2022年考研考博-考博英語-湘潭大學考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）試卷號4

住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語-湘潭大學考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）（圖片可根據實際調整大?。╊}型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.單選題

Thereare,asyet,novegetationtypesorecosystemswhosestudyhasbeen（

）totheextentthattheynolongerecologists

問題1選項

A.erest

B.perfected...hinder

C.diverted...arouse

D.vetoed...irritate

【答案】A

【解析】動詞詞義辨析題。exhaust“排出，耗盡，使精疲力盡，詳盡論述”；interest“使感興趣，使關心，使注意，使參與，使有利害關系”；B選項的perfect“使……完美（完善）”；hinder“阻礙，妨礙，成為阻礙”；C選項的divert“使轉向，使繞道，轉移（某人）的注意力，使分心”；arouse“激起，引起（感情、態(tài)度），喚醒某人，激發(fā)，行動起來“；D選項的veto“否決，禁止，反對”；irritate“刺激，使興奮，激怒”。根據句意‘迄今為止，還沒有任何植物類型或生態(tài)系統(tǒng)，人們對它們的研宄能達到如此詳盡無遺的地步，以致它不再能夠引起生態(tài)學家的興趣’確定A選項正確。

2.單選題

ThespectacularauroralightdisplaysthatappearintheEarth'satmospherearoundthenorthandsouthmagneticpoleswereoncemysteriousphenomena.Now,scientistshavedatafromsatellitesandground-basedobservationsfromwhichweknowthattheaurorabrillianceisanimmenseelectricaldischargesimilartothatoccurringinaneonsign.

Tounderstandthecauseofauroras,firstpicturetheEarthenclosedbyitsmagnetosphere,ahugeregioncreatedbytheEarthmagneticfield.Outsidethemagnetosphere,blastingtowardtheEarthisthesolarwind,aswiftlymovingplasmaofionizedgaseswithitsownmagneticfield.Chargedparticlesinthissolarwindspeedearthwardalongthesolarwind'smagneticlinesofforcewithaspiralingmotion.TheEarth’smagnetosphereisabarriertothesolarwindandforcesthechargedparticlesofthesolarwindtoflowaroundthemagnetosphereitself.Butinthepolarregions,themagneticlinesofforceoftheEarthandofthesolarwindbunchtogether.Heremanyofthesolarwind’schargedparticlesbreakthroughthemagnetosphereandenterEarth’smagneticfield.TheythenspiralbackandforthbetweentheEarth'smagneticpolesveryrapidly.Inthepolarregions,electronsfromthesolarwindionizeandexcitetheatomsandmoleculesoftheupperatmosphere,causingthemtoemitauroraradiationofvisiblelight.

Thecolorsofanauroradependontheatomsemittingthem.Thedominantgreenishwhitelightcomesfromlowenergyexcitationofoxygenatoms.Duringhugemagneticstormsoxygenatomsalsoundergohighenergyexcitationandemitacrimsonlight.Excitednitrogenatomscontributebandsofcolorvaryingfromblueviolet.Viewedfromouterspace,aurorascanbeseenasdimlyglowingbeltswrappedaroundeachoftheEarth’smagneticpoles.Eachaurorahangslikeacurtainoflightstretchingoverthepolarregionsandintothehigherlatitudes.Whenthesolarflaresthatresultinmagneticstormsandauroraactivityareveryintense,auroradisplaysmayextendasfarasthesouthernregionsoftheUnitedStates.Studiesofaurorahavegivenphysicistsnewinformationaboutthebehaviorofplasmas,whichhashelpedtoexplainthenatureofouterspaceandisbeingappliedinattemptstoharnessenergyfromthefusionofatoms.

1.Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutscientists'understandingofaurorasistrueaccordingtothepassage?

2.WhatservesastheEarth’smeansofprotectionagainstthesolarwinds?

3.Whydoaurorasshowdifferentcolors?

4.What'sthesubjectmatterofthispassage?

問題1選項

A.Scientistshavelongbeenabletoexplainthecausesofauroras'variouscolors.

B.Newknowledgeaboutthefusionofatomenabledscientiststolearnmoreaboutauroras.

C.Beforeadvancesintechnology,scientistsknewlittleaboutauroras.

D.Littlewillbeknownaboutaurorasuntilscientistshavelearnedmoreaboutplasmaphysics.

問題2選項

A.Themagnetosphere.

B.Theplasmaofionizedgases.

C.Themagneticlinesofforceofthesolarwind.

D.ThemagneticpolesoftheEarth.

問題3選項

A.Becauseaurorascomefromexcitationsofallkindsofatomsandhanglikecurtainsoflightoverthepolarregions.

B.Becausetheoxygenandnitrogenatomsundergoloworhighenergyexcitationandgivelightsofvariouscolors.

C.Becausethemagneticstormsarenotstablewhiletheauroraactivitiesareveryintense.

D.Becausethedominantgreenishwhitelightitselfcontainslightsofsevencolors.

問題4選項

A.Themethodsofobservingaurorasfromsatellites.

B.TheformationandcolorsofaurorasabovetheEarth’spoles.

C.Thefactorsthatcausethevarietyofcolorsofauroras.

D.TheinfluenceofaurorasontheEarth.

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:A

第3題:A

第4題:B

【解析】1.推理判斷題。本題詢問下列關于科學家對極光的理解哪一項是正確的。根據原文“Now,scientistshavedatafromsatellitesandground-basedobservationsfromwhichweknowthattheaurorabrillianceisanimmenseelectricaldischargesimilartothatoccurringinaneonsign.現在，科學家們從衛(wèi)星和地面觀測中獲得數據，從中我們知道極光的光輝是一種巨大的放電現象，類似于霓虹燈中的放電現象?！币虼丝赏浦狢選項‘在技術進步之前科學家對極光的了解非常少’正確。

2.細節(jié)事實題。本題詢問哪一項是地球抵御太陽風的防護措施。根據原文“TheEarth'smagnetosphereisabarriertothesolarwindandforcesthechargedparticlesofthesolarwindtoflowaroundthemagnetosphereitself.地球的磁層是太陽風的屏障，迫使太陽風的帶電粒子繞著磁層流動?！贝_定A選項‘磁氣圈’正確。

3.推理判斷題。本題詢問極光能夠發(fā)出不同的顏色的原因。根據原文“Thecolorsofanauroradependontheatomsemittingthem.極光的顏色取決于發(fā)出極光的原子?！笨芍狝選項“因為極光來自各種不同種類原子的刺激，并且像光簾一樣懸掛在極地地區(qū)”正確。

4.主旨大意題。通篇全文可知，文章第二段首先分析了極光的形成的原因，然后第三段分析了極光發(fā)出的不同顏色的原因。所以B選項“在地球的兩極地帶的極光的形成和顏色”正確。

3.單選題

Belyinghisearlierreputationfor（

）asanegotiator,Morganhadrecentlyassumedamore（

）stanceforwhichmanyofhiserstwhilecriticspraisedhim.

問題1選項

A.inflexibility...unreasonable

B.impropriety...oscillatory

C.intransigence...tolerant

D.success...authoritative

【答案】C

【解析】名詞和形容詞辨析題。A選項inflexibility“僵化”；unreasonable“不合理的”；B選項impropriety“不適當，不正確”;oscillatory“振蕩的”；C選項intransigence“頑固”；tolerant“寬容的”；D選項success“成功”；authoritative“權威”。根據句意‘因為近期采取的更加寬容的態(tài)度掩飾了他之前作為頑固的談判專家的名聲，使得之前批評的人轉而開始贊揚他了?！疌選項正確。

4.單選題

Thereare,asyet,novegetationtypesorecosystemswhosestudyhasbeen（

）totheextentthattheynolonger（

）ecologists.

問題1選項

A.perfected;hinder

B.exhausted;interest

C.prolonged;require

D.prevented;challenge

【答案】B

【解析】動詞辨析。先看第一空，perfect“使…完美（完善）”；exhaust“耗盡，排出”；prolong“延長，拖延”；prevent“阻止，妨礙”依據關鍵詞study和表示程度的totheextent以及整個句子的意思‘迄今為止，還沒有任何植物類型或生態(tài)系統(tǒng)，人們對它們的研宄能達到如此詳盡無遺的地步，以至于它不再能夠引起生態(tài)學家的興趣’可以推斷出此處應該填“exhausted”；再看第二次，hinder“阻礙，妨礙”；interest“使感興趣，使關心”；require“要求，命令”；challenge“向…挑戰(zhàn)”；依據句意可以推斷出此處應該填interest,所以B選項正確。

5.寫作題

Directions:Forthispart,youarerequiredtosummarizethemainideaofthefollowingpassageinplainlanguageinnomorethan50words.Youshouldwriteyoursummaryontheansweringsheer.

Whetherwelikeitornot,theworldweliveinhaschangedagreatdealinthelasthundredyears,anditislikelytochangeevenmoreinthenexthundred.Somepeoplewouldliketostopthesechangesandgobacktowhattheyseeasapurerandsimplerage.Butashistoryshows,thepastwasnotthatwonderful.Itwasnotsobadforaprivilegedminority,thougheventheyhadtodowithoutmodemmedicine,andchildbirthwashighlyriskyforwomen.Butforthevastmajorityofthepopulation,lifewasnasty,brutish,andshort.

Ifweacceptthatwecannotpreventscienceandtechnologyfromchangingourworld,wecanatleasttrytoensurethatthechangestheymakeareintherightdirections.Inademocraticsociety,thismeansthatthepublicneedstohaveabasicunderstandingofscience.Sothatitcanmakeinformeddecisionsandnotleavetheminthehandsofexperts.Atthemoment,thepublicisintwomindsaboutscience.Ithascometoexpectthesteadyincreaseinthestandardoflivingthatnewdevelopmentsinscienceandtechnologyhavebroughttocontinue,butitalsodistrustssciencebecauseitdoesn’tunderstandit.ThisdistrustisevidentinthecartoonfigureofthemadscientistworkinginhislaboratorytoproduceaFrankenstein.ItisalsoanimportantelementbehindsupportfortheGreenparties.Butthepublicalsohasagreatinterestinscience,particularlyastronomy,asisshownbythelargeaudiencesfortelevisionseriessuchasTheSkyatNightandforsciencefiction.

Whatcanbedonetoharnessthisinterestandgivethepublicthescientificbackgrounditneedstomakeinformeddecisionsonsubjectslikeacidrain,thegreenhouseeffect,nuclearweapons,andgeneticengineering?Clearly,thebasismustlieinwhatistaughtinschools.Butinschoolsscienceisoftenpresentedinadryanduninterestingmanner.Childrenlearnitbyrotetopassexaminations,andtheydon'tseeitsrelevancetotheworldaroundthem.Moreover,scienceisoftentaughtintermsofequations.Althoughequationsareabriefandaccuratewayofdescribingmathematicalideas,theyfrightenmostpeople.WhenIwroteapopularbookrecently,IwasadvisedthateachequationIincludedwouldhalvethesales.Iincludedoneequation,Einstein’sfamousequation,E=mc2.MaybeIwouldhavesoldtwiceasmanycopieswithoutit.

Scientistsandengineerstendtoexpresstheirideasintheformofequationsbecausetheyneedtoknowtheprecisevaluesofquantities.Butfortherestofus,aqualitativegraspofscientificconceptsissufficient,andthiscanbeconveyedbywordsanddiagrams,withouttheuseofequations.

Thesciencepeoplelearninschoolcanprovidethebasicframework.Buttherateofscientificprogressisnowsorapidthattherearealwaysnewdevelopmentsthathaveoccurredsinceonewasatschooloruniversity.Ineverlearnedaboutmolecularbiologyortransistorsatschool,butgeneticengineeringaridcomputersaretwoofthedevelopmentsmostlikelytochangethewayweliveinthefuture.Popularbooksandmagazinearticlesaboutsciencecanhelptoputacrossnewdevelopments.Buteventhemostsuccessfulpopularbookisreadbyonlyasmallproportionofthepopulation.Onlytelevisioncanreachatrulymassaudience.TherearesomeverygoodscienceprogrammersonTV,butotherspresentscientificwonderssimplyasmagic,withoutexplainingthemorshowinghowtheyfitintotheframeworkofscientificideas.Producersoftelevisionscienceprogrammersshouldrealizethattheyhavearesponsibilitytoeducatethepublic,notjustentertainit.

【答案】Theworldpeopleliveinhaschangedgrratly,andpeopleshouldensurethatthedirectionofchangeisright.Thus,peopleneedtohaveagoodknowledgeofbasicscience.Schoolandtelevisionscienceprogramsshouldshouldertheresponsibilityofeducatingthepublic.

6.翻譯題

刺繡(Embroidery),又稱絲繡，是中國優(yōu)秀的民族傳統(tǒng)工藝之一，有3000年以上的歷史。中國是世界上發(fā)現與使用蠶絲最早的國家，其刺繡工藝幾乎遍及全國。由于刺繡主題和產地的不同，刺繡工藝品作為一種商品形成了各自的特色。蘇州的蘇繡、湖南的湘繡、四川的蜀繡和廣東的粵繡被譽為中國的四大名繡。這些刺繡既是很好的家居實用品，也是漂亮的裝飾品。

【答案】Embroidery,alsocalledsilkembroidery,isoneofthebestnationaltraditionalcraftsinChina.Ithasahistoryofover3000years.Chinaistheearliestcountryintheworldwhichdiscoverandmakeuseofsilk,anditsembroiderycraftsalmostspreadalloverthecountry.Becauseofthedifferentembroiderythemesandplacesofproduction,embroideryhandicrafts,asacommodity,formtheirownfeatures.SuEmbroideryinSuzhou,XiangEmbroideryinHu’nan,ShuEmbroideryinSichuanandYueEmbroideryinGuangdongareknownasfourbigfamousembroideriesinChina.Theseembroideriesarebothgoodhouseholdobjectsandbeautifuldecorations.

7.單選題

TheChinese,whobegansystematicastronomicalandweatherobservationsshortlyaftertheancientEgyptians,wereassiduousrecord-keepers,andbecauseofthis,canclaimhumanity’slongestcontinuous（

）ofnaturalevents.

問題1選項

A.defiance

B.documentation

C.maintenance

D.domination

【答案】B

【解析】名詞辨析。A選項“挑釁，蔑視”；B選項“文件編制，文檔”；C選項“維持，保養(yǎng)”；D選項“支配，統(tǒng)治”；根據句意‘繼古埃及人之后旋即展開了有系統(tǒng)的天文與氣候觀察的中國人可謂是勤勉不輟的文獻記錄者，并且基于這一原因，中國人可聲稱擁有人類歷史上對自然事件最悠久連續(xù)的文獻記載。’確定B選項正確。

8.單選題

InmostearthquakestheEarth'scrustcrackslikeporcelain.Stressbuildsupuntilafractureformsatadepthofafewkilometersandthecrustslipstorelievethestress.Someearthquakes,however,takeplacehundredsofkilometersdownintheEarth'smantle,wherehighpressuremakesrocksoductilethatitflowsinsteadofcracking,evenunderstresssevereenoughtodeformitlikeputty.Howcantherebeearthquakesatsuchdepths?

Thatsuchdeepeventsdooccurhasbeenacceptedonlysince1927,whentheseismologistKiyooWadaticonvincinglydemonstratedtheirexistence.Insteadofcomparingthearrivaltimesofseismicwavesatdifferentlocations,asearlierresearchershaddone,Wadatireliedonatimedifferencebetweenthearrivalofprimary(P)wavesandtheslowersecondary(S)waves.BecausePandSwavestravelatdifferentbutfairlyconstantspeeds,theintervalbetweentheirarrivalsincreasesinproportiontothedistancefromtheearthquakefocus,orrupturepoint.

Formostearthquakes,Wadatidiscovered,theintervalwasquiteshortneartheepicenter,thepointonthesurfacewhereshakingisstrongest.Forafewevents,however,thedelaywaslongevenattheepicenterWadatisawasimilarpatternwhenheanalyzeddataontheintensityofshaking.Mostearthquakeshadasmallareaofintenseshaking,whichweakenedrapidlywithincreasingdistancefromtheepicenter,butotherswerecharacterizedbyalowerpeakintensity,feltoverabroaderarea.BoththeP-Sintervalsandtheintensitypatternssuggestedtwokindsofearthquakes:themorecommonshallowevents,inwhichthefocuslayjustundertheepicenter,anddeepevents,withafocusseveralhundredkilometersdown

Thequestionremained:howcansuchquakesoccur,giventhatmantlerockatadepthofmorethan50kilometersistooductiletostoreenoughstresstofracture?Wadati'sworksuggestedthatdeepeventsoccurinareas(nowcalledWadati-Benioffzones)whereonecrustalplateisforcedunderanotheranddescendsintothemantle.Thedescendingrockissubstantiallycoolerthanthesurroundingmantleandhenceislessductileandmuchmoreliabletofracture.

1.Thepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith（

）.

2.Informationpresentedinthepassagesuggeststhat,comparedwithseismicactivityattheepicenterofashallowevent,seismicactivityattheepicenterofadeepeventischaracterizedby

（

）.

3.ThemethodusedbyWadatitodeterminethedepthsofearthquakesismostlikewhichofthefollowing?

4.Thepassagesupportswhichofthefollowingstatementsabouttherelationshipbetweentheepicenterandthefocusofanearthquake?

問題1選項

A.demonstratingwhythemethodsofearlyseismologistswereflawed

B.arguingthatdeepeventsarepoorlyunderstoodanddeservefurtherstudy

C.defendingarevolutionarytheoryaboutthecausesofearthquakesandmethodsofpredictingthem

D.discussingtheevidencefortheexistenceofdeepeventsandtheconditionsthatallowthemtooccur

問題2選項

A.shorterP-Sintervalsandhigherpeakintensity

B.shorterP-Sintervalsandlowerpeakintensity

C.longerP-Sintervalsandlowerpeakintensity

D.longerP-Sintervalsandhigherpeakintensity

問題3選項

A.Determiningthedistancefromathunderstormbythingtheintervalbetweentheflashofalightningboltandthunderitproduces

B.Determiningtheheightofamountainbymeasuringtheshadowitcastsatdifferenttimesoftheday.

C.Determiningthedepthofawellbydroppingstonesintowellandtiminghowlongtheytaketoreachthebottom.

D.Determiningthedistancebetweentwopointsbycountingthenumberofpacesiftakestocoverthedistanceandmeasuringasinglepace.

問題4選項

A.PwavesoriginateatthefocusandSwavesoriginateattheepicenter

B.Indeepeventstheepicenterandthefocusarereversed.

C.Inshalloweventstheepicenterandthefocuscoincide.

D.Inbothdeepandshalloweventsthefocusliesbeneaththeepicenter

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:D

第3題:A

第4題:D

【解析】1.主旨大意題。題目是問文章主要是關于什么的。通過文章內容可知，文章主要是向讀者介紹deepevents的知識。Wadati通過對Pwaves與Swaves的研究發(fā)現deepevents的存在。不同類型的地震其P-Sintervals是不同的，因此有了shallowevents與deepevents的區(qū)別。文章也告訴了讀者deepevents是如何發(fā)生的。所以D選項‘討論深層事件存在的證據以及允許它們發(fā)生的條件’正確。

2.細節(jié)事實題。根據文章第二段最后一句“BecausePandSwavestravelatdifferentbutfairlyconstantspeeds,theintervalbetweentheirarrivalsincreasesinproportiontothedistancefromtheearthquakefocus,orrupturepoint.由于P波和S波以不同但相當恒定的速度傳播，它們到達的間隔與震源或破裂點的距離成正比?！币约暗谌巫詈笠痪洹癇oththeP-Sintervalsandtheintensitypatternssuggestedtwokindsofearthquakes:themorecommonshallowevents,inwhichthefocuslayjustundertheepicenter,anddeepevents,withafocusseveralhundredkilometersdown.P-S間隔和強度模式都表明有兩種地震：一種是更常見的淺層地震，震源就在震中下方;另一種是震源在幾百公里以下的深層地震”可知與地震活動在一個淺的中心事件,地震活動的中心事件的特點是‘通過更接的縱橫間隔波和更高的峰值強度表現的’，D選項正確。

3.推理判斷題。題目提問Wadati用來確定地震深度的方法最像下列哪一種？distant用詞不準。根據原文“BecausePandSwavestravelatdifferentbutfairlyconstantspeedstheintervalbetweentheirarrivalsincreasesinproportiontothedistancefromtheearthquakefocus(earthquakefocus-orrupturepoint.因為P波和S波以不同但相當恒定的速度傳播，它們到達的距離與震源(震源或破裂點)的距離成正比。所以，只要地震的S波在P波之后很長時間才到達一個給定的位置肯定是真的，所以A選項‘用閃電與雷暴之間的間隔來確定雷暴與雷暴之間的距離’符合題意。

4.細節(jié)事實題。本題是問文章支持下列哪一個陳述關于中心和地震的集點之間的關系。根據文章內容以及最后一段“Thequestionremained:howcansuchquakesoccur,giventhatmantlerockatadepthofmorethan50kilometersistooductiletostoreenoughstresstofracture?Wadati’sworksuggestedthatdeepeventsoccurinareas(nowcalledWadati-BeniofFzones)whereonecrustalplateisforcedunderanotheranddescendsintothemantle.Thedescendingrockissubstantiallycoolerthanthesurroundingmantleandhenceislessductileandmuchmoreliabletofracture.問題依然存在:考慮到50公里以上深處的地幔巖石韌性太強，無法儲存足夠的應力而導致斷裂，這樣的地震怎么會發(fā)生呢?Wadati的工作表明，深部事件發(fā)生在一個地殼板塊被壓在另一個地殼板塊下并進入地幔的區(qū)域(現在稱為Wadati-Benioff帶)。下降的巖石比周圍的地幔要冷得多，因此韌性較差，更容易斷裂?！笨芍狣‘無論是深地震還是淺地震，震源都位于震中下方’選項。

9.單選題

Wewerefourscoresleftbehindwithfiveminutestogo,sothegamelookedcompletely（

）.

問題1選項

A.irresistible

B.irremissible

C.irreplaceable

D.irretrievable

【答案】D

【解析】形容詞辨析題。A選項的irresistible“不可抵抗的，不能壓制的”；B選項的irremissible“不可寬恕的，無法逃避的”;C選項的irreplaceable“不能調換的”；D選項的irretrievable“不能挽回的，不能復原的”。根據句意‘比賽還有五分鐘結束，我們落后四分，所以這場比賽看上去完全無法挽回’確定D選項正確。

10.翻譯題

TranslatethefollowingparagraphinthefollowingpassageintoEnglish.

在中國，筆(brush)、墨(inkstick)、紙、硯(inkslab),就是人們所說的“文房(thestudy)四寶”，在中華文明的傳承中起了重要作用。作為文化藝術工具，以其獨特性能催生了漢字特有的書法藝術，也促使中國畫形成了獨特的風格。文房四寶不僅有實用價值，它們本身也是供人觀賞的藝術品，并逐步成為收藏品。在當今時代，使用筆、墨、紙、硯進行學習和寫作的人越來越少了，但是在中國的書法，繪畫，收藏以及修身養(yǎng)性活動中，它們仍起著不可替代的作用。

【答案】InChina,writingbrush,inkstick,paperandinkslab,whatpeoplecall“fourtreasuresofthestudy”，playanimportantroleintheinheritanceofChinesecivilization.Astoolsforcultureandart,the“fourtreasuresofthestudy”,byvirtueoftheiruniqueproperty,promotedtheemergenceofthecalligraphyartpeculiartoChinesecharacter,andChinesepaintinghasalsoformedtheuniquestyle.Inadditiontopracticalvalues,theyarealsotheworksofartforpeopletoviewandadmire,andgraduallybecomecollectionstoday.Incontemporarytimes,thenumberofpeopleusing“fourtreasuresofthestudy”forstudyingandwritinghasbeendecreasing,buttheyarestillplayinganirreplaceableroleintheactivitiesofChinesecalligraphy,painting,collectionandself-cultivation.

11.單選題

Exposuretolow-intensitygammaradiationslowstherateofgrowthofthespoilageofmicro-organismsinfoodinmuchthesamewaythatthelowheatusedinpasteurization（

）thespoilageactionofthemicro-organismsinmilk.

問題1選項

A.precludes

B.initiates

C.inhibits

D.purifies

【答案】C

【解析】動詞辨析。A選項“阻止，妨礙”；B選項“創(chuàng)始，發(fā)起”；C選項“阻止，抑制”；D選項“使（某物）潔凈，凈化（心靈）”；根據句意‘暴露于低強度的伽馬電磁輻射下可以阻緩食物中腐壞微生物的生長速度，按照相同的原理，在巴式消毒法中，低熱會遏制住牛奶中微生物的腐壞作用’確定C選項正確。

12.單選題

Whilemanypeopleutilizehomeopathicremediestotreathealthproblems,otherpeopledonot（

）suchalternativetreatments,（

）conventionalmedicaltreatments

instead.

問題1選項

A.distrust...employing

B.embrace...eschewing

C.countenance...relyingon

D.recommend...turningfrom

【答案】C

【解析】動詞辨析題。A選項distrust“不信任，懷疑”；employ“雇傭”；B選項embrace“擁抱”；eschew“避開”；C選項countenance“贊成”；relyon“依靠，依賴”；D選項recommend“推薦”；turnfrom“對…感到厭惡”。根據句意‘當很多人使用順勢療法來治療健康問題時，其他人并不贊成這樣的治療方法，而是更信賴傳統(tǒng)的藥物治療。’C選項正確。

13.單選題

Althoughskepticssayfinancialproblemswillprobably（

）ourestablishingabaseontheMoon,supportersoftheprojectremain（

）,sayingthathumancuriosityshouldovercomesuchpragmaticconstraints.

問題1選項

A.beset...disillusioned

B.postpone...pessimistic

C.prevent...enthusiastic

D.allow...unconvinced

【答案】C

【解析】動詞和形容詞辨析題。A選項beset“困擾，鑲嵌，圍繞”；disillusioned“醒悟的，幻想破滅的”；B選項postpone“推遲，延遲，延緩”；pessimistic“悲觀主義的”;C選項prevent“預防，防止，阻止”；enthusiastic“熱心的，熱情的”;D選項allow“考慮”；unconvinced“不能令人信服的，懷疑的”。根據句意‘盡管反對者認為在月球上建立一個基地會受到經濟問題的阻撓，然而這個項目的支持者仍然保持熱情，認為人類的好奇心應該克服這種務實的約束?！疌選項正確

14.單選題

（

）,allofthesoldierslaiddownonthegroundimmediatelyandcouldnotmovetheirbodies,（

）verytired.

問題1選項

A.Thetaskhavingbeenfinished;felt

B.Thetaskhavingbeenfinished;feeling

C.Finishedthetask;felt

D.Thetaskhavingbeenfinished;havingfelt

【答案】A

【解析】非謂語動詞的用法。句意：任務一完成，所有的士兵都立即躺在地上并且無法移動分毫，他們都感到很累。分析句子結構可知，第一個空作伴隨狀語，且主句的主語與從句的主語thetask不一致，所以排除C選項；第二個空謂語動詞與laid以及couldnotmove一致，A選項正確。

15.單選題

Overthepastcentury,allkindsofunfairnessanddiscriminationhavebeencondemnedormadeillegal.Butoneinsidiousformcontinuestothrive:alphabetism.This,forthoseasyetunawareofsuchadisadvantage,referstodiscriminationagainstthosewhosesurnamesbeginwithaletterinthelowerhalfofthealphabet.

IthaslongbeenknownthatataxifirmcalledAAAAcarshasabigadvantageoverZodiaccarswhencustomersthumbthroughtheirphonedirectories.LesswellknownistheadvantagethatAdamAbbotthasinlifeoverZoeZysman,Englishnamesarefairlyevenlyspreadbetweenthehalvesofthealphabet.YetasuspiciouslylargenumberoftoppeoplehavesurnamesbeginningwithlettersbetweenAandK.

ThustheAmericanpresidentandvice-presidenthavesurnamesstartingwithBandCrespectively;and26ofGeorgeBush'spredecessors(includinghisfather)hadsurnamesinthefirsthalfofthealphabetagainstjust16inthesecondhalf.Evenmorestriking,sixofthesevenheadsofgovernmentoftheG7richcountriesarealphabeticallyadvantaged(Berlusconi,Blair,Bush,Chirac,ChretienandKoizumi).Theworld'sthreetopcentralbankers(Greenspan,DuisenbergandHayami)areallclosetothetopofthealphabet,evenifoneofthemreallyusesJapanesecharacters.Asaretheworld'sfiverichestmen(Gates,Buffett,Allen,EllisonandAlbrecht).

Canthismerelybecoincidence?Onetheory,dreamtupinallthesparetimeenjoyedbythealphabeticallydisadvantaged,isthattherotsetsinearly.Atthestartofthefirstyearininfantschool,teachersseatpupilsalphabeticallyfromthefront,tomakeiteasiertoremembertheirnames.Soshort-sightedZysmanjuniorgetsstuckinthebackrow,andisrarelyaskedtheimprovingquestionsposedbythoseinsensitiveteachers.Atthetimethealphabeticallydisadvantagedmaythinktheyhavehadaluckyescape.Yettheresultmaybeworsequalifications,becausetheygetlessindividualattention,aswellaslessconfidenceinspeakingpublicly.

Thehumiliationcontinues.Atuniversitygraduationceremonies,theABCsproudlygettheirawardsfirst;bythetimetheyreachtheZysmansmostpeopleareliterallyhavingaZZZ.Shortlistsforjobinterviews,electionballotpapers,listsofconferencespeakersandattendees:alltendtobedrawnupalphabetically,andtheirrecipientsloseinterestastheyploughthroughthem.

1.WhatdoestheauthorintendtoillustratewithAAAAcarsandZodiaccars?

2.Whatcanweinferfromthefirstthreeparagraphs?

3.The4thparagraphsuggeststhat（

）.

4.Whatdoestheauthormeanby’’mostpeopleareliterallyhavingaZZZ”(Lines2-3,Paragraph5)?

5.WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaccordingtothetext?

問題1選項

A.Akindofoverlookedinequality

B.Atypeofconspicuousbias

C.Atypeofpersonalprejudice

D.Akindofbranddiscrimination

問題2選項

A.InbothEastandWest,namesareessentialtosuccess

B.ThealphabetistoblameforthefailureofZoeZysman

C.Customersoftenpayalotofattentiontocompanies’names

D.Someformofdiscriminationistoosubtletorecognize

問題3選項

A.questionsareoftenputtothemoreintelligentstudents

B.alphabeticallydisadvantagedstudentsoftenescapefromclass

C.teachersshouldpayattentiontoalloftheirstudents

D.studentsshouldbeseatedaccordingtotheireyesight

問題4選項

A.Theyaregettingimpatient

B.Theyarenoisilydozingoff

C.Theyarefeelinghumiliated

D.Theyarebusywithwordpuzzles

問題5選項

A.PeoplewithsurnamesbeginningwithNtoZareoftenill-treated

B.VIPsintheWesternworldgainagreatdealfromalphabetism

C.Thecampaigntoeliminatealphabetismstillhasalongwaytogo

D.Puttingthingsalphabeticallymayleadtounintentionalbias

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:D

第3題:C

第4題:B

第5題:D

【解析】1.推理判斷題。題干詢問“作者提及AAAA汽車與Zodiac汽車的是什么？”。由

第二段第一句“IthaslongbeenknownthatataxifirmcalledAAAAcarshasabigadvantageoverZodiaccarswhencustomersthumbthroughtheirphonedirectories.眾所周知，在顧客瀏覽他們的電話薄時，被稱為AAAA汽車的出租車公司比被稱為Zodiac汽車的出租車公司有大的優(yōu)勢”與第一段第二句“Butoneinsidiousformcontinuestothrive:alphabetism.但是，一個潛伏的形式（即字母順序主義）繼續(xù)繁榮”確定A選項“一種被忽視的不平等”正確；

2.推理判斷題。題干詢問‘從前三段我們可以推斷出什么?’。由第一段中“Butoneinsidiousformcontinuestothrive:alphabetism.但是，一個潛伏的形式（即字母順序主義）繼續(xù)在繁榮”及第二段中“LesswellknownistheadvantagethatAdamAbbotthasinlifeoverZoeZysman不太為人所知的是AdamAbbott（即姓名以字母A開始的人）在生活中相比ZoeZysman（即姓名以字母Z開始的人）具有的優(yōu)勢”可知生活中的這種現象常被人忽視，所以D選項“一些形式的歧視太隱約而不易引人注意”正確。A選項“無論在東方還是西方，名字對于成功都是必要的”、B選項“字母表對ZoeZysman（即姓名以字母Z開始的人）的失敗應負責任”和C項“消費者經常很關注公司的名字”均不符合文意，排除。

3.推理判斷題。題干詢問‘第四段指出…’。由第四段第四句“Soshort-sightedZysmanjuniorgetsstuckinthebackrow,andisrarelyaskedtheimprovingquestionsposedbythoseinsensitiveteachers.因此，近視的Zysman（即姓名以字母Z開始的人）小學生被困在后排，且很少被問到由那些麻木不仁的老師提出有啟發(fā)性的問題”確定C選項“教師應該關注自己所有的學生”正確。

4.推理判斷題。題干詢問‘作者所說的“大多數人都在打盹”是什么意思(第5段第2-3行)?’。由第五段中第三句“Shortlistsforjobinterviews,electionballotpapers,listsofconferencespeakersandattendees:alltendtobedrawnupalphabetically,andtheirrecipientsloseinterestastheyploughthroughthem.求職面試名單、選票、會議發(fā)言者和參加人名單都傾向于按字母順序地被擬定，而它們的接受者卻在費力地閱讀它們時失去了興趣?！迸c第二句“Atuniversitygraduationceremonies在大學畢業(yè)的典禮”這個場景的對應確定B選項“他們正在鼾聲隆隆地打瞌睡”符合語境，正確。

5.推理判斷題。題干詢問‘根據文章，下列哪個選項是正確的?’。全文圍繞“alphabetism字母順序主義”論述其帶來的各種偏見、歧視和不平等。如被稱為AAAA汽車的出租車公司比被稱為Zodiac汽車的出租車公司有大的優(yōu)勢，近視的Zysman（即姓名以字母Z開始的人）小學生被困在后排，且很少被問到由那些麻木不仁的老師提出的啟發(fā)性的問題。”所以D選項“按照字母順序安放事情可能導致非故意的偏見”正確。

16.單選題

Ithasbeenknownformanydecadesthattheappearanceofsunspotsisroughlyperiodic,withanaveragecycleofelevenyears.Moreover,theincidenceofsolarflaresandthefluxofsolarcosmicrays,ultravioletradiation,andX-radiationallvarydirectlywiththesunspotcycle.Butaftermorethanacenturyofinvestigation,therelationoftheseandotherphenomena,knowncollectivelyasthesolar-activitycycle,toterrestrialweatherandcl