口腔口腔前庭

DENTALANATOMYDepartmentofStomatologyBeijingHospitalTounderstandthemainstructuresofmouth.Tograspthemaintermsoftoothanatomy.Tobefamiliarwiththeerupttimeofprimaryandpermernentdentition.固有口腔propercavityofmouthORGANSINMOUTHANDTHEIREXTERNALSIGNS口腔前庭vestibuleofmouthpropercavityofmouthvestibuleofmouth固有口腔界上：硬腭、軟腭下：舌、口底前、側(cè)：上下牙弓后：咽門唇（Lips）:上下唇系帶頰（Cheeks）：頰系帶、腮腺導(dǎo)管口、頰脂墊尖舌（Tongue）：舌體、舌根腭（Palate）:硬腭（HardPalate）軟腭（SoftPalate）切牙乳頭、切牙孔、腭大孔、上頜硬區(qū)及上頜隆突、腭小凹、舌腭弓、咽腭弓口底（Floorofmouth）:舌下肉阜、舌下皺襞HardpalateFloorofmouthUpperlipCheek絲狀乳頭菌狀乳頭：具有味覺功能。輪廓乳頭：具有味覺功能。葉狀乳頭舌乳頭：Thetongueisastrongmuscleinthemouththatiscoveredwithpapillae(smallbumpsonthetongue)andtastebuds(thatsensebitter,salty,sweet,andsourtastes).Thetastebudsareclusteredalongthesidesofthetongue.一、牙齒的形態(tài)（Toothconformation）牙齒由牙冠、牙根和牙頸構(gòu)成。據(jù)牙列所在部分分為前牙和后牙。據(jù)功能和形態(tài)分為切牙、尖牙、雙尖牙和磨牙。DENTALANATOMYCrown-thevisiblepartofatooth.Root-theanchorofatooththatextendsintothejawbone.Thenumberofrootsrangesfromonetothree.AnteriorTeethPosteriorTeethIncisorsCanineBicuspidsMolarsPeopleusetheirteethtobiteandchewfood-theyarethefirststepinthedigestionoffood.Thelong,sharpcanineteethtearupfood(likemeat).Thewide,flatmolarsgrindandmashupfood.Whilewechewfood.Thetonguepushesthefoodtotheteethandsalivahelpsdigestionandwetsthefood.Teethalsohelpussaycertainsounds.唇面（LabialSurface），頰面（BuccalSurface）舌面（LingualSurface）近中面（MesialSurface）遠中面（DistalSurface）咬合面（OcclusalSurface）溝（Groove），窩（Fossa）點隙（Pit），嵴（Ridge）MEDIAL-nearthemiddleormedialplane.LABIAL-relatingtothelip.LINGUAL-relatingtothetongue.MESIAL-towardthemiddle.DISTAL-apartfromthemiddle.OCCLUSAL-relatingtothebitingsurface.PROXIMALSURFACE-thesurfaceofthetoothadjacenttothenexttooth;referstothemesialanddistalsurfaces.牙根的數(shù)目與形態(tài)：單根：中切牙、側(cè)切牙、尖牙、下雙尖牙雙根：上雙尖牙、下第一、二磨牙三根：上第一、二磨牙二、牙齒的組織結(jié)構(gòu)牙釉質(zhì)（enamel）：半透明的鈣化組織---羥磷灰石，無機物95%以上。牙本質(zhì)（dentin）：牙的主體，淡黃，無機物70%，有神經(jīng)末梢穿過。牙骨質(zhì)（cementum）：覆蓋牙根表面，淡黃，無機物55%，有新生和修復(fù)功能。牙髓（pulp）：位于髓腔內(nèi)的疏松結(jié)締組織，包含血管、神經(jīng)、淋巴管、成纖維細胞、成牙本質(zhì)細胞等。神經(jīng)無髓鞘。Enamel

-thetough,shiny,whiteoutersurfaceofthetooth.Dentin

-thehardbutporoustissuelocatedunderboththeenamelandcementumofthetooth.Dentinisharderthanbone.

Cementum-alayeroftough,yellowish,bone-liketissuethatcoverstherootofatooth.Ithelpsholdthethetoothinthesocket.Thecementumcontainstheperiodontalmembrane.

Pulp

-thesoftcenterofthetooth.Thepulpcontainsbloodvesselsandnerves;itnourishesthedentin.Thecrownisencasedinenamelandtherootincementum.Enamelisthehardestsubstanceinthebodybeingdenselypackedwithhydroxyapatite(mineral)crystalandheavilymineralizedwithcalciumsalts.Cementumiscalcifiedconnectivetissue.Dentin,abonelikematerial,isundertheenamelandmakesupmostofthetooth.Thepulpcavityincludesbloodvessels,lymphaticsandnerves.PULPCAVITY-theentirespacewithinthetooththatcontainspulptissue.PULPCANAL-theportionofthepulpintherootofthetooth.APICALFORAMEN-anapertureintheapexoftheroot.三、牙周組織牙槽骨（alveolarbone）：包繞牙根，疏松，有彈性，牙重要的支持組織。牙周膜（periodontalmembrane）：牙根與牙槽骨之間的結(jié)締組織。固定牙齒、調(diào)節(jié)咀嚼壓力、營養(yǎng)牙齒。牙齦（gingiva）：色粉紅、韌、有彈性、點彩。游離齦和附著齦。齦溝<3mm。齦乳頭。Alveolarbone-bonesurroundingtheroot.Periodontalmembrane/ligament-thefleshytissuebetweentoothandthetoothsocket;itholdsthetoothinplace.Thefibersoftheperiodontalmembraneareembeddedwithinthecementum.Gingiva-themucosathatcoversthealveolarboneandsurroundstheteeth.上下頜牙在靜止和運動時的接觸關(guān)系稱為咬合關(guān)系。正中合、前伸合、側(cè)方合上牙覆蓋于下牙唇側(cè)，水平向成為覆蓋，<3mm；垂直向成為覆合，<1/3牙面。四、咬合關(guān)系OCCLUSION-therelationshipofthemaxillaryandmandibulararchinaclosedposition.CENTRICOCCLUSION-therelationshipoftheocclusalsurfacesofonearchtothoseintheopposingarchatphysicalrestposition.MALOCCLUSION-anydeviationfromtheidealpositioningoftheteeth.MAXILLARY-relatingtotheupperlawormaxilia.MANDIBULAR-relatingtothelowerjaw,ormandible.PorjectionOpenbiteCrossBiteCrowdingOverbiteOverjet五、乳牙和恒牙Peoplehavetwosetsofteethintheirlives,theprimaryteeth(alsocalledthebaby,milkordeciduousteeth)andthepermanentteeth(alsocalledtheadultorsecondaryteeth).Childrenhave20primaryteeth;theyarereplacedbythepermanentteethbyaboutage13.Adultshave32permanentteeth.乳牙列（DeciduousDentition）混合牙列（MixedDentition）恒牙列（PermanentDentition）乳牙（DeciduousTeeth）數(shù)目：20顆名稱：乳中切牙、乳側(cè)切牙、乳尖牙、乳磨牙。萌出時間：6個月---2.5歲Mostbabiesarebornwithnoteethshowing(theteethareforminginsidethegums).The20primaryteeth(alsocalledbabyteethorfirstteeth)erupt(pokethroughthegums)overthetimefromwhenababyisfromabout6monthstoayearold.牙名稱與順序萌出時間（月）乳中切牙6—8乳側(cè)切牙8—10第一乳磨牙12—16乳尖牙16—20第二乳磨牙24—30乳牙萌出時間與順序乳牙標(biāo)志與書寫DentalFormulaeEDCBAABCDEEDCBAABCDEⅤⅣⅢⅡⅠⅠⅡⅢⅣⅤⅤⅣⅢⅡⅠⅠⅡⅢⅣⅤ上下右左恒牙（PermanentTeeth）數(shù)目：28-32顆名稱：中切牙、側(cè)切牙、尖牙、第一雙尖牙、第二雙尖牙、第一恒磨牙、第二恒磨牙、第三恒磨牙萌出時間：6歲—12歲MaxillaryArcadeMandibularArcadePrimaryteethfalloutandarereplacedby32permanentteeth(alsocalledtheadultteeth).Thishappensoverthetimefromwhenachildisfromabout6to14yearsold.Asapermanenttoothformsunderthegumsandinthejawbone,therootsoftheprimarytoothitisreplacingdissolve.Thentheprimarytootheslooseandfallsout.Thepermanenttoothwillfillthespace.Thethirdmolarsofhumansarealsoknownas"wisdomteeth".Theseteethtypicallyemergebetween17and25yearsofage,andoftencrowdotherteethsuchthattheymustbepulled.Somepeopledon'thavewisdomteeth,whichsparesthemthistrauma.DentalFormulaeDeciduous2102

2102=10Permanent2123

2123=16ToothEruptionDeciduousPermanentIncisors6-10months7-8yearsCanine16-20months11yearsPremolars11-13yearsMolars10-24months6-25years恒牙萌出時間和順序牙名稱與順序萌出時間（歲）牙名稱與順序萌出時間（歲）

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