學(xué)術(shù)論文寫作7-PPT幻燈片

OutlineⅠ.Definition&functionsofanabstractⅡ.ContentsofanabstractⅢ.TypesofabstractsⅣ.FormatandlengthofanabstractⅤ.SuggestionsforabstractwritingⅥ.KeywordswritingWhatisan“Abstract”?Anabstractisacondensedstatementofthecontentsofapaper,whichisusuallyputinfrontofthepaperandregardedasthemostimportant

componentinaresearchpaper.Whatarethefunctionsofanabstract?Theidentifyingfunction

——forreaders

Thelocatingfunction

——forlibrary

Anabstract

is“anabbreviated,accuraterepresentationofthecontentsofadocumentwithoutaddedinterpretationorcriticism”.(fromISO214—1976E)摘要是指一份文獻內(nèi)容的縮短的精確的表達而無須補充解釋或評論.—國際標準化組織(ISO214-1976E文獻工作)國際標準化組織(ISO)關(guān)于摘要內(nèi)容的規(guī)定1.研究的背景、目的和范圍;2.研究的對象、方法和主要內(nèi)容;3.研究的結(jié)論或建議及其價值。TypesofabstractsDescriptiveabstract(描述型摘要)usuallytellsreaderswhatinformationthepapercontains,outlinesthepurpose,methods,andscopeofthepaper,andintroducesthesubject.B.Informativeabstract(信息型摘要)containsspecificinformationfromthepaper,includesthepurpose,methods,andscopeofthepaper,andprovidestheresults(findings),conclusionsandrecommendations.FormatandlengthofanabstractAsarule,adescriptiveabstractusuallycontainsonlyoneparagraphandanabstractforajournalarticlehaslessthan100words.Athesisabstractisoftenlongerthanthislimit,butnomorethan1,000words.Rarelydoesathesisabstractexceedonepagewithinseveralparagraphs.Thelengthofanabstractvariesdependingonthelengthofthepaperandtheplacewhereitappears.SuggestionsforabstractwritingA.Usingsomeverbsandexpressions;B.Usingcorrect

tenses,voicesandpersons;C.Usingstandardterms.Usingthefollowingverbsandexpressionswhenyouintroducethepurposeofyourresearch:

discuss,aim,attempt,describe,intend,hold,analyze,specify,explore,examine,elaborate,present,dealwith,focuson,liein,…ExamplesThispaperanalyzes

variouspossiblefactorswhichaffectthedevelopmentofreadingability.Thethesisaimsatdiscussingthefeaturesthatcharacterizetheprocessof…Theemphasisofthisstudyliesinspecifyingtheproblemsandtheircausesintheprocedureof…

Usingthefollowingverbsandexpressionswhenyoumakeyourconclusionsorsuggestions:

indicate,offer,show,reveal,prove,conclude,demonstrate,recommend,suggest,contributeto,bringabout,…ExamplesThesefindingsindicatethatthenewapproachoffersremarkableadvantagesovertheconventionalone.Basedonthepracticesometechniquesforeffectivereadingarerecommended.Theseresults

suggestthatthestudentswhocanreadindependentlyarealsogoodatlisteningandwriting.UsingcorrecttensesWhenyouintroducethepurposeofyourresearchsimplepresenttenseiscommonlyusedandsometimespresent

perfecttenseisalsoaccepted.Whenyoudescribeyourmethodsofresearchortheresultsofyourexperiment,pasttenseisthebestchoice.ExamplesTheauthoraccumulated

aconsiderableamountofexperienceanddidsomeresearchintothedesignofreadingcomprehensionexercises.Enoughdatawerecollectedtowritethepaper.Theresultswereamazing:we

found

atotallackofequality.UsingmorepassivevoiceinanabstractWhenwritingabstractyoushouldtrytousemore

passivevoicetoshowthatyouropinionsorjudgmentsaremoreobjectiveandfairwithoutanydeviation.ExamplesComprehensiveresearchhasbeen

conductedontherelationshipbetweentheoriesandlearningapproaches.Itwasrecommendedthat…SeveralstepsareprovidedtoshowhowthemethodsshouldbeimprovedUsingmorethirdpersonasthesubjectofthesentenceinanabstractsuchastheauthor,theresearcher,thepaper,thestudy,etc.ExamplesTheauthortellsabout…Thewriterdescribes…Thispaperexplores…Thepresentstudyevaluates…Thisthesisdealswith…UsingstandardtermsTrytoavoidusingabbreviationsandsymbols.Followconventionalgrammarandpunctuationrules.Theexclamationmark(!)isneverusedandthequestionmark(?)isseldomusedinanabstract.KeywordswritingA.FunctionB.LinguisticfeaturesC.WritingrequirementsWhatisthefunctionof

keywords?1.Easinessofretrieval2.EasinessofhighlightingWhatarethelinguisticfeaturesofkeywords?1.Nominalization2.Limitednumber3.DesignatedchoiceWhataretherequirementsforkeywordswriting?1.Placinginrightlocation2.Spacingthekeywords3.AdoptingstandardabbreviationsTheKeyPoints摘要是整個論文的縮影,讀者可以通過摘要看到論文的梗概(epitome);關(guān)鍵詞則是這個縮影的主線條,讀者從中可以找到論文的主題(theme)。SamplesofAbstract&KeywordsSample1:Topic:Function’s&Notion’sApproachinTeachingListeningAbstract:Thepapermainlydiscussesthefunction’sandnotion’sapproachinteachingcollegeEnglishlistening.Itcollectedmini-dialoguesfrom19CET4testsandanalyzedtheirfunctionsandnotions.Itwasfoundthatmanytalkscontainmorethanonefunctionsandnotionsindifferentcontexts.Aclearunderstandingoffunctionandnotionmayhelplistenersgraspthetruemeaninginthetext.Keywords:function,notion,collegeEnglishlisteningSample2Topic:TheAbilitytoInterpretChineseCultureinEnglish:SurveyandReflection(對中國文化英語表達能力的調(diào)查及啟示)Abstract:Theauthorfocusesontheimportancetointroducetheculturalknowledgeofbothtargetlanguageandnativelanguageinforeignlanguageteach