上冊UnitTwo專業(yè)知識講座市公開課金獎市賽課一等獎?wù)n件

《碩士英語精讀教程》(第三版·上)中國人民大學(xué)出版社第1頁UnitTwoCancer&Chemicals1.Text2.Exercises3.SupplementaryReading第2頁Cancer&Chemicals---AreWeGoingTooFar?

MarlaConeMenuTranslation第3頁implement※v.carryout執(zhí)行proposition△n.asuggestedoffer,arrangementorsettlement提議，提案MenuTranslation[1]Lastyear,CaliforniagovernorGeorgeDeukmejian①calledtogethermanyofthestate'sbestscientificmindstobeginimplementing﹡Proposition﹡65,thestate'sSafeDrinkingWaterandToxicEnforcementAct②.Thisnewlawbansindustriesfromdischargingchemicalsuspectedofcausingcancer(carcinogens)orbirthdefectsintowatersupplies.Someclaimitwillalsorequirewarninglabelsoneverythingthatmightcausecancer.第4頁[2]Adayofesoteric﹡scienceandincomprehensiblejargon﹡waspredicted.ButBruceAmes①,chairmanofthedepartmentofbiochemistryattheUniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeley,hadplanstoliventheproceedings.esotericadj.mysterious,taughttoaselectfew,(ofknowledge,interests,etc.)limitedtoasmallcircleofpeople神秘；局限于少數(shù)人jargonadj.theterminologyofaprofession,group,etc.行話TranslationMenu第5頁[3]Walkingintotheroom,Ameslookedlikethequintessential﹡scientist:wire-rimmed﹡bifocals,rumpled﹡suit,tousled﹡hairandasallow﹡complexion﹡thatshowedhespentmoretimeinhislaboratorythanintheCaliforniasunshine.quintessentialadj.ofperfectexample完美經(jīng)典rim※n.theoutsideedgeorborderof,esp.aroundorcircularobject(尤指圓形或環(huán)形物品)外緣，框架rumplev.disarrange(clothes,hair,etc.)弄皺touslev.disarrange,esp.thehair弄亂(尤指頭發(fā))sallowadj.yellowandunhealthy-looking(指皮膚)病黃色complexion※n.thenaturalcolourandappearanceoftheskin,esp.oftheface(臉部)皮膚，膚色Menu第6頁Assomeoneintoned﹡aboutthemechanismsofcarcinogenesis﹡,Amesbegantointerject﹡onev.recite(aprayer,psalm,etc.)inasingingtone;speakwithaparticulartone吟誦(祈禱文、贊美詩等)；以特殊音調(diào)說話carcinogenn.asubstancewhichtendstoproduceacancerinthebody致癌物質(zhì)interjectv.makeasuddenremarkbetweenothers突然插入說話TranslationMenu第7頁[4]"Thewholeworldischock-fullofcarcinogens,"Amesdeclared."Abeer,withits700partsperbillionofformaldehyde﹡andfivepartsper100ofalcoholisathousandtimesmorehazardousthananythinginthewater.Ifyouhavebeeronyourbreath,doesthatmeanyouhavetowarneveryonewhocomeswithintenfeetofyou?"formaldehyden.atypeofcolourlessgas甲醛MenuTranslation第8頁[5]Inanerawhenheadlinesshoutaboutthelatestcancerscare,Ameshasadifferentmessage:thelevelsofmostman-madecarcinogensaregenerallysolowthatanydangeristrivialcomparedwiththelevelsofnaturalcarcinogens.TranslationMenu第9頁[6]Amesisnotaquack.Atage59,heisoneofthenation'smostrespectedauthoritiesoncarcinogenesis.Hisresumeispackedwithhonors,includingtheCharles.MottPrize①fromtheGeneralMotorsCancerResearchFoundation②,oneofthemostprestigiousawardsincancerresearch,andmembershipintheNationalAcademyofSciences③.quackn.apersondishonestlyclaimingtohavespecial,esp.medicalknowledgeandpractisingaskillhedoesnothave冒充內(nèi)行之人(尤指醫(yī)術(shù)方面)；江湖醫(yī)生prestigious※adj.havingorbringingprestige有名望，有威信Menu第10頁EvenhiscriticssaytheAmestest—hissimple,inexpensivelaboratoryprocedurethathelpsdeterminewhetherasubstancemightcausecancer—isaremarkableachievement.TranslationMenu第11頁[7]ButAmesslaughters﹡sacredcows﹡.He'stakingontheenvironmentalmovement,whichsomehavecalledthesinglemostimportantsocialmovementofthe20thcentury.InApril1987,forinstance,heandtwocolleagues,RenaeMagawandLoisSwirskyGold,publishedareportinSciencemagazinethatrankedvariouspossiblecancerrisks.slaughtervt.tokill(animals)forfood屠宰(動物)asacredcowanypersonorthingregardedasabovecriticismorattack神圣不可侵犯人或物Menu第12頁Basedonanimaltestsofnearly1,000chemicals,thedatashowthatdailyconsumptionoftheaveragepeanut-buttersandwich,whichcontainstracesofaflatoxin﹡(anaturallyoccurringmoldcarcinogeninpeanuts),is100timesmoredangerousthanourdailyintakeofDDTfromfood,andthataglassofthemostpollutedwellwaterintheSilicon﹡Valleyis1,000timeslessofcancerriskthanaglassofwineorbeeris.aflatoxinn.黃曲霉毒素silicon※n.硅Menu第13頁He'snotadvisingpeopletostopconsumingpeanut-butter,beerandwine.Whathe'ssayingisthatmostcancerriskscreatedbymanaretrivialcomparedwitheverydaynaturalrisks,andit'snotclearhowmanyofthesearerealrisks.Bothtypesdistract﹡attentionfromsuchenormousriskfactorsastobacco.distractv.drawaway(person’sattentionfromsth.)轉(zhuǎn)移（一個人注意力），使分心MenuTranslation第14頁[8]Ames'scancerresearchbeganabout25yearsagooverabagofpotatochips.Ames,thenconductingresearchfortheNationalInstitutesofHealthinMaryland,wasreadingtheingredients﹡onthebag.Itstruckhimthatnooneknewwhateachchemicaldidtohumangenes﹡,andtherewasnoeasywaytofindout.ingredient※n.aparticularoneofamixtureofthings(混合)成份genen.基因TranslationMenu第15頁[9]Atthattime,scientiststestingforcarcinogenicityhadtosetuptimeconsumingandcostlylabexperimentsonratsandmice.Armedwiththeknowledgethatbacteriaaresensitivetosubstancesthatcausemutation,andthatcarcinogenswerelikelytobemutagens,Amesdevelopedacarcinogentestusingbacteria.TheAmestestwashailedasamajorscientificdevelopmentandisnowusedworldwide.mutationn.suddeninheritabledivergencefromancestraltype突變，變異

MenuTranslation第16頁[10]Onedayin1974Ames,nowteachingatBerkeley,suggestedthatsomestudentstestvarioushouseholdproducts.Tohissurprise,manycommonhairdyestestedpositive,asdidaflameretardant﹡usedinchildren'spajamas﹡.Almostovernight,Amesbecameaheroofenvironmentalistswhenhisfindingsledtonewregulationsandbansoncertainchemicals.aflameretardant阻燃劑pajamasn.(pl.)loose-fittingjacketandtrousersforsleepingin寬松睡衣褲TranslationMenu第17頁[11]Forthenextdecadepublicconcernovercarcinogenscontinuedtorise."Then,"Amessays,"Istartedrealizingsomethingwasn'tright."Toomanynaturalsubstancesalsotestedpositiveascarcinogensormutagens:fruitjuices,brownmustard﹡,celery﹡,parsley﹡.mustard△n.芥菜celeryn.芹菜parslyn.歐芹Menu第18頁Infact,abouthalfofallchemicalstestedbyAmes—bothnaturalandman-made—turnedouttobepotentiallycarcinogenicwhengiveninenormousdosestoratsandmice.TranslationMenu第19頁[12]Amesatfirstassumedhehaderred﹡withhistest.Hehadn't.Hiserrorhadbeenmakingthecommon,butnaive,assumptionthatonlyman-madechemicalscouldbedangerous.

"Whyassumenatureisbenign﹡?"henowsays.err△v.makemistakes;doorbewrong犯錯，做錯benignadj.(ofadisease)notdangeroustolife,notmalignant(指病變)無危險，良性MenuTranslation第20頁[13]ThecampaignsupportingCalifornia'sProposition65convincedAmesthathehadadutytoexplainthistothepublic."Whenpeoplesaidcertainbirthdefectswerecausedbyapartperbillionofsomethinginthewater,Ithoughtitirresponsible,"hesays."It'sjustplayingwithpeople'sfears.Youcanalwaysfindapartperbillionofsomethinginthewater."TranslationMenu第21頁[14]Intestimony﹡beforeaCaliforniasenatecommittee,Amesnotedthattapwater,forinstance,containsthecarcinogenchloroform﹡atabout83ppbduetochlorination﹡.testimony△n.aformalstatementthatsomethingistrue,asmadebyawitnessinacourtoflaw(法庭上見證人所作)見證chloroformn.氯仿chlorinationn.使氯化，用氯氣處理Menu第22頁Butcoffeecontainstwonaturalcarcinogensatabout4,000ppbeach,whilehumanbloodaverages3,000ppbofformaldehydefromnormalmetabolism﹡.cessbywhichfoodisbuiltupintolivingmatterorbywhichlivingmatterisbrokendownintosimplesubstances新陳代謝，代謝作用TranslationMenu第23頁[15]SomepeopleassumeAmesisastooge﹡forthechemicalindustry,whichheisnot.Hedoesnoconsultingforthechemical,drugorfoodcompanies,orforlawfirms.Andheacceptsnograntsfrombusiness.stoogen.anypersonwhoactsasafoil,(anunderling,etc.)toanother陪襯；傀儡MenuTranslation第24頁[16]EnvironmentalistsrejectAmes'sarguments,sayingthatweareobligated﹡tokeepthetotalexposuretocarcinogensaslowaspossible."Somehowhethinkstherehastobeachoice,"saysCarlPopeoftheSierraClub."IfwehadtochoosebetweenTCE[asuspectedcancercausingsolvent]indrinkingwaterandpubliceducationoncigarettesmoking,maybehe'sright.Butwedon'thavetomakeachoice."obligate※pelaperson,esp.legallytodosth.強(qiáng)制(某人，尤指依法)做某事TranslationMenu第25頁[17]Ames'sreply:"Youdon'twanteverychemicalcompanydumpingtheirgarbageoutthebackdoor.Butthepriceyoupayforlivinginamodern,industrialsocietyisafewpartsperbillionofchemicalsinthewater.Youcangetridofit,butatenormouscost.Ifyouspendallyourtimechasingtrivia﹡,youlosesightoftheimportantrisks."trivian.(pl.)trifles;unimportantdetails不主要事，瑣事MenuTranslation第26頁Exercises

Ⅰ.Comprehension

Ⅱ.Vocabulary

Ⅲ.Cloze

Ⅳ.Translation(EnglishtoChinese)Ⅴ.Translation(ChinesetoEnglish)

Ⅵ.WritingMenu第27頁Ⅰ.ComprehensionAnswerthefollowingquestionsorcompletethefollowingstatementsbychoosingthebestalternativeA,B,CorDundereach.Youareallowed2minutes30secondsforthispart.1.Ames'sappearanceatlastyear'smeetingshowedthat_____.helikedtoenjoytheCaliforniasunshinehewastoobusytocareforhimselfhewasparticularabouthisclotheshepaidnoattentiontohimselfMenuAnswers第28頁Ⅰ.Comprehension2.AccordingtoAmes,inoureraman-madecarcinogensare_____.lessdangerousthannaturalcarcinogensasdangerousasnaturalcarcinogensmoredangerousthannaturalcarcinogensthelatestcancerscare3."Amesslaughterssacredcows“meansthat_____.AmesoftenkillscowsAmeslikestoeatbeefAmesdoesn'tbelieveinanyreligionAmesdefiesanythingregardedasabovecriticismAnswersMenu第29頁4.WhatAmesreallywantstosayinhisreportinSciencemagazineisthat_____.dailyconsumptionoftheaveragepeanut-buttersandwichis100timesmoredangerousthanourdailyintakeofDDTfromfoodaglassofthemostpollutedwellwaterintheSiliconValleyis1,000timeslessofcancerriskthanaglassofwineorbeerispeopleshouldstopconsumingpeanut-butter,beerandwinemostman-madecancerrisksaretrivialcomparedwithdailynaturalrisksandit'snotclearhowmanyofthesearerealrisksⅠ.ComprehensionMenuAnswers第30頁5.BeforeAmesdevelopedacarcinogentestusingbacteria,scientists_____.madetheirexperimentsonbacteriadidnotknowthatbacteriaweresensitivetomutagenshadknownthatbacteriaweresensitivetocarcinogenshadspentmuchtimeandmoneymakingexperimentsonbacteriaⅠ.ComprehensionAnswersMenu第31頁6.In1974,Amessuddenlybecameaheroofenvironmentalistsas_____.hesuggestedthatsomestudentstestvarioushouseholdproductsmanycommonhairdyestestedpositiveaflameretardantusedinchildren'spajamastestedpositivehisfindingsresultedinnewregulationsandlawsoncertainchemicalsⅠ.ComprehensionMenuAnswers第32頁7.Peopletendtoassumenatureisbenignbecause_____.theybelieveonlyman-madechemicalscouldbedangerousAmeshaderredwithhisteststheyarenaiveandignorantabouttheAmesTestmostnaturalsubstanceshavebeentestednegativeascarcinogensormutagensⅠ.ComprehensionAnswersMenu第33頁8.Environmentalists'argumentagainstAmesisthat_____.AmesisastoogeforthechemicalindustryAmesdoesconsultingforthechemicaldrugandfoodcompaniesorlawfirmsAmeshaserredinsupposingthatwehavetomakeachoicebetweencancerrisksMoreattentionshouldbepaidtoTCEindrinkingwaterthanpubliceducationofcigarettesmokingⅠ.ComprehensionMenuAnswers第34頁9.Ames'sreplytotheenvironmentalistsisthat_____.wehavetopayforlivinginamodernindustrialsocietyweshouldnotwastetimeontriviaattheexpenseofrealriskswehavetogetridofharmfulchemicalsinthewateratanycostseverychemicalcompanyshoulddumpitsgarbageoutthebackdoorⅠ.ComprehensionAnswersMenu第35頁10.Fromthetextwecaninferthatman-madecarcinogensare______.nomoreharmfultotheAmericanpublicthanapeanut-buttersandwichnotmoreharmfultotheAmericanpublicthanapeanut-buttersandwichmoreharmfultotheAmericanpublicthanapeanut-buttersandwichharmfultotheAmericanpublicwhileapeanut-buttersandwichisnotⅠ.ComprehensionMenuAnswers第36頁11.Ameshasadopteda______attitudetowardsCalifornia’sProposition65.watch-and-wait B.no-commentC.critical D.respectfulⅠ.ComprehensionAnswersMenu第37頁Ⅱ.VocabularyA.IdentifyoneofthefourchoicesA,B,C,orDwhichwouldkeepthemeaningoftheunderlinedwordorphrase.1.Afterhisfatherdied,Billtookonthemanagementofthefactory.gotB.undertook C.organizedD.held2.Thosestudentswhohaveaccesstohisesotericdiscussionswereimpressedbythescopeofhisthinking.knownbyfew B.knowntoallC.verylively D.quitepopularMenuAnswers第38頁Ⅱ.VocabularyA.IdentifyoneofthefourchoicesA,B,C,orDwhichwouldkeepthemeaningoftheunderlinedwordorphrase.3.Themusicoftheradiodistractedmefrommyreading.A.engrossedB.confusedC.refrainD.diverted4.AbrahamLincolnwasquintessentialAmericanpatriot.A.great B.famous C.typical D.reveredAnswersMenu第39頁Ⅱ.VocabularyA.IdentifyoneofthefourchoicesA,B,C,orDwhichwouldkeepthemeaningoftheunderlinedwordorphrase.5.Everynowandthen,thespeakerinterjectedsomewittyremark.A.rejected B.criticized C.inserted D.jeered6.Whydoyougetangryoversuchtrivialmatters?A.ofgreatworth B.ofgreatbenefitC.oflittleworth D.oflittlehelpMenuAnswers第40頁Ⅱ.VocabularyA.IdentifyoneofthefourchoicesA,B,C,orDwhichwouldkeepthemeaningoftheunderlinedwordorphrase.7.Theyoungestboywaslaughedatforhisnaiveremarks.innocentB.wittyC.amusingD.foolish8.Theladyrumpledherskirtbysittingontheseatwhileflying.A.disorderedB.disarrangedC.creasedD.crashedAnswersMenu第41頁Ⅱ.VocabularyA.IdentifyoneofthefourchoicesA,B,C,orDwhichwouldkeepthemeaningoftheunderlinedwordorphrase.9.Thousandsofpeopleareneedlesslyslaughteredinroadaccidentsinhiscountryeachyear.wounded B.killed C.injuredD.crushed10.Iboughtthisclothcheapbecausethereisasmalldefectinit.A.spot B.dot C.flaw D.pointMenuAnswers第42頁Ⅱ.VocabularyB.Choosethecorrectanswer.Onlyoneansweriscorrect.11.Yourjobisnottomakedecisionsbutto_____plete B.accomplishC.Implement D.affect12.Wouldyou_____himamongtheworld’sgreatstatesmen?A.rank B.call C.name D.hailAnswersMenu第43頁Ⅱ.VocabularyB.Choosethecorrectanswer.Onlyoneansweriscorrect.13.Understandingisoneofthemostimportant_____ofasuccessfulmarriage.ingredients B.standardsC.keys D.methods14.Thereare_____ofpoisoninthedeadman’sblood.A.pieces B.traces C.slices D.lotsMenuAnswers第44頁Ⅱ.VocabularyB.Choosethecorrectanswer.Onlyoneansweriscorrect.15.Hehadbeenillformonths,andweweredisturbedbyhis_____complexion.fair B.sallow C.dark D.white16.Awitnessincourtis_____totellthetruth.tempted B.obligatedC.urged D.praisedAnswersMenu第45頁Ⅱ.VocabularyB.Choosethecorrectanswer.Onlyoneansweriscorrect.17.A_____swellingortumourcanusuallybecured.malignant B.benignC.small D.mild18.Itisbetterto_____onthesideofmercy.A.err B.add C.work D.offerMenuAnswers第46頁Ⅱ.VocabularyB.Choosethecorrectanswer.Onlyoneansweriscorrect.19.Hehasavery_____address;helivesinthebestpartoftown.wealthy B.comfortableC.prestigious D.Accessible20.Wealllistenedtothepriest_____oning B.utteringC.speaking D.deliveringAnswersMenu第47頁Ⅲ.ClozeReadthepassagethroughandchooseonesuitablewordorphrasemarkedA,B,CorDforeachblankinthepassage.Weallknowthatnormalhumandaily1ofactivityisofsome7～8hours'sleep2withsome16～17hours'wakefulnessandthat,broadlyspeaking,thesleepnormallycoincideswiththehoursof3.A.life B.cycle C.operation D.planA.alternatingB.keeping C.going D.shiftingA.dawn B.quietness C.darkness D.mid-nightMenuAnswers第48頁Ourpresentconcerniswithhoweasilyandtowhatextentthisnormalitycanbemodified.Thequestionisnomoreanacademicone.Theease,forexample,withwhichpeoplecanchangefromworkinginthedaytoworkingatnightisaquestionofgrowingimportanceinindustrywhere4callsinsistentlyforround-the-clockworkingofmachine.Itnormallytakesfromfivedaystooneweekforapersontoadapttoa5routineofsleepandwakefulness,sleepingduringthedayandworkingatnight.A.production B.automation C.management D.manufactureA.fixed B.reserved C.given D.reversedAnswersMenu第49頁Unfortunately,itisoftenthecaseinindustrythatshiftsarechangedeveryweek,apersonmayworkfrom12mid-nightto8a.m.6week,8a.m.to4p.m.thenext,and4p.m.to12mid-nightthethirdandsoon.Thismeansthatnosoonerhashegotusedtooneroutine7hewastochangetoanother,sothatmuchofhistimeisspentneitherworkingnorsleepingefficiently.A.a B.first C.one D.theA.than B.when C.one D.whileMenuAnswers第50頁Oneanswerwouldseemtobelongerperiodsoneachshift,amonth,oreventhreemonths.Recentresearch,however,hasshownthatpeopleonsuchsystemswillgetbackintotheirnormalhabitsofsleepandwakefulnessduringtheweekendandthatthisisquiteenoughto8anyadaptationtonightworkbuiltupduringtheweek.A.harm B.change C.demolish D.reduceAnswersMenu第51頁Theonlyrealsolutionappearstobetohand9thenightshifttoa10ofpermanentnightworkerswhoseadaptationtonightworkmaypersist11allweekendsandholidays.Aninterestingstudyofthedomesticlifeandhealthofnight-shiftworkerswascarriedoutbyBrownin1967.A.down B.over C.from D.InA.corps B.crowd C.gang D.flockA.in B.for C.through D.onMenuAnswers第52頁Shefoundahigh12ofdisturbedsleep,digestivedisorderanddomesticdisruptionamongthoseonalternatingdayandnightshifts,butnoabnormaloccurrenceofthese13amongthoseonpermanentnightwork.A.incidence B.happening C.level D.possibilityA.diseases B.symbols C.signs D.symptomsAnswersMenu第53頁Thislattersystemthenappearstobethebestlong-termpolicy,but,forthetimebeing,somethingmaybedonetorelievethe14ofalternatedayandnightworkbyselectingthosepeoplewhocanadaptmost15tothechangesofroutine.A.task B.hardship C.strains D.weightA.permanently B.Frequently C.willingly D.quicklyMenuAnswers第54頁Ⅳ.Translation(EnglishtoChinese)Whetheryoudieatayoungageorwhenyouareolderislessimportantthanwhetheryouhavefullylivedtheyearsyouhavehad.Onepersonmaylivemoreineighteenyearsthananotherdoesineighty.Byliving,wedonotmeanfranticallyaccumulatingarangeandquantityofexperiencevaluedinfantasybyothers.Rather,wemeanlivingeachdayasifitistheonlyoneyouhave.AnswersMenu第55頁Ⅳ.Translation(EnglishtoChinese)Wemeanfindingasenseofpeaceandstrengthtodealwithlife'sdisappointmentsandpainwhilealwaysstrivingtodiscovervehiclestomakemoreaccessible,increase,andsustainthejoysanddelightsoflife.MenuAnswers第56頁Ⅴ.Translation(ChinesetoEnglish)1.那個政客以許多事實和數(shù)字作為武器。(armwith)2.我以為我們在那里確實學(xué)到了許多東西。(strike)3.現(xiàn)在工人們各方面條件比起前都大大改進(jìn)了。(ascomparedwith)4.依據(jù)人民共和國法律，父母有責(zé)任送兒女上學(xué)。(obligate)AnswersMenu第57頁Ⅴ.Translation(ChinesetoEnglish)5.他錯誤是確定事實前就做了決定。(err)6.科研工作不停開辟以前夢想不到可能性。50年前幾乎沒有什么人能夠想象得到像計算機(jī)、激光和全息攝影術(shù)這么東西。今天大量新興技術(shù)，如人工智能，遺傳工程，正在為技術(shù)人員開辟各種新路徑。不論喜歡不喜歡，不停發(fā)展技術(shù)已經(jīng)使我們成了地球主人。MenuAnswers第58頁Ⅵ.WritingTitle:CancerTimelimit:30minutesWordlimit:120～150wordsAnswersMenu第59頁Ⅰ.SupplementaryReadingⅡ.QuestionsSupplementaryReadingMenu第60頁SupplementaryReadingMystery-andMaybeDanger-intheAirMenu第61頁SupplementaryReading[1]Canelectricitycausecancer?Inasocietythatliterallyrunsonelectricpower,theveryideaseemspreposterous.Butformorethanadecade,agrowingbandofscientistsandjournalistshaspointedtostudiesthatseemtolinkexposuretoelectromagneticfieldswithincreasedriskofleukemiaandothermalignancies.Menu第62頁SupplementaryReadingTheimplicationsareunsettling,tosaytheleast,sinceeveryonecomesintocontactwithsuchfields,whicharegeneratedbyeverythingelectrical,frompowerlinesandantennastopersonalcomputersandmicrowaveovens.Becauseevidenceonthesubjectisinconclusiveandoftencontradictory,ithasbeenhardtodecidewhetherconcernaboutthehealtheffectsofelectricityislegitimate.Menu第63頁SupplementaryReading[2]NowthealarmistshavegainedsomequalifiedsupportfromtheU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.Intheexecutivesummaryofanewscientificreview,releasedindraftformlatelastweek,theEPAhasputforwardwhatamountstothemostseriousgovernmentwarningtodate.Menu第64頁SupplementaryReadingTheagencytentativelyconcludesthatscientificevidence"suggestsacausallink"betweenextremelylow-frequencyelectromagneticfields-thosehavingverylongwavelengths-andleukemia,lymphomaandbraincancer.WhilethereportfallsshortofclassifyingELFfieldsasprobablecarcinogens,itdoesidentifythecommon60-hertzmagneticfieldas"apossible,butnotproven,causeofcancerinhumans".Menu第65頁SupplementaryReading[3]Thereportisnoreasontopanic-oreventolosesleep.Ifthereisacancerrisk,itisasmallone.TheevidenceisstillsocontroversialthatthedraftstirredagreatdealofdebatewithintheBushAdministration,andtheEPAreleaseditoverstrongobjectionsfromthePentagonandtheWhiteHouse.Menu第66頁SupplementaryReading[4]Attheheartofthedebateisasimpleandwellunderstoodphysicalphenomenon:whenanelectriccurrentpassesthroughawire,itgeneratesanelectromagneticfieldthatexertsforcesonsurroundingobjects.Formanyyears,scientistsdismissedanysuggestionthatsuchforcesmightbeharmful,primarilybecausetheyaresoextraordinarilyweak.Menu第67頁SupplementaryReading[5]Doubtsaboutweak,so-callednonionizingradiationbegantogrowin1979,whenastudyofcancerratesamongColoradoschoolchildrenfoundthatthosewholivednearpowerlineshadtwotothreetimesasgreatachanceofdevelopingcancer.Thelinkseemedsounlikelythatwhenpowercompaniespaidtohavetheoriginalstudyreplicated,mostscientistsexpectedtheresultstobenegative.Menu第68頁SupplementaryReadingInfact,thesubsequentstudysupportedtheoriginalfindings,whichhavesincebeenbuttressedbyreportsshowingincreasedcancerratesamongelectricalworkers.[6]Whilemanyexpertsstillexpressskepticism,therehasbeenadefiniteshiftofattitudeinthescientificcommunityaboutthepossiblehealtheffectsofelectromagneticfields,asarecentseriesinSciencemagazinemadeclear.Menu第69頁SupplementaryReading[7]Butepidemiologicalstudies,whichfindstatisticalassociationsbetweensetsofdata,donotprovecauseandeffect.ThoughthereisabodyoflaboratoryworkshowingthatexposuretoELFfieldscanhavebiologyeffectsonanimaltissues,amechanismbywhichthoseeffectscouldleadtocancerousgrowthshasneverbeenfound.Menu第70頁SupplementaryReading[8]Meanwhile,ordinarycitizenscanexercisewhatiscalledprudentavoidance-doingrelativelyeasythingstominimizeapossiblerisk.Thisisnotthetimetosell,tearapartorrebuildahome.Butitmightmakesensetoshiftachild'sbedawayfromtheelectriclinethatbringspowertothehouse.Menu第71頁SupplementaryReadingOrtomovethetelephoneansweringmachineawayfromtheheadofthebed.Itisn'thardtotakeastepbackfromtheTVorcomputerscreen,anditcouldmakeabigdifferenceinthelongrun.Menu第72頁QuestionsAlthoughscientistspointedoutthatexposuretoelectromagneticfieldsmightincreasetheriskofleukemiaandothermalignancies,theyhaven'tgotstrongevidence.Ithasbeenprovedthatthecommon60-hertzmagneticfieldisacauseofcancerinhumans.WhydopeoplepaymuchattentiontotherecentEPAreport?Decidewhichofthefollowingstatementsistrueandwhichisfalse.Ifitisaquestion,answeritbriefly.MenuAnswers第73頁Questions4.ThereisnocontroversybetweentheWhiteHouseandEPAonsuchapointthatsomekindsofcancerarecausedbyelectromagneticfields.5.Forcesproducedbyelectromagneticfieldsonsurroundingobjectsarephysicalphenomena.6.Whydidpowercompaniespaytohavetheoriginalstudyreplicated?Decidewhichofthefollowingstatementsistrueandwhichisfalse.Ifitisaquestion,answeritbriefly.MenuAnswers第74頁Questions7.Theconsequentstudycouldnotprovethefindingsthatthosewholivednearpowerlineswereeasiertodevelopcancer.8.Sincetherehasbeennostrongevi