考研英語(yǔ)(二)強(qiáng)化班-翻譯(鐘平)課件

優(yōu)選授課課件設(shè)計(jì)|ExcellentteachingplanAlthoughnotsoworldwidelyaccepted,peoplewhoareemotionallyweakindailybusinessareoftenloserswhoarenotabletofulfillanyfruitfulachievementsintheirlifetimethattheyendure.Sciencedevelopedasanautonomousmethodofintellectualinquirythatsuccessfullydisengageditselffromthesocialconstrainsoforganizedreligionandfromthepoliticalconstrainsofthecentralizedmodernauthority.Thus,intheAmericaneconomicsystemitisthedemandofindividualconsumers,coupledwiththedesireofbusinessmentomaximizeprofitsandthedesireofindividualstomaximizetheirincomes,thattogetherdeterminewhatshallbeproducedandhowresourcesareusedtoproduceit.Suchlarge,impersonalmanipulationofcapitalandindustrygreatlyincreasedthenumbersandimportanceofshareholdersasaclass,anelementinnationalliferepresentingirresponsiblewealthdetachedfromthelandandthedutiesofthelandowners:andalmostequallydetachedfromtheresponsiblemanagementofbusiness.Privatebusinessmen.strivingtomakeprofits,producethesegoodsand優(yōu)選授課課件設(shè)計(jì)|Excellentteachingplanservicesincompetitionwithotherbusinessmen;andtheprofitmotive,operatingundercompetitivepressures,largelydetermineshowthesegoodsandservicesareproduced.Underasystemdeployedonthewhitehousewebsiteforthefirsttimeatlasttime,thosewhowanttosendamessagetoPresidentBushmustnownavigateasmanyasninewebpagesandfilloutadetailedformthatstartsbyaskingwhetherthesenderofthemessagesupportsthewhitehousepolicyordifferswithit.Thesecomments,whetheraccepted,clarifiedthenormsandrequirementsofthecovenantwhichwasalreadyinpowerinpracticeandenabledthecommitteetomakeasignificantcontributiontothejusticepromotioninaparticularrightorissue,whileotherarticlehasfailedtofunctionashasbeenexpectedinthosemeetingswhichwasheldwithgreathope.TheAmericaneconomicsystemisorganizedaroundabasicallyprivate-enterprise,market-orientedeconomyinwhichconsumerslargelydeterminewhatshallbeproducedbyspendingtheirmoneyinthemarketplaceforthosegoodsandservicesthattheywantmost.優(yōu)選授課課件設(shè)計(jì)|ExcellentteachingplanUntiltheseissuesareresolved,atechnologyofbehaviorwillcontinuetoberejected,andwithitpossiblytheonlywaytosolveourproblems.Themethodofscientificinvestigationisnothingbuttheexpressionofthenecessarymodeofworkingofthehumanmindanditissimplythemodebywhichallphenomenaarereasonedaboutandgivenpreciseandexactexplanation.Sciencemovesforward，theysay，notsomuchthroughtheinsightsofgreatmenofgeniusasbecauseofmoreordinarythingslikeimprovedtechniquesandtools.Inshort，aleaderofthenewschoolcontends，thescientificrevolution，aswecallit，waslargelytheimprovementandinventionanduseofaseriesofinstrumentsthatexpandedthereachofscienceininnumerabledirections.Overtheyears，toolsandtechnologythemselvesasasourceoffundamentalinnovationhavelargelybeenignoredbyhistoriansandphilosophersofscience.優(yōu)選授課課件設(shè)計(jì)|ExcellentteachingplanWhethertheGovernmentshouldincreasethefinancingofpurescienceattheexpenseoftechnologyorviceversa（反之）oftendependsontheissueofwhichisseenasthedrivingforce.Howwellthepredictionswillbevalidatedbylaterperformancedependsupontheamount，reliability，andappropriatenessoftheinformationusedandontheskillandwisdomwithwhichitisinterpreted.Interestinhistoricalmethodshasarisenlessthroughexternalchallengetothevalidityofhistoryasanintellectualdisciplineandmorefrominternalquarrelsamonghistoriansthemselves.Duringthistransfer，traditionalhistoricalmethodswereaugmentedbyadditionalmethodologiesdesignedtointerpretthenewformsofevidenceinthehistoricalstudy.Undermodernconditions，thisrequiresvaryingmeasuresofcentralizedcontrolandhencethehelpofspecializedscientistssuchaseconomistsandoperationalresearchexperts.優(yōu)選授課課件設(shè)計(jì)|ExcellentteachingplanIntheearlyindustrializedcountriesofEuropetheprocessofindustrialization—withallthefarreachingchangesinsocialpatternsthatfollowed—wasspreadovernearlyacenturywhereasnowadaysadevelopingnationmayundergothesameprocessinadecadeorso.Theroleofnaturalselectioninevolutionwasformulatedonlyalittlemorethanahundredyearsago,andtheselectiveroleoftheenvironmentinshapingandmaintainingthebehavioroftheindividualisonlybeginningtoberecognizedandstudied.Socialscienceisthatbranchofintellectualenquirywhichseekstostudyhumansandtheirendeavorsinthesamereasoned,orderly,systematic,anddispassionedmannerthatnaturalscientistsuseforthestudyofnaturalphenomena.Theemphasisondatagatheredfirst-hand,combinedwithacross-culturalperspectivebroughttotheanalysisofculturespastandpresent,makesthisstudyauniqueanddistinctlyimportantsocialscience.Tylordefinedcultureas“thatcomplexwholewhichincludesbelief,art,morals,law,custom,andanyothercapabilitiesandhabitsacquiredbymanasamemberofsociety.

”優(yōu)選授課課件設(shè)計(jì)|ExcellentteachingplanBeinginterestedintherelationshipofthelanguageandthought，WhorfdevelopedtheideathatthestructureofthelanguagedeterminesthestructureofhabitualthoughtinasocietyWhorfcametobelieveinasortoflinguisticdeterminismwhich，initsstrongestfrom，statesthatlanguageimprisonsthemind，andthatthegrammaticalpatternsinalanguagecanproducefarreachingconsequencesforthecultureofasocietyIshalldefinehimasanindividualwhohaselectedashisprimarydutyandpleasureinlifetheactivityofthinkinginSocratic(蘇格拉底)wayaboutmoralproblems.Traditionally,legallearninghasbeenviewedinsuchinstitutionsasthespecialpreserveoflawyersratherthananecessarypartoftheintellectualequipmentofaneducatedperson.優(yōu)選授課課件設(shè)計(jì)|ExcellentteachingplanInfact,itisdifficulttoseehowjournalistswhodonothaveacleargraspofthebasicfeaturesoftheCanadianConstitutioncandoacompetentjobonpoliticalstories.hebelievesthatthisverydifficultymayhavehadthecompensatingadvantageofforcinghimtothinklongandintentlyabouteverysentence,andthusenablinghimtodetecterrorsinreasoningandinhisownobservations.Itmaybesaidthatthemeasureoftheworthofanysocialinstitutionisitseffectinenlargingandimprovingexperience;butthiseffectisnotapartofitsoriginalmotive。Sinceourchiefbusinesswiththemistoenablethemtoshareinacommonlifewecannothelpconsideringwhetherornoweareformingthepowerswhichwillsecurethisability。Timewaswhenbiologistssomewhatoverwordedtheevidencethatthesecreaturespreservethehealthofgamebykillingthephysicallyweak,orthattheypreyonlyon“worthlessspecies.優(yōu)選授課課件設(shè)計(jì)|ExcellentteachingplanGutmanarguesconvincinglythatthestabilityoftheBlackfamilyencouragedthetransmissionoftheBlackheritageoffolklore，music，andreligiousexpressionfromonegenerationtoanother，aheritagethatslaveswerecontinuallyfashioningoutoftheirAfricanandAmericanexperiences.Asmyownstudieshaveadvanced，Ihavebeenincreasinglyimpressedwiththefunctionalsimilaritiesbetweeninsectandvertebratesocietiesandlesssowiththestructuraldifferencesthatseem，atfirstglance，toconstitutesuchanimmensegulfbetweenthem.Along-heldviewofthehistoryofEnglishcoloniesthatbecametheUnitedStateshasbeenthatEngland’spolicytowardthesecoloniesbefore1763wasdictatedbycommercialinterestsandthatachangetoamoreimperialpolicy,dominatedbyexpansionistmilitaristobjectives,generatedthetensionsthatultimatelyledtotheAmericanRevolution.優(yōu)選授課課件設(shè)計(jì)|Excellentteachingplan篇章翻譯：1TheevolutionofexperimentalpsychologyTherangeofmethodstaughtnowwouldhaveamazedanexperimentalpsychologistofacenturyago.ExperimentalpsychologyastaughtinAmericanuniversitieshaschangedoverthecenturyfrombeingattachedtospecificsubjectmatterstobeingprimarilymethodological.EdwardB.Titchener'sfour-volume"ExperimentalPsychology,"publishedbetween1901and1905,blockedoutthelimitsofexperimentalpsychologyasasubjectatthetime.Theacceptableincludedsensation,perception,emotion,memory,actionandsimilartopics.Lateron,conditioningandlearningwouldbeaddedtothe"canon"byothers.Titchenerorganizedhisbookaroundfundamentalmethods,whichlentthemselvestospecificsubjectmatters.優(yōu)選授課課件設(shè)計(jì)|ExcellentteachingplanTitchener'sbookremainedinfluentialthroughoutthe1920sandintothe1930s,thoughithadcompetitionfromothers.Theterm"experimentalpsychology,"cametostandforthosefieldsthatwerethenmostconducivetoexperimentalresearch.Woodworth'sbookbecamethe"bible"ofpsychologicalresearchersfordecades.Hepopularizedtheconceptsofindependentanddependentvariablesinhisbookandlamentedthatdevelopmentalandabnormalpsychologyhadnotyetreachedthelevelofgenuineexperimentation.Hissecondeditionofthebook,publishedwithHaroldSchlosbergin1954,continuedthetraditionallistingofcontenttopicsasexperimentalpsychology.S.S.Stevens's"HandbookofExperimentalPsychology,"publishedin1951,wasperhapsthelastsuccessfulone-volumecompendiumofallcontenttopicswithintraditionalexperimentalpsychology.優(yōu)選授課課件設(shè)計(jì)|Excellentteachingplan?2?Whowouldhavethoughtthat,globally,theITindustryproducesaboutthesamevolumeofgreenhousegasesastheworld’sairlinesdoroughly2percentofallCO2emissions?Manyeverydaytaskstakeasurprisingtollontheenvironment.AGooglesearchcanleakbetween0.2and7.0gramsofCO2,dependingonhowmanyattemptsareneededtogetthe“right”answer.Todeliverresultstoitsusersquickly,then,Googlehastomaintainvastdatacentresaroundtheworld,packedwithpowerfulcomputers.WhileproducinglargequantitiesofCO2,thesecomputersemitagreatdealofheat,sothecentresneedtobewellair-conditioned,whichusesevenmoreenergy.However,Googleandotherbigtechprovidersmonitortheirefficiencycloselyandmakeimprovements.Monitoringisthefirststepontheroadtoreduction,butthereismuchmoretobedone,andnotjustbybigcompanies.3?“Suatainability”hasbecomeapopularwordthesedays,buttoTedNing,theconceptwillalwayshavepersonalmeaning.Havingenduredapainfulperiodofunsustainabilityinhisownlifemadeitcleartohimthat優(yōu)選授課課件設(shè)計(jì)|Excellentteachingplansustainability-orientedvaluesmustbeexpressedthougheverydayactionandchoice.Ningrecallsspendingaconfusingyearinthelate1990ssellinginsurance.He?dbeenthoughthedot-comboomandburstand,desperateforajob,signedonwithaBoulderagency.Itdidin?tgowell.“Itwasareallyhadmovebecausethat?snotmypassion,”saysNing,whosedilemmaaboutthejobtranslated,predictably,intoalackofsales.“Iwasmiserable,IhadsomuchthatIanxietywouldwakeupinthemiddleofthenightandstareattheceiling.Ihadnomoneyandneededthejob.Everyonesaid,,Justwait,you?lltrunthecorner,giveitsometime.”4Whenpeopleindevelopingcountriesworryaboutmigration,theyareusuallyconcernedattheprospectoftheirbestandbrightestdeparturetoSiliconValleyortohospitalsanduniversitiesinthedevelopedworld.ThesearethekindofworkersthatcountrieslikeBritain,CanadaAustraliatrytoattractbyusingimmigrationrulesthatprivilegecollegegraduates.Lotsofstudieshavef