperbody.Thisisanabsurdstandardtoliveupto,especiallywhenyouconsiderthesizeofthedoll'swaist,arelativemeasurementphysicallyimpossibleforalivinghumantoachieve.Contrastthisabsurdstandardwiththatpresentedtolittleboyswiththeir"actionfigures".Mostofthetoysthatyoungboyshaveplayedwithwereweird-looking,liketheonecalledBuzz-Offthatwasparthuman,partflyinginsect.Thisguywasnotalooker,buthewasstillextremelyself-confident.Youcouldnotimaginehimsayingtotheothers,"Isthisaccessorytherightshadeofvioletforthisoutfit?*'為什么女性會(huì)把自己的外貌想得這么差呢?這種長期的不安全感并不是與生俱來的,而是由許多復(fù)雜的心理和社會(huì)因素的相互作用造成的,從小時(shí)候大人們給她們買洋娃娃時(shí)就開始了。女孩成長過程中擺弄的洋娃娃,如果按照身材比例還原為真人大小的話,就會(huì)是7英尺髙,61英磅重,大腿纖細(xì),上身豐滿。要達(dá)到這樣的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是很荒唐的,尤其是當(dāng)我們想想那種洋娃娃的腰圍尺寸,就知道其相對(duì)尺寸對(duì)任何ー個(gè)活人來說都是不可企及的。與女孩玩具的這種荒唐標(biāo)準(zhǔn)相比,小男孩們得到的“動(dòng)作玩偶”卻是完全不同的模樣。大多數(shù)男孩的玩具都樣貌古怪,例如那個(gè)叫作“蜜蜂俠”的玩偶,一半像人,一半像會(huì)飛的昆蟲。這個(gè)玩偶盡管樣子不好言,但仍然非常自信。你齒定無法想象他會(huì)問別人說:“這個(gè)配飾的紫羅蘭色和這件外套配不配呢?”ButwomengrowupthinkingtheyneedtolooklikeBarbiedollsorgirlsonmagazinecovers,whichformostwomenisimpossible.Nonetheless,themultibillion-dollarbeautyindustry,completewithitsownaisleinthegrocerystore,isdevotedtoconstantwarfareonfemaleself-esteem,convincingwomenthattheymustbuyallthenewestmoisturizingcreams,bronzingpowdersandappliancesthatpromiseto"stimulateandrestore"theirskin.IoncesawanOprahShowinwhichsupermodelCindyCrawforddispensedmakeuptipstothestudioaudience.Cindyhadallthesemiddle-agedwomenapplyclaymasksandother"wrinkle-removing"productstotheirfaces;shestressedhowimportantitwastoadheretotheguidelines,likeapplyingproductsviathetipsoftheirfingerstoprotectelasticity.Allthewomendutifullydidthis,eventhoughitwasobvioustoanyrationalobserverthat,nomatterhowcarefullytheyappliedtheseproducts,theywouldneverhaveCindyCrawford'sfaceorcomplexion.然而,女性在成長過程中卻認(rèn)為自己應(yīng)該長得像芭比娃娃或雜志的封面女郎那樣,這對(duì)大多數(shù)女性來說是不可能的。盡管如此,產(chǎn)值達(dá)幾十億美元的美容業(yè),在超市化妝品銷售專區(qū)的配合下,總是在不停地攻擊著女性的自尊,使其相信自己只有購買最新的保濕面霜、古銅散粉，以及各種美容器具,才能,，激發(fā)和恢復(fù)“肌膚活力。我曾經(jīng)看過一期《奧普拉脫口秀》,在節(jié)目中,超級(jí)名模辛迪?克勞馥和演播室里的觀眾分享了自己的化妝秘訣。辛迪要求這些中年婦女在臉上敷上黏土面膜和其他去皺產(chǎn)品;她還強(qiáng)調(diào)一定要遵守這些方法,例如:往臉上涂抹這些產(chǎn)品時(shí),要用指尖,這樣可以保護(hù)皮膚的彈性。所有這些婦女都非常忠實(shí)地按照辛迪說的做了。可是對(duì)任何ー個(gè)理智的旁觀者來說,無論她們?nèi)绾握J(rèn)真地使用這些產(chǎn)品,她們都不可能擁有辛迪那樣的面容或膚色。Fmnotsayingthatmenaresuperior.I'mjustsayingthatyou'renotgoingtogetagroupofmiddle-agedmentoplastercosmeticstothemselvesundertheinstructionofBradPittinhopesoflookingmorelikehim.Mendon'tfacethesamesocietalfocuspurelyonphysicalbeauty,andthey'reencouragedtoreachouttoothercharacteristicstopromotetheirself-esteem.TheymightsaytoBrad:"Ohyeah?Well,whatdoyouknowaboutlawncare,prettyboy?"我并不是說男性優(yōu)于女性。我的意思是你不可能讓一群中年男子在布拉德?皮特的指導(dǎo)下把化妝品敷到自己臉上,期望自己能看起來更像布拉德。與女性不同,男性的外貌美不是社會(huì)所關(guān)注的唯一焦點(diǎn)。人們會(huì)鼓勵(lì)男性借助其他特征來提升自尊。他們也許會(huì)對(duì)布拉德說:“是嗎?那么帥好,你對(duì)草坪維護(hù)又知道多少?”O(jiān)fcoursewomenarguethattheybecomeobsessedwithappearanceasareactiontopressurefrommen.Thetruthisthatmostmenthinkbeautyismorethanjustlipstickandperfumeandtakenonoticeoftheseextradetails.Ihaveneveronce,inmorethan40yearsoflisteningtomentalkaboutwomen,heardamansay,"Shehadgorgeousfingernails!nTomostmen,littlethingslikefingernailsareallhomogeneousanyway,andonewoman'sflawlesspinkpolishisexactlyasinvisibleasanother'sbarenails.當(dāng)然女性會(huì)爭辯說她們對(duì)外表的熱衷追求是出于對(duì)來自男性的壓カ的ー種反應(yīng)。而事實(shí)是,大多數(shù)男性認(rèn)為美麗不僅僅來自于口紅和香水,而且他們也不會(huì)去注意這些額外的細(xì)節(jié)。四十多年來,我在聽男性談?wù)撆詴r(shí),從來沒有一次聽到過哪位男性這樣說:“她的指甲真漂亮啊!”對(duì)大多數(shù)男性來說,像指甲這樣小的東西看起來都一樣,無論ー個(gè)女士的指甲是用粉色指甲油涂得完美無瑕,還是光光的毫無修飾,男性都一概視而不見。Byparticipatinginthissystemofextremeconformity,womenareactuallyopeningthemselvesuptothescrutinyofotherwomen,theonlyonesqualifiedtojudgetheirefforts.Whatistherealbenefitofworkingthishardtoappeasemenwhodon'tnoticewhenitonlyexposeswomentoprosecutionfromotherwomen?女性參與這種極端的從眾行為,實(shí)際上是把自己置于其他女性的審視之下,因?yàn)橹挥心切┡豫匈Y格評(píng)價(jià)她們所付出的努力。但是,如此費(fèi)カ地去取悅男性而他們卻根本不會(huì)注意,同時(shí)又只是招致其他女性的指責(zé)，這樣做究竟有什么好處呢?Anyway,togetbacktomyoriginalpoint:Ifyou'reaman,andawomanasksyouhowshelooks,youcan'tsayshelooksbadwithoutreceivingimmediateandwell-deservedoutrage.Butyoualsocan'tshowerherwithemptycomplimentsabouthowhershoescomplementherdressnicelybecauseshe'llknowyou'relying.ShehasspentcountlesshoursworryingaboutthedifferencesbetweenherlooksandCindyCrawford's.Also,shesuspectsthatyou'renotqualifiedtovoiceasubjectiveopiniononanybody*sappearance.Thismaybebecauseyouhaveshavingcreaminyourhairandinsidethefoldsofyourears.不管怎樣,言歸正傳:如果你是一位男性,當(dāng)有女士問你她看起來怎么樣時(shí),你千萬不能說她看起來很糟糕,那樣肯定會(huì)使她立刻遷怒于你,這也是你咎由自取。但是,你也不能慷慨地大放空洞之詞,贊美她的鞋子和裙子是多么相配,因?yàn)樗滥闶窃谡f謊。她已經(jīng)花費(fèi)了無數(shù)個(gè)小時(shí)發(fā)愁自己的容貌不能和辛迪?克勞酸的ー樣。而且,也許因?yàn)槟愕念^發(fā)和耳廊上粘著剃須青,她會(huì)懷疑你根本沒有資格對(duì)任何人的外表給出主觀評(píng)價(jià)。Unit3FredSmithandFedEx:Thevisionthatchangedtheworld

弗胃德?史密斯與聯(lián)邦快遞:ー個(gè)改變了世界的創(chuàng)想Everynightseveralhundredplanesbearingapurple,white,andorangedesigntouchdownatMemphisAirport,inTennessee.WhatprecedesthislandingarepackagepickupsfromlocationsallovertheUnitedStatesearlierintheday.Crewsunloadtheplanes'cargoofmorethanhalfamillionparcelsandletters.Therectangularpackagesandenvelopesarerapidlyreshuffledandsortedaccordingtoaddress,thenloadedontootheraircraft,andflowntotheirdestinationstobedispersedbyhand-manywithin24hoursofleavingtheirsenders.ThisistheculminationofadreamofFrederickW.Smith,thefounder,president,chiefexecutiveofficer,andchairmanoftheboardoftheFedExCorp.-knownoriginallyasFederalExpress-thelargestandmostsuccessfulovernightdeliveryserviceintheworld.Conceivedwhenhewasincollegeandnowinits28thyearofoperation,Smith'sexquisitebrainchildhasbecomethestandardfordoor-to-doorpackagedelivery.每天夜晚,在田納西州的孟菲斯機(jī)場,都有幾百架帶著白、紫、桔色圖案的飛機(jī)降落。而在每天此前的早些時(shí)候,這些飛機(jī)都在美國各地收集包裏。工作人員從飛機(jī)上卸下的包裏及信件數(shù)量超過五十萬之巨。長方形的包義和信封又在這里依據(jù)收件地址被迅速整理分揀,然后裝載上其他飛機(jī),飛往各自的目的地,在那兒再由人工投遞——到這時(shí)很多郵件離開寄件人之手還不到24小時(shí)。這是弗雷德里克?史密斯的終極夢想,他就是聯(lián)邦快遞集團(tuán)（最初為聯(lián)邦快遞）這ー全球最大、最成功的隔夜送達(dá)服務(wù)企業(yè)的創(chuàng)始人、總裁、首席執(zhí)行官及董事會(huì)主席。如今,史密斯這一源于大學(xué)時(shí)代的妙想已在現(xiàn)實(shí)中經(jīng)營到了第28個(gè)年頭,并已成為包裏快遞入戶行業(yè)的標(biāo)桿。Recognizedasanoutstandingentrepreneurwithanagreeableandwinningpersonality,Smithisheldinhighregardbyhiscompetitorsaswellashisemployeesandstockholders.FredSmithwasjust27whenhefoundedFedEx.Now,somanyyearslater,he*sstillthe"captainoftheship*'.Heattributesthesuccessthecompanysimplytoleadership,somethinghededucedfromhisyearsinthemilitary,andfromhisfamily.史密斯被公認(rèn)為是一位和藹可親、性格迷人的杰出企業(yè)家。無論是他的競爭者、員エ,還是他公司股票的持有人,都對(duì)他十分敬重。弗雷德?史密斯創(chuàng)建“聯(lián)邦快遞”時(shí)只有27歲。現(xiàn)在多年過去了,他仍然坐在“掌門人”的位置上。他將公司的成功簡單地歸因于領(lǐng)導(dǎo)カ,而這一推論則來自于他的軍旅生涯及其家庭的影響。FrederickWallaceSmithwasbomintoawealthyfamilyclanonAugust11,1944inMississippi.Hisfatherdiedwhenhewasjustfouryearsold.Asajuvenile,Smithwasaninvalid,sufferingfromadiseasethatlefthimunabletowalknormally.Hewaspickedonbybullies,andhelearnedtodefendhimselfbyswingingatthemwithhisalloywalkingstick.Curedofthediseasebytheageof10,hebecameastarathleteinhighschool,playingfootball,basketball,andbaseball.弗?德里克?華萊士?史密斯1944年8月11日出生于密西西比州一個(gè)富裕的家族。他四歲時(shí)父親就離世了。史密斯年少時(shí)被視為病殘者,因?yàn)樗昧艘环N病,使他無法正常行走。為此他常遭受壞孩子的侮辱捉弄他學(xué)會(huì)了揮舞合金拐杖來保護(hù)自己。十歲時(shí)他的病治好了,到了髙中他則成了學(xué)校里的體育明星,足球、籃球、棒球樣樣能行。Smith'spassionwasflying.At15,hewasoperatingacrop-dusterovertheskylineoftheMississippiDelta,aterrainsoflatthattherewaslittleneedforradarnavigation.AsastudentatYaleUniversity,hehelpedrevivetheYaleflyingclub;itsalumnihadpopulatednavalaviationhistory,includingthefamous"Millionaires'Unit"inWorldWarI.Smithadministratedtheclub'sbusinessendandranasmallcharteroperationinNewHaven.史密斯對(duì)飛行充滿了激情。15歲時(shí),他就曾駕駛ー架作物噴粉飛機(jī)在密西西比三角洲的天際翱翔,三角洲的地形平坦開闊,甚至都不需要雷達(dá)導(dǎo)航。在耶魯大學(xué)上學(xué)時(shí),他參與重建了耶書飛行俱樂部,在美國海軍航空史的每個(gè)時(shí)期都有這ー俱樂部出來的校友的身影,包括ー戰(zhàn)時(shí)期著名的“百萬富翁飛行隊(duì)”。史密斯負(fù)責(zé)管理俱樂部的事務(wù),同時(shí)還在紐黑文經(jīng)營ー項(xiàng)小規(guī)模的租賃業(yè)務(wù)。Withhisstudytimedisruptedbyflying,hisacademicperformancesuffered,butSmithneverstoppedlookingforhisown"bigidea".Hethoughthehadfounditwhenhewroteatermpaperforaneconomicsclass.Hedraftedaprototypeforatransportationcompanythatwouldguaranteeovernightdeliveryofsmall,time-sensitivegoods,suchasreplacementpartsandmedicalsupplies,tomajorUSregions.Theprofessorwasn'timpressedandtoldSmithhecouldn'tquantifytheideaandclearlyitwasn'tfeasible.由于飛行打亂了學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)間他的學(xué)業(yè)受到了彫響但史密斯從未停止尋找自己的“偉大想法”。在撰寫一門經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)課程的學(xué)期論文時(shí),他認(rèn)為自己已經(jīng)找到了它。他設(shè)計(jì)了一份運(yùn)輸企業(yè)的經(jīng)營草案,該運(yùn)輸企業(yè)可以確保連夜遞送小型或時(shí)間緊迫的貨品到達(dá)美國的主要地區(qū),如普換零件、醫(yī)藥用品等等。教授對(duì)這篇論文未予車視,他告訴史密斯說,他無法量化他的想法,并說這ー想法明顯不切合實(shí)際。However,Smithwascertainhewasontosomething,eventhoughseveralmoreyearselapsedbeforehecouldturnhisideaintoreality.Intheinterim,hegraduatedfromYalein1966,justasAmerica'sinvolvementintheVietnamWarwasdeepening.Sincehewasapatriotandhadattendedofficers'trainingclasses,hejoinedtheMarines.然而,史密斯確信自己已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)了些什么,盡管又過了好幾年他才得以把自己的想法付諸實(shí)施。在此期間,他于1966年從耶魯大學(xué)畢業(yè),那時(shí)正值美國在越戰(zhàn)中越陷越深,而他是個(gè)充滿愛國熱情的人,又參加過士官訓(xùn)練課程,所以他加入了美國海軍陸戰(zhàn)隊(duì)。SmithcompletedtwotoursinVietnam,eventuallyflyingmorethan200missions.nInthemilitary,leadershipmeansgettingagroupofpeopletosubordinatetheirindividualdesiresandambitionsfortheachievementoforganizationalgoals,'*Smithsays,fusingtogetherhismilitaryandbusinessexperiences."Andgoodleadershiphasverymeasurableeffectsonacompany'sbottomline."史密斯在越南戰(zhàn)場上服役兩期,完成了兩百多次飛行任務(wù)?！霸谲婈?duì)中,領(lǐng)導(dǎo)カ意味著能使團(tuán)隊(duì)中所有成員將個(gè)人的期望與抱負(fù)置于從屬地位,而以實(shí)現(xiàn)集體目標(biāo)為重,”史密斯說道.這其中!?合了他軍旅生涯和經(jīng)營管理的經(jīng)驗(yàn)?！岸鴥?yōu)秀的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)カ對(duì)控制ー個(gè)公司的盈虧底線來說具有相當(dāng)車要的作用。”HomefromVietnam,Smithbecamefascinatedbythenotionthatifyouconnectedallthepointsofanetworkthroughanintermediaryhub,thestreamlinedefficientcouldbeenormouscomparedtootherdisjointed,decentralizedbusinesses,whetherthesysteminvolvedmovingpackagesandlettersorpeopleandplanes.Hedecidedtotakeastabatstartinghisownbusiness.Withaninvestmentfromhisfather'scompany,aswellasachunkofhisowninheritance,Smithboughthisfirstdeliveryplanesandin1971formedtheFederalExpress.從越南戰(zhàn)場回國后,史密斯開始執(zhí)著于這樣ー個(gè)理念,即如果能將某個(gè)運(yùn)輸網(wǎng)絡(luò)的各個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn)通過ー個(gè)中介樞紐相互連接,其效率較之其他各環(huán)節(jié)相互之間無聯(lián)系的分散經(jīng)營的模式來說要髙出許多,不論這一系統(tǒng)所涉及的是運(yùn)送包裏和信件還是人員和飛機(jī)。他決定放手ー搏.創(chuàng)建自己的企業(yè)。史密斯用父親公司的投資和他自己繼承財(cái)產(chǎn)的一部分購買了第ー架快遞飛機(jī),并于197I年創(chuàng)建了聯(lián)邦快遞。Theearlydayswereunderscoredbyextremefrugalityandfinanciallosses.ItwasnotuncommonforFedExdriverstopayforgasolinefortheirvansoutoftheirownpockets.Butdespitesuchproblems,Smithshowedconcernforthewelfareofhisemployees.Justasherecalled,evenwhentheydidn'thavethemoney,evenwhenthereweren'tcouchesintheofficeandelectrictypewriters,theystillsettheprecedenttoensureagoodmedicalanddentalplanfortheirpeople.最初的日子伴隨著極度的拮據(jù)乃至財(cái)務(wù)損失。聯(lián)邦快遞公司的司機(jī)自己掏腰包為貨車付汽油費(fèi)的情況屢見不鮮。但是,盡管面對(duì)這樣的問題,史密斯仍然為公司雇員的福利著想。正如他所回憶的那樣,即使在他們公司沒有錢、辦公室沒有沙發(fā)和打字機(jī)的情況下,他們?nèi)匀婚_辟先例,保證員エ享受很好的醫(yī)療和牙齒保健福利。Alongtheway,FedExpioneeredcentralizationandthe"hubandspoke"system,whichhassincebeenadoptedbyalmostallmajorairlines.ThephraseFedExithasbecomeafixtureinourlanguageasmuchasXeroxorGoogle.一路走來,聯(lián)邦快遞率先踐行了集中調(diào)控和“軸輻式”空中交通系統(tǒng)。自它以后,該系統(tǒng)被幾乎所有大航空公司所采納。而“聯(lián)邦快遞一下”也成為了像“復(fù)印一下”或“谷歌一下”這樣的固定說法,成為了我們的詞匯。Smithsayssuccessinbusinessboilsdowntothreethings.First,youneedtohaveappealingproductorserviceandacompellingstrategy.Thenyouneedtohaveanefficientmanagementsystem.Assumingyouhavethosethings,leadingateamisthesinglemostimportantissueinrunninganorganizationtoday.史密斯說生意上的成功歸根結(jié)底就是三點(diǎn):首先你需要一項(xiàng)吸引人的產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)以及一套制勝的戰(zhàn)略;其次你需要一套髙效的管理系統(tǒng);在擁有這些之后，如何領(lǐng)導(dǎo)好一個(gè)團(tuán)隊(duì)就是當(dāng)今經(jīng)營一家公司最為重要的事了。AlthoughSmithavoidsthemediaandthetrappingsofpubliclife,heissaidtobeafriendlyandaccessibleemployer.Hevalueshispeopleandnevertakesthemforgranted.HereportedlyvisitsFedEx*sMemphissiteatnightfromtimetotimeandaddressessortersbyname.Foryearsheextendedanoffertoanycourierwith10yearsofservicetocometoMemphisfbran"anniversarybreakfast*'.ThatembodiesFredSmith'sphilosophy:People,Service,Profit(P-S-P).Smithsays,"TheP-S-Pphilosophyislikeanunbrokencircleorchain.Therearenoclearlydefinablepointsofentryorexit.Eachlinkupholdstheothersandis,inturn,supportedbythem."Inarticulatingthisphilosophyandinpersonallyinvolvinghimselfinitsimplementation,FrederickSmithistheforerunnerofthenewsphereofleadershipthatsuccessinthefuturewilldemand.盡管史密斯回避媒體采訪和公眾生活的榮塔,但他卻被稱為是一位友善而平易近人的雇主。他重視自己的雇員,從不認(rèn)為他們理所應(yīng)當(dāng)該為自己工作。有報(bào)道稱,他會(huì)時(shí)不時(shí)在晚上造訪聯(lián)邦快遞位于孟菲斯的基地,并且稱名道姓地與包裏分揀人員打招呼。他會(huì)主動(dòng)發(fā)邀請(qǐng)給任何一位已在公司服務(wù)十年的快遞員,請(qǐng)他們到孟菲斯出席“周年慶典早餐”,這已經(jīng)持續(xù)了很多年。而這其中包含了弗雷德?史密斯自己的哲學(xué):人員,服務(wù),利潤(P-S-Pト史密斯說,“P-S-P的哲學(xué)理念就好像ー個(gè)不可分割的循環(huán),沒有清晰可辨的入口或出口,每一個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)都支持著其他環(huán)節(jié),同時(shí)也反過來受其他環(huán)節(jié)支撐。”通過明確表達(dá)并親身踐行這一理念,弗雷德里克?史密斯已成為未來成功所必需的新領(lǐng)導(dǎo)領(lǐng)域的開拓者。Unit4Achievingsustainableenvironmentalism

實(shí)現(xiàn)可持續(xù)性發(fā)展的環(huán)保主義Environmentalsensitivityisnowasrequiredanattitudeinpolitesocietyasis,say,beliefindemocracyordisapprovalofplasticsurgery.ButnowthateveryonefromTedTurnertoGeorgeH.W.BushhasclaimedlovefbrMotherEarth,howarewetochooseamongthedozensofconflictingproposals,regulationsandlawsadvancedbycongressmenandconstituentsalikeinthenameoftheenvironment?Clearly,noteverythingwithanenvironmentalclaimisworthdoing.Howdowesegregatethebestoptionsandconsolidateourvaryinginterestsintoasingle,soundpolicy?在上流社會(huì),對(duì)環(huán)境的敏感就如同信仰民主、反對(duì)整容一樣,是ー種不可或缺的態(tài)度。然而,既然從泰德?特納到喬治?W.H?布什,每個(gè)人都聲稱自己熱愛地球母親,那么,在由議員、選民之類的人以環(huán)境名義而提出的眾多的相互矛盾的提案、規(guī)章和法規(guī)中,我們又該如何做出選擇呢?顯而易見,并不是每ー項(xiàng)冠以環(huán)境保護(hù)名義的事情都值得去做。我們?cè)鯓硬拍芊蛛x出最佳選擇,并且把我們各自不同的興趣統(tǒng)一在同一個(gè)合理的政策當(dāng)中呢?Thereisasimpleway.First,differentiatebetweenenvironmentalluxuriesandenvironmentalnecessities.Luxuriesarethosethingsthatwouldbenicetohaveifcostless.Necessitiesarethosethingswemusthaveregardless.Callthisdistinctionthedefinitiveruleofsaneenvironmentalism,whichstipulatesthatcombatingecologicalchangethatdirectlythreatensthehealthandsafetyofpeopleisanenvironmentalnecessity.Allelseisluxury.有一種簡便的方法。首先要區(qū)分什么是環(huán)境奢侈品,什么是環(huán)境必需品。奢侈品是指那些無需人類付出代價(jià)就能擁有的給人美好感受的東西。必需品則是指那些無論付出什么代價(jià),都一定要去擁有的東西。這一區(qū)分原則可以被稱為理性環(huán)保主義的至髙原則。它規(guī)定,對(duì)那些直接威脅人類健康與安全的生態(tài)變化采取應(yīng)對(duì)措施是環(huán)境保護(hù)的必需品,而其他則都屬于奢侈品。Forexample,preservingtheatmosphere-stoppingozonedepletionandthegreenhouseeffect-isanenvironmentalnecessity.Recently,scientistsreportedthatozonedamageisfarworsethanpreviouslythought.Ozonedepletionhasacorrelationnotonlywithskincancerandeyeproblems,italsodestroystheocean*secology,thebeginningofthefoodchainatopwhichwehumanssit.例如,保護(hù)大氣層——阻止臭氧損耗及控制溫室效應(yīng)——是環(huán)境保護(hù)的必需品。近來,科學(xué)家報(bào)吿說臭氧層遭受破壞的程度遠(yuǎn)比我們先前認(rèn)為的要嚴(yán)值得多。臭氧損耗不僅與皮膚癌及眼疾有關(guān),而且它還會(huì)破壞海洋生態(tài)。而海洋生態(tài)是食物族的起點(diǎn),人類則位于該食物鏈的頂端。Thepossiblethermalconsequencesofthegreenhouseeffectarefardeadlier:meltingicecaps,floodedcoastlines,disruptedclimate,dryplainsand,ultimately,emptybreadbaskets.TheAmericanMidwestfeedspeopleatallcomersoftheatlas.Withtheplanetaryclimatechanges,arewepreparedtoseeIowatakeonNewMexico'sdesertclimate,orSiberiatakeonIowa'smoderateclimate?溫室效應(yīng)所可能引發(fā)的熱效應(yīng)是非常具有毀滅性的:冰川融化、海岸線被淹沒、氣候遭受破壞、平原干涸,最終食物消失殆盡。美國中西部地區(qū)的糧食供養(yǎng)著全世界。隨著全球氣候的變化,我們難道準(zhǔn)備看到衣阿華州變成新墨西哥州的沙漠氣候,而西伯利亞變成衣阿華州的溫和氣候嗎?Ozonedepletionandthegreenhouseeffectarehumandisasters,andtheyareurgentbecausetheydirectlythreatenhumanityandarenoteasilyreversible.Asaneenvironmentalism,theonlykindofenvironmentalismthatwillstrikeachordwiththegeneralpublic,beginsbyopenlydeclaringthatnatureisheretoservehumanbeings.Asaneenvironmentalismisentirelyahumanfocusedregime:Itcallsuponhumanitytopreservenature,butmerelywithintheparametersofself-survival.臭氣損耗和溫室效應(yīng)是人類的災(zāi)難,而且是需要緊急處理的災(zāi)難,因?yàn)樗鼈冎苯油{到人類,且后果很難扭轉(zhuǎn)。理性環(huán)保主義——唯一能夠引起公眾共鳴的環(huán)保主張——首先公開聲明,自然是服務(wù)于人類的。理性環(huán)保主義是一種完全以人類為中心的思想。它號(hào)召人類保護(hù)自然,但是是在人類自我生存得到保證的前提之下。Ofcourse,thishumanfocusrunsagainstthegrainofacontemporaryenvironmentalismthatindulgesinovertearthworship.Somepeopleevenallegethattheearthisalivingorganism.Thiskindofenvironmentalismlikestoconsideritselfspiritual.Itisnothingmorethansentimental.Ittakes,forexample,ahighlyselectiveviewofthekindnessofnature,onethatisincompatiblewiththerealityofnaturaldisasters.MynatureworshipstopswiththetwisterthatcamethroughKansasorthedreadfulrainsinBangladeshthateradicatedwholevillagesandleftmillionshomeless.當(dāng)然,這種以人類為中心的主張與當(dāng)下盛行的環(huán)保主義是格格不入的,后者已經(jīng)沉溺于對(duì)地球的公然崇拜。有的人甚至聲稱地球是ー個(gè)活的生物體。這種環(huán)保主義喜歡把自己言作是神圣的,其實(shí)它只是感情用事而已。比如,在自然是否友善的問題上,當(dāng)下的環(huán)保主義采取了髙度選擇性的片面的觀點(diǎn),而這種觀點(diǎn)與自然造成的災(zāi)難這ー現(xiàn)實(shí)是不相協(xié)調(diào)的。當(dāng)龍卷風(fēng)肆虐堪薩斯州,當(dāng)瓢潑大雨襲擊孟加拉國,毀滅了整座整座的村莊,使幾百萬人失去家園的時(shí)候,我對(duì)自然的崇拜便停止了。Anon-sentimentalenvironmentalismisonefoundedonProtagoras'sideathatnManisthemeasureofallthings.MInestablishingthesovereigntyofman,suchaprinciplehelpsusthroughthedenseforestofenvironmentalarguments.TakethecurrentdebateragingoveroildrillinginacorneroftheArcticNationalWildlifeRefuge(ANWR).Environmentalistcoalitions,mobilizingagainstalegislativeactionworkingitswaythroughtheUSCongressforthelegalizationofsuchexploration,propagatethatAmericansshouldbepreservingandeconomizingenergyinsteadofdrillingfbrit.Thisisafalseeither-orproposition.TheUSdoesneedasizableenergytaxtoreduceconsumption.Butitneedsmoreproduct