2022年考研考博-考博英語-廣東工業(yè)大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）試卷號(hào)35

住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語-廣東工業(yè)大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）（圖片可根據(jù)實(shí)際調(diào)整大?。╊}型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.單選題

Intheidealizedversionofhowscienceisdone,factsabouttheworldarewaitingtobeobservedandcollectedbyobjectiveresearcherswhousethescientificmethodtocarryouttheirwork.Butintheeverydaypracticeofscience,discoveryfrequentlyfollowsanambiguousandcomplicatedroute.Weaimtobeobjective,butwecannotescapethecontextofouruniquelifeexperience.Priorknowledgeandinterestinfluencewhatweexperience,whatwethinkourexperiencesmean,andthesubsequentactionswetake.Opportunitiesformisinterpretation,error,andself-deceptionabound.

Consequently,discoveryclaimsshouldbethoughtofasprotoscience.Similartonewlystakedminingclaims,theyarefullofpotential.Butittakescollectivescrutinyandacceptancetotransformadiscoveryclaimintoamaturediscovery.Thisisthecredibilityprocess,throughwhichtheindividualresearcher5sme,here,nowbecomesthecommunity’sanyone,anywhere,anytime.Objectiveknowledgeisthegoal,notthestartingpoint.

Onceadiscoveryclaimbecomespublic,thediscovererreceivesintellectualcredit.But,unlikewithminingclaims,thecommunitytakescontrolofwhathappensnext.Withinthecomplexsocialstructureofthescientificcommunity,researchersmakediscoveries;editorsandreviewersactasgatekeepersbycontrollingthepublicationprocess;otherscientistsusethenewfindingtosuittheirownpurposes;andfinally,thepublic（includingotherscientists）receivesthenewdiscoveryandpossiblyaccompanyingtechnology.Asadiscoveryclaimworksitthroughthecommunity,theinteractionandconfrontationbetweensharedandcompetingbeliefsaboutthescienceandthetechnologyinvolvedtransformsanindividual’sdiscoveryclaimintothecommunity’scrediblediscovery.

Twoparadoxesexistthroughoutthiscredibilityprocess.First,scientificworktendstofocusonsomeaspectofprevailingKnowledgethatisviewedasincompleteorincorrect.Littlerewardaccompaniesduplicationandconfirmationofwhatisalreadyknownandbelieved.Thegoalisnew-search，notre-search.Notsurprisingly,newlypublisheddiscoveryclaimsandcrediblediscoveriesthatappeartobeimportantandconvincingwillalwaysbeopentochallengeandpotentialmodificationorrefutationbyfutureresearchers.Second，noveltyitselffrequentlyprovokesdisbelief.NobelLaureateandphysiologistAlbertAzent-Gyorgyioncedescribeddiscoveryas“seeingwhateverybodyhasseenandthinkingwhatnobodyhasthought.”Butthinkingwhatnobodyelsehasthoughtandtellingotherswhattheyhavemissedmaynotchangetheirviews.Sometimesyearsarerequiredfortrulynoveldiscoveryclaimstobeacceptedandappreciated.

Intheend,credibility“happens”toadiscoveryclaim-aprocessthatcorrespondstowhatphilosopherAnnetteBaierhasdescribedasthecommonsofthemind.“Wereasontogether,challenge,revise,andcompleteeach,other’sreasoningandeachother’sconceptionsofreason.”

1.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,theprocessofdiscoveryischaracterizedbyits（）.

2.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph2thatcredibilityprocessrequires（）.

3.Paragraph3showsthatadiscoveryclaimbecomescredibleafterit（）.

4.AlbertSzent-Gyorgyiwouldmostlikelyagreethat（）.

5.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleofthetest?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.uncertaintyandcomplexity

B.misconceptionanddeceptiveness

C.logicalityandobjectivity

D.systematicnessandregularity

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.strictinspection

B.sharedefforts

C.individualwisdom

D.persistentinnovation

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.hasattractedtheattentionofthegeneralpublic

B.hasbeenexaminedbythescientificcommunity

C.hasreceivedrecognitionfromeditorsandreviewers

D.hasbeenfrequentlyquotedbypeerscientists

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.scientificclaimswillsurvivechallenges

B.discoveriestodayinspirefutureresearch

C.effortstomakediscoveriesarejustified

D.scientificworkcallsforacriticalmind

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.NoveltyasanEngineofScientificDevelopment

B.CollectiveScrutinyinScientificDiscovery

C.EvolutionofCredibilityinDoingScience

D.ChallengetoCredibilityattheGatetoScience

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:B

第3題:B

第4題:D

第5題:C

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞thefirstparagraph和theprocessofdiscovery定位至第一段句Butintheeverydaypracticeofscience,discoveryfrequentlyfollowsanambiguousandcomplicatedroute.但在科學(xué)的日常實(shí)踐中，發(fā)現(xiàn)常常遵循一條模糊而復(fù)雜的路線。A項(xiàng)中的uncertainty和complexity分別為ambiguous和complicated的同義替換，故A項(xiàng)正確。由第一段最后一句“Opportunitiesformisinterpretation,error,andself-deceptionabound.”科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)過程中可能存在很多誤解、錯(cuò)誤和自欺。但這些只是可能性，不是科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)過程的本質(zhì)特點(diǎn)，故排除B項(xiàng)。本段第一句“Intheidealizedversionofhowscienceisdone,factsabouttheworldarewaitingtobeobservedandcollectedbyobjectiveresearcherswhousethescientificmethodtocarryouttheirwork.在科學(xué)是如何進(jìn)行的理想化狀態(tài)中，關(guān)于世界的事實(shí)正等著被客觀的研究人員觀察和收集，他們用科學(xué)的方法來進(jìn)行他們的工作?！盋D兩項(xiàng)提到的都是理想化的特點(diǎn)，不是科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)過程的真實(shí)特點(diǎn)，故排除。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞credibilityprocess定位到第二段"Thisisthecredibilityprocess,throughwhichtheindividualresearcher'sme,here,nowbecomesthecommunity’sanyone,anywhere,anytime.Objectiveknowledgeisthegoal,notthestartingpoint.這就是可信度的過程，通過這個(gè)過程，個(gè)體研究者的我，在這里，現(xiàn)在變成了社區(qū)的任何人，任何地方，任何時(shí)間?？陀^知識(shí)是目標(biāo)，不是起點(diǎn)?？芍茖W(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)獲得公眾可信度的過程需要每個(gè)人的努力，故B項(xiàng)正確。ACD三項(xiàng)都是該過程的一個(gè)方面。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)第三段“Asadiscoveryclaimworksitthroughthecommunity,theinteractionandconfrontationbetweensharedandcompetingbeliefsaboutthescienceandthetechnologyinvolvedtransformsanindividual’sdiscoveryclaimintothecommunity’scrediblediscovery.”當(dāng)一項(xiàng)科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)在科學(xué)界中傳播時(shí)，關(guān)于所涉及的科學(xué)和技術(shù)的共享和相互競爭的信念之間的相互作用和對(duì)抗會(huì)將個(gè)人的發(fā)現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榭茖W(xué)界的可靠發(fā)現(xiàn)?！笨芍?jīng)過科學(xué)界的檢查后，科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)將變得可靠。故B項(xiàng)正確。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由題干定位到第四段NobelLaureateandphysiologistAlbertAzent-Gyorgyioncedescribeddiscoveryas“seeingwhateverybodyhasseenandthinkingwhatnobodyhasthought.”諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)獲得者、生理學(xué)家AlbertAzent-Gyorgyi曾將發(fā)現(xiàn)描述為“看到每個(gè)人看到的，思考沒有人想過的”。由此可知，阿爾貝特?圣捷爾吉強(qiáng)調(diào)科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)不能循規(guī)蹈矩，要有創(chuàng)新精神和批判精神。故D項(xiàng)正確。

5.主旨大意題。第一段講述了日?？茖W(xué)研究存在不確定性和復(fù)雜性。第二段指出，科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)需要經(jīng)過可信性證實(shí)過程才能變?yōu)榭煽康?。第三段介紹了科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)可信性的證實(shí)過程。在第四段，作者指出了可信性證實(shí)過程中存在的兩個(gè)矛盾。由此可知本文通篇都在論述科學(xué)可信性的證實(shí)過程。所以C項(xiàng)正確。

2.單選題

Fromthehistory,wecansee,eventhesmallestdiplomaticincidentcan（

）amajorinternationalconflict.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.animate

B.energize

C.trigger

D.prompt

【答案】C

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。animate使有生氣；energize激勵(lì)；使活躍；trigger觸發(fā)；prompt鼓勵(lì)，促進(jìn)。根據(jù)題干內(nèi)容可猜測：小小的外交事故可能會(huì)誘發(fā)重大的國際沖突。句意：從歷史上我們可以看到，即使是最小的外交事件也可能誘發(fā)重大的國際沖突。

3.單選題

Galaxyclustersarethemostmassivestructuresintheuniverseandexertsuchapowerful（）pullthattheywarpthespacetimearoundthemandactascosmiclensesthatcanmagnify,distortandbendthelightbehindthem.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.gravitational

B.exceptional

C.motivational

D.sensational

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容詞詞義辨析。A選項(xiàng)gravitational表示“重力的，引力的”；B選項(xiàng)exceptional表示“超常的，異常的，例外的”；C選項(xiàng)motivational表示“動(dòng)機(jī)的，激發(fā)性的”；D選項(xiàng)sensational表示“轟動(dòng)的，聳人聽聞的，使人感動(dòng)的”。由句意可知，星系團(tuán)是宇宙中最巨大的結(jié)構(gòu)，它能產(chǎn)生巨大的引力，扭曲周圍的時(shí)空，就像宇宙透鏡一樣放大、扭曲和彎曲后面的光線。因此，A選項(xiàng)gravitational的含義最符合原文句意，故本題正確答案為A選項(xiàng)。

4.單選題

AccordingtotheGhanaNationalNarcoticControlfourthousandGhanaiansare（）illicitdrugswhileseveralothersarereportedtobeengagedinconstantdrugtraffickingannually.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.exposedto

B.attachedto

C.addictedto

D.opposedto

【答案】C

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞詞組辨析。A選項(xiàng)exposedto表示“接觸，暴露于”；B選項(xiàng)attachedto表示“附屬于，愛慕”；C選項(xiàng)addictedto表示“上癮，沉迷于”；D選項(xiàng)opposedto表示“反對(duì)”。分析句意可知，根據(jù)加納國家麻醉品管制局（NACOB.的報(bào)告，幾乎有4000加納人（）毒品，而每年有數(shù)千人不斷從事販毒。因此只有C選項(xiàng)最符合原文句意，故本題正確答案為C選項(xiàng)。

5.翻譯題

Insomesocietiespeoplewantchildrenforwhatmightbecalledfamilialreasons:toextendthefamilylineorthefamilyname，topropitiatetheancestors;toenabletheproperfunctioningofreligiousritualsinvolvingthefamily.Suchreasonsmayseemthininthemodern,secularizedsocietybuttheyhavebeenandarepowerfulindeedinotherplaces.

Inaddition,oneclassoffamilyreasonssharesaborderwiththefollowingcategory,namely,havingchildreninordertomaintainorimproveamarriage:toholdthehusbandoroccupythewife;torepairorrejuvenatethemarriage;toincreasethenumberofchildrenontheassumptionthatfamilyhappinessliesthatway.Thepointisunderlinedbyitsconverse:insomesocietiesthefailuretobearchildren（ormales）isathreattothemarriageandareadycausefordivorce.

Beyondallthatistheprofoundsignificanceofchildrentotheveryinstitutionofthefamilyitself.Tomanypeople,husbandandwifealonedonotseemaproperfamily-theyneedchildrentoenrichthecircle,tovalidateitsfamilycharacter,togathertheredemptiveinfluenceofoffspring.Childrenneedthefamily,butthefamilyseemsalsotoneedchildren,asthesocialinstitutionuniquelyavailable,atleastinprinciple,forsecurity,comfort,assurance,anddirectioninachanging,oftenhostile,world.Tomostpeople,suchahomebase,in.theliteralsense,needsmorethanonepersonforsustenanceandingenerationalextension.

【答案】在某些社會(huì)中，人們希望擁有孩子是出于所謂的家庭原因:傳宗接代，光宗耀祖，討好祖輩;使包括家庭在內(nèi)的宗教儀式正常運(yùn)作。這樣的理由在現(xiàn)代世俗化的社會(huì)中可能顯得蒼白無力，但在其他地方，它們曾經(jīng)是而且確實(shí)是強(qiáng)有力的。

此外，有一類家庭原因,即為了維持或改善婚姻而生孩子,與下列原因有共同的邊界。比如生孩子是為了穩(wěn)住丈夫或占有妻子;修復(fù)或恢復(fù)婚姻活力;增加孩子的數(shù)量是基于家庭幸福就在于此的假設(shè)。相反的情況更強(qiáng)調(diào)了這一點(diǎn):在一些社會(huì)中，不能生育子女（或男性）是對(duì)婚姻的一種威脅，也是離婚的一個(gè)現(xiàn)成理由。

除此之外，兒童對(duì)家庭本身也具有深遠(yuǎn)的意義。對(duì)許多人來說，夫妻二人并不是一個(gè)合適的家庭——他們需要孩子來豐富這個(gè)小圈子，來確認(rèn)這個(gè)小圈子的家庭性質(zhì)，來獲得后代的救贖性影響。兒童需要家庭，但家庭似乎也需要兒童，家庭作為一個(gè)獨(dú)特的可用的社會(huì)機(jī)構(gòu)，至少在原則上，可以在一個(gè)變化中，往往是敵對(duì)的世界中獲得安全、舒適、保證和方向。對(duì)大多數(shù)人來說，這樣的一個(gè)大本營，從字面意義上講，需要不止一個(gè)人來維持和延續(xù)。

6.單選題

Satellitephotographscanprovideinformationon（）rainarefalling.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.whichwhereandhowmuch

B.whereandhow

C.whichandhow

D.whereandhowmuch

【答案】D

【解析】考查引導(dǎo)詞。句意：衛(wèi)星照片可以提供關(guān)于降雨區(qū)域以及降雨量的信息。on后面接定語從句，從句的主語已經(jīng)有引導(dǎo)詞連接，不再用which。故D項(xiàng)正確。

7.單選題

Onlytwocountriesintheadvancedworldprovidenoguaranteeforpaidleavefromworktocareforanewbornchild.Lastspringoneofthetwo,Australia,gaveupthedubiousdistinctionbyestablishingpaidfamilyleavestartingin2011.Iwasn'tsurprisedwhenthisdidn'tmakethenewshereintheUnitedStates—we'renowtheonlywealthycountrywithoutsuchapolicy.

TheUnitedStatesdoeshaveoneexplicitfamilypolicy,theFamilyandMedicalLeaveAct,passedin1993.Itentitlesworkerstoasmuchas12weeks'unpaidleaveforcareofanewbornordealingwithafamilymedicalproblem.Despitethemodestyofthebenefit,theChamberofCommerceandotherbusinessgroupsfoughtitbitterly,describingitas“government-runpersonnelmanagement"anda"dangerousprecedent".Infact,everystepoftheway,as（usually）Democraticleadershavetriedtointroducework-familybalancemeasuresintothelaw,businessgroupshavebeenstronglyopposed.

AsYalelawprofessorAnneAlstottargues,justifyingparentalsupportdependsondefiningthefamilyasasocialgoodthat,insomesense,societymustpayfor.InherbookNoExit:WhatParentsOweTheirChildrenandWhatSocietyOwesParents,shearguesthatparentsareburdenedinmanywaysintheirlives:thereis"noexit"whenitcomestochildren."Societyexpects—andneeds—parentstoprovidetheirchildrenwithcontinuityofcare,meaningtheintensive,intimatecarethathumanbeingsneedtodeveloptheirintellectual,emotionalandmoralcapabilities.Andsocietyexpects—andneeds―parentstopersistintheirrolesfor18years,orlongerifneeded."

Whilemostparentsdothisoutoflove,therearepublicpenaltiesfornotprovidingcare.Whatparentsdo,inotherwords,isofdeepconcerntothestate,fortheobviousreasonthatcaringforchildrenisnotonlymorallyurgentbutessentialforthefutureofsociety.Thestaterecognizesthisinthelargebodyoffamilylawsthatgovernchildren'welfare,yetparentsreceivelittlehelpinmeetingthelife-changingobligationssocietyimposes.Toclassifyparentingasapersonalchoiceforwhichthereisnocollectiveresponsibilityisnotmerelytoignorethesocialbenefitsofgoodparenting;really,itistostealthosebenefitsbecausetheyaccrue（不斷積累）tothewholeofsocietyastoday'schildrenbecometomorrow'sproductivecitizenry（公民）.Infact,bysomeestimates,thevalueofparentalinvestmentsinchildren,investmentsoftimeandmoney（includinglostwages）,isequalto20-30%ofgrossdomesticproduct.Iftheseinvestmentsgeneratehugesocialbenefits-astheyclearlydo—thebenefitsofprovidingmoresocialsupportforthefamilyshouldbethatmuchclearer.

1.Whatdowelearnaboutpaidfamilyleavefromthefirstparagraph?

2.Whathaspreventedthepassingofwork-familybalancelawsintheUnitedStates?

3.WhatisProfessorAnneAlstott'sargumentforparentalsupport?

4.WhatdoestheauthorthinkofAmerica'slargebodyoffamilylaws-governingchildren'swelfare?

5.Whydoestheauthorobjecttoclassifyingparentingasapersonalchoice?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.ItsmeaningwasclarifiedwhenitwasestablishedinAustralia.

B.IthasnowbecomeahottopicintheUnitedStates.

C.ItcameasasurprisewhenAustraliaadoptedthepolicy.

D.Americaisnowtheonlydevelopedcountrywithoutthepolicy.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.TheincompetenceoftheDemocrats.

B.Theoppositionfrombusinesscircles.

C.ThelackofaprecedentinAmericanhistory.

D.TheexistingFamilyandMedicalLeaveAct.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Goodparentingbenefitssociety.

B.ThecostofraisingchildrenintheU.S.hasbeengrowing.

C.TheU.S.shouldkeepupwithotherdevelopedcountries.

D.Childrenneedcontinuouscare.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Theyfailtoensurechildren'shealthygrowth

B.Theyfailtoprovideenoughsupportforparents

C.Theyemphasizeparents'legalresponsibilities.

D.Theyimposethecareofchildrenonparents.

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.Itisbasicallyasocialundertaking.

B.Itrelieslargelyonsocialsupport.

C.Itgenerateshugesocialbenefits.

D.Itisregardedasalegalobligation.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:B

第3題:A

第4題:B

第5題:A

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由第一段“Lastspringoneofthetwo,Australia,gaveupthedubiousdistinctionbyestablishingpaidfamilyleavestartingin2011.Iwasn'tsurprisedwhenthisdidn'tmakethenewshereintheUnitedStates—we'renowtheonlywealthycountrywithoutsuchapolicy.去年春天，其中之一的澳大利亞放棄了這一可疑的區(qū)別，從2011年開始實(shí)行帶薪產(chǎn)假。我一點(diǎn)也不驚訝，這并沒有成為美國的新聞——我們現(xiàn)在是唯一一個(gè)沒有這樣的政策的富裕國家。”據(jù)此可知美國仍然沒有實(shí)行帶薪產(chǎn)假。故D項(xiàng)正確。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由第二段“Infact,everystepoftheway,as（usually）Democraticleadershavetriedtointroducework-familybalancemeasuresintothelaw,businessgroupshavebeenstronglyopposed.事實(shí)上，當(dāng)（通常）民主黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人試圖在法律中引入工作與家庭平衡的措施時(shí)，每一步都遭到了商業(yè)團(tuán)體的強(qiáng)烈反對(duì)?！睋?jù)此可知B項(xiàng)“遭到商業(yè)界的反對(duì)”正確。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。AsYalelawprofessorAnneAlstottargues,justifyingparentalsupportdependsondefiningthefamilyasasocialgoodthat,insomesense,societymustpayfor.正如耶魯大學(xué)法學(xué)教授安妮?奧爾斯托特（AnneAlstott）所指出的那樣，要證明父母支持子女的合理性，就必須將家庭定義為一種社會(huì)有利的單位，在某種意義上，社會(huì)必須為此買單?？芍狝nne教授認(rèn)為社會(huì)應(yīng)該支持parentalsupport，因?yàn)榧彝ナ菍?duì)社會(huì)有利的單位，孩子良好的教養(yǎng)對(duì)社會(huì)有利。故A項(xiàng)正確。B項(xiàng)“在美國，養(yǎng)育孩子的成本一直在增長。”和C項(xiàng)“美國應(yīng)該趕上其他發(fā)達(dá)國家。”以及D項(xiàng)“孩子們需要持續(xù)的照顧”與Anne的觀點(diǎn)無關(guān)。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由第四段“Thestaterecognizesthisinthelargebodyoffamilylawsthatgovernchildren'welfare,yetparentsreceivelittlehelpinmeetingthelife-changingobligationssocietyimposes.國家在管理兒童福利的大量家庭法律中認(rèn)識(shí)到這一點(diǎn)，但在履行社會(huì)強(qiáng)加的改變?nèi)松牧x務(wù)方面，父母幾乎得不到幫助?！睋?jù)此可知父母真正得到的來自該法律的幫助很少。故B項(xiàng)正確。

5.判斷推理題。由第四段“Toclassifyparentingasapersonalchoiceforwhichthereisnocollectiveresponsibilityisnotmerelytoignorethesocialbenefitsofgoodparenting;really,itistostealthosebenefitsbecausetheyaccruetothewholeofsocietyastoday'schildrenbecometomorrow'sproductivecitizenry.把養(yǎng)育子女歸為沒有集體責(zé)任的個(gè)人選擇，不僅是忽視了良好養(yǎng)育的社會(huì)效益;實(shí)際上，它是在竊取這些福利，因?yàn)樗鼈儠?huì)累積到整個(gè)社會(huì)，因?yàn)榻裉斓膬和瘜⒊蔀槊魈旄挥谐尚У墓??！睋?jù)此可知作者認(rèn)為良好養(yǎng)育能帶來社會(huì)效益，養(yǎng)育子女是社會(huì)的責(zé)任，是一種社會(huì)事業(yè)。故A項(xiàng)正確。

8.單選題

Springfieldfirefightersquickly（）aburningSUVinaparkinglotinForestPark.Thecauseremainsunderinvestigation.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.extinguished

B.excluded

C.exceeded

D.exposed

【答案】A

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。extinguish熄滅，壓制；exclude排斥；exceed超過，expose暴露。由firefighter可推知消防員將火撲滅了。故A項(xiàng)正確。句意：斯普林菲爾德消防員迅速熄滅了在森林公園的一個(gè)停車場燃燒的SUV。事故原因仍在調(diào)查中。

9.單選題

Ifyouwanttoteachyourchildrenhowtosaysorry,youmustbegoodatsayingityourself,especiallytoyourownchildren.Buthowyousayitcanbequitetricky.

Ifyousaytoyourchildren"I'msorryIgotangrywithyou,but..."whatfollowsthat"but"canrendertheapologyineffective:"Ihadabadday"or"yournoisewasgivingmeaheadache"leavesthepersonwhohasbeeninjuredfeelingthatheshould-beapologizingforhisbadbehaviorinexpectinganapology.

Anothermethodbywhichpeopleappeartoapologizewithoutactuallydoingsoistosay"I'msorryyou'reupset";thissuggeststhatyouaresomehowatfaultforallowingyourselftogetupsetbywhattheotherpersonhasdone.

Thenthereisthegeneral,allcoveringapology,whichavoidsthenecessityofidentifyingaspecificactthatwasparticularlyhurtfulorinsulting,andwhichthepersonwhoisapologizingshouldpromisenevertodoagain.Saying"I'muselessasaparent"doesnotcommitapersontoanyspecificimprovement.

Thesepseudo-apologiesareusedbypeoplewhobelievesayingsorryshowsweakness.Parentswhowishtoteachtheirchildrentoapologizeshouldseeitasasignofstrength,andthereforenotresorttothesepseudo-apologies.

Butevenwhenpresentedwithexamplesofgenuinecontrition,childrenstillneedhelptobecomeawareofthecomplexitiesofsayingsorry.Athree-year-oldmightneedhelpinunderstandingthatotherchildren,feelpainjustashedoes,andthathittingaplaymateovertheheadwithaheavytoyrequiresanapology.Asix-year-oldmightneedremindingthatspoilingotherchildren'sexpectationscanrequireanapology.A12-year-olclmightneedtobeshownthatraidingthebiscuittinwithoutaskingpermissionisacceptable,butthatborrowingaparent'sclotheswithoutpermissionisnot.

1.Ifamotheradds"but"toanapology,（）.

2.Accordingtotheauthor,saying"I'msorryyou'reupset"mostprobablymeans（）.

3.Itisnotadvisabletousethegeneral,all-coveringapologybecause（）.

4.Welearnfromthelastparagraphthatinteachingchildrentosaysorry（）.

5.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatapologizingproperlyis（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.shedoesn'tfeelthatsheshouldhaveapologized

B.shedoesnotrealizethatthechildhasbeenhurt

C.thechildmayfindtheapologyeasiertoaccept

D.thechildmayfeelthat,heowesheranapology

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Youhavegoodreasontogetupset

B.I'mawareyou'reupset,butI'mnottoblame

C.Iapologizeforhurtingyourfeelings

D.I’matfaultformakingyouupset

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.itgetsoneintothehabitofmakingemptypromises

B.itmaymaketheotherpersonfeelguilty

C.itisvagueandineffective

D.itishurtfulandinsulting

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.thecomplexitiesinvolvedshouldbeignored

B.theiragesshouldbetakenintoaccount

C.parentsneedtosetthemagoodexample

D.parentsshouldbepatientandtolerant

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.asocialissuecallingforimmediateattention

B.notnecessaryamongfamilymembers

C.asignofsocialprogress

D.notassimpleasitseems

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:B

第3題:C

第4題:B

第5題:D

【解析】1.判斷推理題。根據(jù)題干定位到第二段"Ifyousaytoyourchildren"I'msorryIgotangrywithyou,but..."whatfollowsthat"but"canrendertheapologyineffective:"Ihadabadday"or"yournoisewasgivingmeaheadache"leavesthepersonwhohasbeeninjuredfeelingthatheshould-beapologizingforhisbadbehaviorinexpectinganapology."可知如果在道歉后加了"but"，那么會(huì)使那個(gè)受傷的人感覺為了得到別人的道歉，他得先為自己不好的行為道歉。與D項(xiàng)“這個(gè)孩子可能會(huì)覺得他欠他媽媽一個(gè)道歉”相符。故D項(xiàng)正確。

2.判斷推理題。根據(jù)題干定位到第三段"I'msorryyou'reupset";thissuggeststhatyouaresomehowatfaultforallowingyourselftogetupsetbywhattheotherpersonhasdone."如果這樣道歉——“我很抱歉你生氣了”;這表明你在某種程度上是錯(cuò)誤的，因?yàn)槟阕屪约罕粍e人的所作所為弄得心煩意亂?！庇纱丝芍狼溉似鋵?shí)并沒有真正地道歉，而是認(rèn)為別人是由于自己的原因而心情不好。與B項(xiàng)相符。

3.判斷推理題。根據(jù)題干定位到第四段"Saying"I'muselessasaparent"doesnotcommitapersontoanyspecificimprovement."如果家長道歉說“我是個(gè)沒用的家長”并不能讓一個(gè)人得到任何具體的改善?？芍眠@種道歉方法是無效的。故C項(xiàng)正確。

4.判斷推理題。Butevenwhenpresentedwithexamplesofgenuinecontrition,childrenstillneedhelptobecomeawareofthecomplexitiesofsayingsorry.Athree-year-oldmightneedhelpinunderstandingthatotherchildren,feelpainjustashedoes,andthathittingaplaymateovertheheadwithaheavytoyrequiresanapology.Asix-year-oldmightneedremindingthatspoilingotherchildren'sexpectationscanrequireanapology.A12-year-olclmightneedtobeshownthatraidingthebiscuittinwithoutaskingpermissionisacceptable,butthatborrowingaparent'sclotheswithoutpermissionisnot.但是，即使孩子們看到了真誠悔過的例子，他們?nèi)匀恍枰獛椭鷣硎蛊湟庾R(shí)到道歉的復(fù)雜性。一個(gè)三歲的孩子可能需要幫助來理解其他孩子也像他一樣感到疼痛，用沉重的玩具打玩伴的頭需要道歉。一個(gè)六歲的孩子可能需要被提醒，辜負(fù)其他孩子的期望可能需要道歉。一個(gè)12歲的孩子可能需要被告知，未經(jīng)許可就亂翻餅干罐是可以接受的，但未經(jīng)許可就借父母的衣服就不行。最后一段舉例講述了不同年齡段的孩子都需要不同程度的提醒或告誡來使其意識(shí)到道歉的復(fù)雜性。故B項(xiàng)“在教小孩子道歉時(shí)應(yīng)考慮他們的年齡。”正確。

5.判斷推理題。全文介紹了幾種偽道歉，最后總結(jié)這幾種道歉方式是無效的，并且提醒讀者教小孩道歉要考慮到他們的年齡。由此可見恰當(dāng)?shù)牡狼覆]有看起來那么簡單。A項(xiàng)“合理道歉是需要立即關(guān)注的社會(huì)問題”文中未提及；B項(xiàng)“合理道歉在家庭成員中不必要”與文中提到的“A12-year-olclmightneedtobeshownthatraidingthebiscuittinwithoutaskingpermissionisacceptable,butthatborrowingaparent'sclotheswithoutpermissionisnot.”不符；C項(xiàng)“合理道歉是社會(huì)進(jìn)步的標(biāo)志”與文中內(nèi)容無關(guān)。故答案D

10.單選題

IfthetradeunionistJimmyHoffawerealivetoday,hewouldprobablyrepresentcivilservant.WhenHoffa’sTeamsterswereintheirprimein1960,onlyoneintenAmericangovernmentworkersbelongedtoaunion;now36%do.In2009thenumberofunionistsinAmerica’spublicsectorpassedthatoftheirfellowmembersintheprivatesector.InBritain,morethanhalfofpublic-sectorworkersbutonlyabout15%ofprivate-sectoronesareunionized.

Therearethreereasonsforthepublic-sectorunions’thriving.First,theycanshutthingsdownwithoutsufferingmuchinthewayofconsequences.Second,theyaremostlybrightandwell-educated.AquarterofAmerica’spublic-sectorworkershaveauniversitydegree.Third,theynowdominateleft-of-centrepolitics.Someoftheirtiesgobackalongway.Britain’sLaborParty,asitsnameimplies,haslongbeenassociatedwithtradeunionism.Itscurrentleader,EdMiliband,oweshispositiontovotesfrompublic-sectorunions.

Atthestateleveltheirinfluencecanbeevenmorefearsome.MarkBaldassareofthePublicPolicyInstituteofCaliforniapointsoutthatmuchofthestate'sbudgetispatrolledbyunions.Theteachers'unionskeepaneyeonschools,theCCPOAonprisonsandavarietyoflaborgroupsonhealthcare.

Inmanyrichcountriesaveragewagesinthestatesectorarehigherthanintheprivateone.Buttherealgainscomeinbenefitsandworkpractices.Politicianshaverepeatedly“backloaded”public-sectorpaydeals,keepingthepayincreasesmodestbutaddingtoholidaysandespeciallypensionsthatarealreadygenerous.

Reformhasbeenvigorouslyopposed,perhapsmostegregiouslyineducation,wherecharterschools,academiesandmeritpayallfaceddrawn-outbattles.Eventhoughthereisplentyofevidencethatthequalityoftheteachersisthemostimportantvariable,teachers’unionshavefoughtagainstgettingridofbadonesandpromotinggoodones.

Asthecosttoeveryoneelsehasbecomeclearer,politicianshavebeguntoclampdown.InWisconsintheunionshaveralliedthousandsofsupportersagainstScottWalker,thehardlineRepublicangovernor.Butmanywithinthepublicsectorsufferunderthecurrentsystem,too.

JohnDonahueatHarvard’sKennedySchoolpointsoutthatthenormsofcultureinWesterncivilservicessuitthosewhowanttostayputbutisbadforhighachievers.TheonlyAmericanpublic-sectorworkerswhoearnwellabove$250,000ayearareuniversitysportscoachesandthepresidentoftheUnitedStates.Bankers’fatpaypacketshaveattractedmuchcriticism,butapublic-sectorsystemthatdoesnotrewardhighachieversmaybeamuchbiggerproblemforAmerica.

1.Paragraph1suggeststhat（）.

2.AccordingtoParagraph2,（）.

3.Paragraph4pointsoutthattheincomeinthestatesectoris（）.

4.ItcanbelearnedfromtheexampleoftheunionsinWisconsinthatunions（）

5.WhatisJohnDonahue’sattitudetowardsthepublic-sectorsystem?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.JimmyHoffausedtoworkasacivilservant

B.Teamstershaskeptgrowinginitsbodyofmembers

C.thenumberofunionistsinpublic-sectorhasincreased

D.thegovernmenthasimproveditsrelationshipwithunionists

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.auniversitydegreeisrequiredforpublic-sectorunionmembership

B.LaborPartyhaslongbeenfightingagainstpublic-sectorunions

C.public-sectorunionsseldomgetintroublefortheiractions

D.public-sectorunionsarehesitantintakingactions

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.fairlyadjusted

B.illegallysecured

C.indirectlyincreased

D.excessivelyincreased

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.oftenrunagainstthecurrentpoliticalsystem

B.maybeabarriertopublic-sectorreforms

C.canchangepeople’spoliticalattitudes

D.aredominantinthegovernment

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.Tolerance.

B.Disapproval.

C.Indifference.

D.Appreciation.

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:C

第3題:C

第4題:B

第5題:B

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由原文第一段第二句“WhenHoffa’sTeamsterswereintheirprimein1960,onlyoneintenAmericangovernmentworkersbelongedtoaunion;now36%do.”可知，在1960年只有十分之一的美國政府工作人員屬于工會(huì)而現(xiàn)在是36%。而由最后兩句“In2009thenumberofunionistsinAmerica’spublicsectorpassedthatoftheirfellowmembersintheprivatesector.InBritain,morethanhalfofpublic-sectorworkersbutonlyabout15%ofprivate-sectoronesareunionized.”可知，2009年，美國公共部門工會(huì)成員的數(shù)量超過了私營部門工會(huì)成員的數(shù)量。在英國，超過一半的公共部門員工加入了工會(huì)，但只有15%的私營部門員工加入了工會(huì)。由此可以判斷，這么多年來，公共部門的工會(huì)成員人數(shù)有所增加，所以C選項(xiàng)表述正確。原文只是說明JimmyHoffa如果活著可能會(huì)代表公務(wù)員，并不是說他真的是公務(wù)員，因此A選項(xiàng)與原文內(nèi)容不符。B選項(xiàng)“卡車司機(jī)成員不斷增加”與原文內(nèi)容不符，原文只是說1960年卡車司機(jī)處于巔峰時(shí)期，故表述錯(cuò)誤。D選項(xiàng)“政府改善了它與工會(huì)的關(guān)系”，在原文中并未提到，屬于無中生有。故本題正確答案為C選項(xiàng)。

2.推理判斷題。題干詢問：根據(jù)第二段可以得出……。原文第二段主要介紹了工會(huì)興盛的三個(gè)原因，原因一：他們可以在不承擔(dān)后果的情況下解決事情；原因二：他們大多聰明且受過良好的教育；原因三：他們現(xiàn)在主導(dǎo)著中間偏左的政治。由此可知，C選項(xiàng)表述正確，withoutsufferingmuch說明他們很少惹上麻煩，即seldomgetintrouble。原文第二段第四句指出“AquarterofAmerica’spublic-sectorworkershaveauniversitydegree”，所以并不是所有的公共部門工會(huì)成員都被要求擁有大學(xué)學(xué)位?？膳袛郃選項(xiàng)表述錯(cuò)誤。由原因三可知，工黨一直和工會(huì)聯(lián)系在一起，工黨領(lǐng)袖的當(dāng)選部分原因歸功于公共部分工會(huì)的投票，可判斷B選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤。D選項(xiàng)的表述在原文中并未提及，故本題正確答案為C選項(xiàng)。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干詢問：從第四段可以得知，國營部門的收入是……。根據(jù)題干信息可定位到原文第4段第三句，通過Politicianshaverepeatedly“backloaded”public-sectorpaydeals,keepingthepayincreasesmodestbutaddingtoholidaysandespeciallypensionsthatarealreadygenerous.可知，政客們一再“加碼”公共部門的薪酬協(xié)議，要保持適度的工資增長，但要增加假期，尤其是已經(jīng)很豐厚的養(yǎng)老金。由此可知，國營部門的收入需要間接進(jìn)行提高?？膳袛郈選項(xiàng)正確。A選項(xiàng)表示“公平調(diào)整”，B選項(xiàng)表示“非法獲得”，D選項(xiàng)表示“過度增加”，均與原文內(nèi)容不符，故本題正確答案為C選項(xiàng)。

4.推理判斷題。題干詢問：我們可以從威斯康辛州工會(huì)的例子中了解到，工會(huì)應(yīng)該……。根據(jù)題干信息可定位到原文第六段第二句“InWisconsintheunionshaveralliedthousandsofsupportersagainstScottWalker,thehardlineRepublicangovernor”，根據(jù)句意可知，在威斯康辛州，各工會(huì)集結(jié)了數(shù)千支持者，反對(duì)共和黨強(qiáng)硬派州長ScottWalker。由此可知B選項(xiàng)“工會(huì)是公共部門改革的障礙”表述正確。A選項(xiàng)“經(jīng)常與當(dāng)前的政治體制相抵觸”屬于推斷過度，而C選項(xiàng)“能改變?nèi)藗兊恼螒B(tài)度”和D選項(xiàng)“在政府中占主導(dǎo)地位”在原文中均為提及。因此，本題正確答案為B選項(xiàng)。

5.觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。題干詢問：JohnDonahue對(duì)公共工會(huì)部門的態(tài)度是……。根據(jù)題干信息定位到原文最后一段，由“Bankers’fatpaypacketshaveattractedmuchcriticism,butapublic-sectorsystemthatdoesnotrewardhighachieversmaybeamuchbiggerproblemforAmerica.”可知，銀行家豐厚的薪水引來了許多批評(píng)，但公共部門系統(tǒng)不獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)高成就者，這對(duì)美國來說可能是一個(gè)更大的問題。由此可見，JohnDonahue對(duì)于美國的公共部門持有不支持的態(tài)度，因此B選項(xiàng)Disapproval最