計(jì)算機(jī)應(yīng)用基礎(chǔ)英文版課件：3.Hardware

計(jì)算機(jī)應(yīng)用基礎(chǔ)FundamentalsofComputerandComputingFundamentalsofComputerandComputingChapter#1

ProblemsolvinginCSChapter#2

Datarepresentationincomputers

Chapter#3

HardwareChapter#4

OperatingsystemChapter#5

NetworkandinternetChapter#6

DatabasemanagementsystemChapter#7

ComputingasadisciplineChapter#8

Algorithmandprogramming3ConsiderthefollowingadPCCatalog4PCCatalog5PCCatalog6Quad-Corei5-2400/3.1GHz1x4GBDDR3SDRAMHDD1x320GBSATA7200rpmDVD±RW/DVD-RAMIntelQ67ExpressmainboardIntegratedIntelHDGraphics2000SoundcardintegratedGigabitEthernetWindows7Pro64-bitMonitor:none8USBports3yearswarrantyBepatient!Ifyoudon'tknownow,youshouldknowafterthislessonWhatdoesallthismean?PCCatalog7Computerhardware8ComputerhardwareThedevelopmentofcomputersHardwarestructureofcomputersOperatingprincipleofcomputersSystemarchitectureofcomputersContent1.abacus2.Mechanicalcaculator3.electromechanicalcomputer,MARK-I4.electronic

computerENIACThedevelopmentofcomputingtoolsFirstGeneration(1946－1958)：electrontubeSecondGeneration

(1958－1964)：transistorThirdGeneration

(1964－1971)：integratedcircuitFourthGeneration(1971-)：

large

scaleICDevelopmentofelectroniccomputersThedevelopmentofcomputersHardwarestructureofcomputersOperatingprincipleofcomputersSystemarchitectureofcomputersContentTuringMaching(圖靈機(jī))TheoreticalfoundationvonNeumannarchitecture(馮.諾依曼體系)FoundationofhardwaredesignThefoundationofcomputerFivebasicfunctions:1.Acceptinput2.Storedata3.Processdata4.Automaticcontrol5.GenerateoutputIn1945,JohnvonNeumann,anAmericanmathematician,putforwardthreemainideasaboutcomputerinhispaper:

Fivebasiccomponents

Usebinaryinformation

StoredprogramJohnvonNeumannHardwareStructureDataInputComputerOutputAddressDataData

ArithmeticunitMemoryinstruction

OuputDevice

DataControllerInputDeviceProgramAcoupleofabilities:storeprogram(kindofdata)andthenautomaticexecuteprogram.Computersuse“memory”(primarymemory主存/內(nèi)存)tostoreprogramanddatawhichwillbeprocessed.

Theprincipleofstoredprogram

CPUcanfetcheachinstruction（指令）inthatprogramfrommemoryonebyone,decodetheinformation,andthenexecutetheinformation,untilallinstructionsarefinished.HardwareStructure（Secondary）Storage（Primary）MemoryCentralProcessUnit(CPU)InputDeviceOutputDevicedataaddresscontrolALUControl輔助/外部存儲(chǔ)器ProcessorControl

UnitArithmetic

LogicUnit(ALU)Arithmetic

LogicUnit(ALU)CentralProcessingUnit(CPU)Input

DevicesStorage

DevicesOutput

DevicesInterpretsandcarriesoutbasicinstructionsthatoperateacomputerMemoryDataInformationInstruction

Data

InformationInstructionData

InformationControl

UnitControlunitdirectsandcoordinatesoperationsincomputerArithmeticlogicunit

(ALU)performs

arithmetic,comparison,

andlogicaloperations16Performsbasicarithmeticoperationssuchasadding.PerformslogicaloperationssuchasAND,OR,andNOT.MostmodernALUshaveasmallnumberofspecialhigh-speedstorageunitscalledregisters(寄存器).Registersholddatatobeprocessedimmediately,whilethemainmemoryholdsdatathatwillbeused"alittlebitlater“.Arithmetic/LogicUnit(ALU)17Controlunit-directsandcoordinatesoperationsincomputer.Therearetworegistersinthecontrolunit:Theinstructionregister(IR)containstheinstructionthatisbeingexecuted.Theprogramcounter(PC)containstheaddressofthenextinstructiontobeexecuted.ControlUnit18Memoryisacollectionofcells,

eachwithauniquephysicaladdress.Memory19ThedevelopmentofcomputersHardwarestructureofcomputersOperatingprincipleofcomputersSystemarchitectureofcomputersContentFlowofInformationThepartsareconnectedtooneanotherbyacollectionofwirescalledabus.21DataflowthroughavonNeumannarchitectureOperatingprincipleofcomputersRecallthealgorithmofconversionbetweennumbersystems:x->m-baseComputer:instructionsystem1.Datatransfer(mem?reg)2.Arithmetic/LogicOperation3.ProgramControl(loop,...)4.ExternalInput/Output(keyboad)5.MachineControl(halt/reset..)Usecomputertosolveaproblem

writeaprogramprogram:asequenceofinstructionsWhatacomputerdoes:TheFetch-ExecuteCycleTheFetch-ExecuteCycle23FetchthenextinstructionDecodetheinstructionGetdataifneededExecutetheinstructionThedevelopmentofcomputersHardwarestructureofcomputersOperatingprincipleofcomputersSystemarchitectureofcomputersContentThesystemUnitMicroprocessormemoryCPUperformanceBusandportsStorageDevicesInputDevicesOutputDevicesSystemarchitectureofcomputersTheSystemUnitWhatisthe

systemunit?

Thethingthatcontainselectroniccomponents

ofthecomputerused

toprocessdatasystemunitsystemunitsystemunitsystemunit26TheSystemUnitWhatarecommoncomponentsinsidethesystemunit?ProcessorMemoryAdapter

cardsSoundcardModemcardVideocardNetworkcardPortsDrivebaysPower

supplypowersupplyportsdrivebaysprocessormemorysoundcardvideocardmodemcardnetworkcard2728TheSystemUnitWhatisthe

motherboard?MaincircuitboardinsystemunitContainsadaptercards,processorchips,and

memorychipsprocessorchipadaptercardsmemorychipsmemoryslotsmotherboardExpansion

slotsfor

adaptercards2930TheSystemUnitWhatisa

chip?Smallpieceofsemi-conductingmaterialonwhichintegratedcircuitsareetchedChipsarepackagedsotheycanbeattachedtoacircuitboard31ThesystemUnitMicroprocessormemoryCPUperformanceBusandportsStorageDevicesInputDevicesOutputDevicesSystemarchitectureofcomputers33MicroprocessororecrystalsiliconPiecesofsiliconCircuitdesign34InsideofchipchipChip’spinCPUMicroprocessor35Thedevelopmentofmicroprocessor

TheproductsinIntel

indicatethedevelopmentofCPU.Now,let’srecallthedevelopmentofthemicroprocessorbyIntelproducts.Microprocessor36/wiki/List_of_Intel_microprocessors4004---1971

firstsingle-chipmicroprocessor4-bits8086---

1978

16-bits80286

---

1982

16-bits80386

---1985

32-bits80486

---

198932-bitsPentium

1993

–200532/64-bitsPentium,Pentium2-Pentium4,PentiumM,PentiumD,PentiumExtreme/wiki/PentiumCore

2006

32/64-bitsCore2Duo,Core2Quad,i3,i5,i7Microprocessor37MicroprocessorThesystemUnitMicroprocessormemoryCPUperformanceBusandportsStorageDevicesInputDevicesOutputDevicesSystemarchitectureofcomputers39Aboutmemory1whatismemory（內(nèi)存）?

memory(1)Memoryiselectroniccircuitrythatholdsdata(andprograminstructions)(2)Typesofmemory:

Randomaccessmemory(RAM)Read-onlymemory(ROM)CMOS40Aboutmemory2RAM(1)ChipsholdtheprogramanddatathattheCPUispresentlyprocessing.-------temporaryorvolatilestorage.(2)Randomaccessmemory(RAM)RAMspeedisoftenmeasuredinnanosecond.RAMspeedcanbe60nanoseconds,or70,80.41Aboutmemory42.43Aboutmemoryimportantwaitingroomrawdatathatiswaitingtobeprocessed.instructionsthatwillprocesstherawdataprocesseddataisstoredmorepermanentlyondiskortape.operatingsysteminstructionsthatcontrolthebasicfunctionsofthecomputersystem.TheseinstructionsareloadedintoRAMeverytimeyoustartyourcomputerandremainthereuntilyouturnthecomputeroff.44AboutmemoryEachRAMlocationhasanaddressandholdsonebyteofdata1byte=8bits1kilobytes=1024bytes1megabytes=1024kilobytes1gigabytes=1024megabytesTheamountsofcomputermemoryandstorageareusuallygiveninmegabytesorgigabytestoday.45AboutmemoryCPURAMHarddiskdatadatainformationinformation4ROMRead-onlymemory(ROM)chipshaveprogramsbuiltintothematthefactory.46

AboutmemoryROMROMchipsarenotvolatileandcannotbechangedbytheuser.ROMsarealsocalledfirmware.ROMcontainsasmallsetofinstructionscalledtheROMBIOS(BasicInputOutputSystem).BIOSisasmall,butcriticalpartoftheoperatingsystemthattellsthecomputerhowtoaccessthediskdrives.Whenyouturnonyourcomputer,theCPUperformstheinstructionsintheROMBIOStosearchthediskdriveforthemainoperatingsystemfiles.ThecomputerthenloadthesefilesintoRAMandusethemfortheremainderofthecomputingsession.47Aboutmemory48Aboutmemory5CMOSCMOSmemorycontainsessentialinformationthatisrequiredeverytimethecomputersystemisturnedon.ThechipsuppliessuchinformationastheamountofRAM,typeofkeyboard,mouse,monitor,anddiskdrives.Itispoweredbyabatteryanddoesnotloseitscontentswhenthepoweristurnedoff.UnlikeROM,itscontentscanbechangedtoreflectchangesinthecomputersystemsuchasincreasedRAMandnewhardwaredevices49Aboutmemory50ThesystemUnitMicroprocessormemoryCPUperformanceBusandportsStorageDevicesInputDevicesOutputDevicesSystemarchitectureofcomputers52CPUperformance

Clockrate

WordsizeCacheInstructionsetsizeCPUspeedisinfluencedbyseveralfactorsincluding:53Acomputercontainsasystemclockthatemitspulsestoestablishthetimingforallsystemoperations.Thesystemclocksetsthespeedor"frequency"fordatatransportandinstructionexecution.

Thetimetocompleteaninstructioncycleismeasuredinhertz(MHz,GHz),ormillionsofinstructionspersecond(MIPS).Clockrate

CPUperformance54WordsizereferstothenumberofbitstheCPUcanmanipulateatonetime.WordsizeisbasedonthesizeoftheregistersintheCPUandthenumberofdatalinesinthebus.Forexample,aCPUwithan8-bitwordsizeisreferredtoasan8-bitprocessor,ithas8-bitregistersandmanipulates8bitsatatime.16,32,64Wordsize

CPUperformance55Cache(SRAM靜態(tài)內(nèi)存)isspecialhigh-speedmemorythatgivestheCPUmorerapidaccesstodata.

Ahigh-speedCPUcanexecuteaninstructionsoquicklythatitoftenwaitsfordatatobedeliveredfromRAM;thisslowsprocessing.Cache(緩存)CPUperformanceInteli5has32KBL1percore,256KBL2percore,and8MBL3CacheAMDPhenomX4has128KBL1percore,512KBL2percore,and2MBL3Cache56Whenaninstructioncallsfordata,theCPUfirstcheckstoseeiftherequireddataisinthecache.Ifso,theCPUtakesthedatafromthecacheinsteadoffetchingitfromRAM,whichtakeslonger.Allotherfactorsbeingequal,morecachemeansfasterprocessing.CPUperformanceCPURAMHarddiskdatadataCacheCanyoudistinguishRAM,ROM,Cache,Register?ThesystemUnitMicroprocessormemoryCPUperformanceBusandportsStorageDevicesInputDevicesOutputDevicesSystemarchitectureofcomputers58I/ObetweentheCPUandperipheraldevicesofteninvolvesalongpaththatmovesdataoverthebus,slots,cards,ports,andcables.ThefollowingfigureisanoverviewoftheI/Oarchitecture.1IntroductionAboutBusandports592BusAboutBusandportsAbusconnectsthepartsoftheCPUtoeachother.ItalsolinkstheCPUtovariousothercomponentsonthesystemboard.Abusisthedataroadwayalongwhichbitstravel.Suchdatapathwaysresembleamultilanehighway.Themorelanesthereare,thefastertrafficcangothrough.Similarly,thegreaterthecapacityofabus,themorepowerfulandfastertheoperation.60AboutBusandportsThreeprincipalbustypes(or"architectures")IndustryStandardArchitecture(ISA)wasdevelopedfortheIBMPersonalComputer.8/16-bitsCPU,8MB/stransferrate.PeripheralComponentInterconnect(PCI)wasoriginallydevelopedtomeetthevideodemandsofgraphicaluserinterfaces.32/64-bitsCPU,132/264MB/stransferrate.AcceleratedGraphicsPort(AGP)isdedicatedtotheaccelerationofgraphicsperformance.Widelyusedforgraphicsand3-Danimations.OvertwiceasfastasthePCIbus.61AboutBusandports6263AboutBusandportsPCIisover20timesfasterthanISAbuses.PCIhasreplacedISAtoconnecttheCPU,memory,andexpansionboards.PCIExpress,orPCIe,isahigh-speedserialreplacementoftheolderPCIstandards.ThePCIelinkbetween2devicescanconsistofanywherefrom1to32lanes.PCIeplanstoreplacealltypeofbuses.64AboutBusandportsPCIExpressslots(fromtoptobottom:×4,×16,×1and×16),comparedtoatraditional32-bitPCIslot(bottom)65AboutBusandports3Expansionslotsandcards

Onthemotherboard,theexpansionbusterminatesatanexpansionslot.

Anexpansionslotisasocketintowhichyoucanplugasmallcircuitboardcalledanexpansioncard.Threetypesofexpansioncardsfoundinmostoftoday'scomputersarevideocardsoundcardnetworkcard6667AboutBusandports

Avideocard,alsocalledvideoadapterorgraphicscard,convertscomputeroutputintoavideosignalthatissentthroughacabletothemonitor,whichdisplaysanimageonthescreen.Anetworkcardconnectsthecomputertoothercomputersortheinternet.

Asoundcardisusedtoenhancethesound-generatingcapabilitiesofapersonalcomputerbyallowingsoundtobeinputthroughamicrophoneandoutputthroughspeakers.68AboutBusandports4PortsandconnectorsPort

connectsexternaldevicestosystemunitConnectorjoinscabletoperipheral69AboutBusandportsDifferenttypesofports70SerialportsTransmitsonebitofdataatatimeConnectsslow-speeddevices,suchasmouse,keyboard,modem

AboutBusandports71ParallelportsConnectsdevicesthatcantransfermorethanonebitatatime,suchasaprinterAboutBusandports72AboutBusandportsSerialATA(SATA)BusinterfaceformassstoragedevicessuchasharddiskdrivesandopticaldrivesSATAwasdesignedtoreplacetheolderparallelATAstandard(alsoknownasIDE),offeringseveraladvantages:reducedcable-bulkandcost,nativehotswapping,fasterdatatransferthroughhighersignallingrates.SATA

cableandconnectors73AboutBusandportsIDEVS.SATAPS/2isanoldstandardconnectionformouseandkeyboard.ItisnowreplacedbyUSB.74AboutBusandports75AboutBusandports

UniversalSerialBus(USB)wasdesignedtostandardizetheconnectionofcomputerperipherals,suchaskeyboards,pointingdevices,digitalcameras,printers,portablemediaplayers,diskdrivesandnetworkadapterstopersonalcomputers,bothtocommunicateandtosupplyelectricpower.

IEEE1394interfaceisaserialbusinterfacestandardforhigh-speedcommunicationsandisochronousreal-timedatatransfer.AppleinventeditandcalleditFireWire.766

pins4

pinsAboutBusandportsRJ45:Networkconnectors77AboutBusandportsVGADisplayconnectors

Monitorsandprojectorsusuallyuse15pinsMini-D-Sub

(HD15)standardconnectorsforanalogcomputerdisplay.78AboutBusandportsDVIisavideointerfacestandardcoveringthetransmissionofvideobetweenasourcedeviceandadisplaydevice.It’salldigital.

79AboutBusandportsDVIconnectorsGraphiccardwithDVIsupportThesystemUnitMicroprocessormemoryCPUperformanceBusandportsStorageDevicesInputDevicesOutputDevicesSystemarchitectureofcomputers81StorageDevicesSecondaryStorageHowissecondarystoragedifferentfromMemory?1)Location2)Speed3)Features4)PriceM:onthemotherboardS:outsidetheprocessorM:fastS:slowM:executedbytheprocessorS:communicatewithmemoryM:volatileornonvolatileS:holdinformationforfutureuseM:circuit

S:magneticoropticalmaterialM:higherpriceS:lowerpriceMagneticTapeThefirsttrulymassauxiliarystoragedevicewasthemagnetictapedrive.82Aread/writeheadtravelsacrossaspinningmagneticdisk,retrievingorrecordingdata.TheorganizationofamagneticdiskMagneticDisks8384MagneticDisks85Theharddiskcanbedividedintoseparateareascalledpartitions.Eachpartitionfunctionsasifitwereaseparateharddiskdrive.FileSystem:FAT,NTFSMagneticDisks86StorageDevicesMoreaboutharddisk……OpticalDiskCD-ROMDVDCD-RCD-RW87OpticalDiskAtypicalCDhas650MBstorage.

CD-ROM:Read-onlyCD.Preloaded.CD-R:RecordableCD.Writeonce.CD-RW:RewritableCD.AtypicalDVDhas4.7GBstorage.88OpticalDisk

Blu-rayDisc(BD)isthelatestopticaldiskstorage.Itusesbluelaserforreadandprovides25GBperlayer.

89OpticalDiskHeadTestportStoragechipIndicatorReadonlySwitchReservedstoragespace90FlashDiskControllerAsolid-statedrive(SSD)usessolid-statememorytostorepersistentdata,likeflashdiskComparedtoHDDscontainnomechanicalparts,lesssusceptibletophysicalshock,moresilent,faster,butmoreexpensive.SSDsusethesameinterfaceasharddiskdrives,thuseasilyreplacingtheminmostapplications.91Solid-StateDriveSolid-StateDriveMacbookAirwithSSD93Howtoevaluatedifferentkindsofstorage?ThesystemUnitMicroprocessormemoryCPUperformanceBusandportsStorageDevicesInputDevicesOutputDevicesSystemarchitectureofcomputers95InputDevicesInputdevicesarecomputer’ssensoryorganswhichacceptperson’srequirement.TextTextTextTextTextTextKeyboardPointingdevicesScannersVoice-recognitionAudio/VideoinputDigitalcamerasInputdevicestranslatedataandprogramsthathumanscanunderstandintoaformthatthecomputercanprocess.DifferentkindsofinputdevicesWeinput….ProgramDataResponseCommand96InputDevicesDataProgramResponseCommand97InputDevicesThesystemUnitMicroprocessormemoryCPUperformanceBusandportsStorageDevicesInputDevicesOutputDevicesSystemarchitectureofcomputers99OutputDevicesOutputdevicestranslatetheprocessedinformationfromthecomputerintoaformthathumanscanunderstand.100Themostcommonoutputdevicesaremonitors,printers,andspeakers.OutputDevicesTouchscreen-