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住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語-湖南大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I(帶答案詳解)(圖片可根據(jù)實際調(diào)整大?。╊}型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.單選題
Itisoftenclaimedthatnuclearenergyissomethingwecannotdowithout.Weliveinaconsumersocietywherethereisanenormousdemandforcommercialproductsofallkinds.Moreover,anincreaseinindustrialproductionisconsideredtobeonesolutiontotheproblemofmassunemployment.Suchanincreasepresumesanabundantandcheapsupply.Manypeoplebelievethatnuclearenergyprovidesaninexhaustibleaneconomicalsourceofpowerandthatitisthereforeessentialforanindustriallydevelopingsociety.Thereareanumberofotheradvantagesintheuseofnuclearenergy.Firstly,nuclearpower,exceptforaccidents,isclean.Afurtheradvantageisthatanuclearpowerstationcanberunandmaintainedbyrelativelyfewtechnicalandadministrativestaff.Thenuclearreactorrepresentsanenormousstepinourscientificevolutionand,whatevertheanti-nucleargroupsays,itiswrongtoexpectareturntomoreprimitivesourcesoffuel.However,opponentsofnuclearenergypointoutthatnuclearpowerstationsbringadirectthreatnotonlytotheenvironmentbutalsotocivilliberties.Furthermore,itisquestionablewhetherultimatelynuclearpowerisacheapsourceofenergy.Therehave,forexample,beenverycostlyaccidentsinAmerica,inBritainand,ofcourse,inRussia.
Thepossibilityofincreasesinthecostofuraniuminadditiontothecostofgreatersafetyprovisionscouldpricenuclearpoweroutofmarket.Inthelongrun,environmentalistsargue,nuclearenergywastesvaluableresourcesanddisturbstheecologytoanextentwhichcouldbringaboutthedestructionofthehumanrace.Thusifwewishtosurvive,wecannotaffordnuclearenergy.Inspiteofthecaseagainstnuclearenergyoutlinedabove,nuclearenergyprogrammesareexpanding.Suchanexpansionassumesacontinualgrowthinindustrialproductionandconsumerdemands.However,itisdoubtfulwhetherthisgrowthwillorcancontinue.Havingweigheduptheargumentson.
Suchanexpansionassumesacontinualgrowthinindustrialproductionandconsumerdemands.However,itisadoubtfulwhetherthisgrowthwillorcancontinue.Havingweigheduptheargumentsonbothsides,itseemstherearegoodeconomicandecologicalreasonsforsourcesofenergyotherthannuclearpower.
1.Thewriter’sattitudetowardnuclearenergyis(
).
2.Accordingtotheopponentsofnuclearenergy,whichofthefollowingisTRUEofnuclearenergy?
3.Somepeopleclaimthatunclearenergyisessentialbecause(
).
4.Whichofthefollowingstatementsdoesthewritersupport?
5.Thefunctionofthelastsentenceis(
).
問題1選項
A.indifferent
B.tolerant
C.favorable
D.negative
問題2選項
A.Primitive
B.Cheap
C.Exhaustible
D.Unsafe
問題3選項
A.itprovidesaperfectsolutiontomassunemployment
B.itrepresentsanenormousstepforwardinourscientificevolution
C.itcanmeetthegrowingdemandofanindustriallydevelopingsociety
D.nuclearpowerstationscanberunandmaintainedbyrelativelyfewtechnicalandadministrativestaff
問題4選項
A.Thedemandforcommercialproductswillnotnecessarilykeepincreasing.
B.Nuclearenergyissomethingwecannotdowithout.
C.Uraniumisagoodsourceofenergyforeconomicandecologicalreasons.
D.Gratersafetyprovisionscanbringabouttheexpansionofnuclearenergyprogrammes.
問題5選項
A.advancethefinalargument
B.reflectthewriter’sattitude
C.reversepreviouslyexpressedthoughts
D.showthedisadvantagesofnuclearpower
【答案】第1題:B
第2題:D
第3題:C
第4題:A
第5題:B
【解析】1.態(tài)度方向。作者在第一段引出了大眾觀點,后面再否定。而且最后一段指出:Havingweigheduptheargumentsonbothsides,itseemstherearegoodeconomicandecologicalreasonsforsourcesofenergyotherthannuclearpower(權(quán)衡利弊后我們有理由認(rèn)為應(yīng)該選擇使用核能以外的其他能源)。因此作者對于核能的態(tài)度是否定的。
2.細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞opponentsofnuclearenergy定位至第一段倒數(shù)第三句:但是,核能的反對者們指出,核電站不僅僅給環(huán)境,而且是給全民的自由帶來了直接的威脅。因此,核能反對者認(rèn)為核能不安全。
3.細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位至第一段,第一句就指出:有人認(rèn)為核能必不可少,緊接著給出了原因:工業(yè)持續(xù)發(fā)展的社會對便宜的能源有不斷增長的需求,而核能可以滿足這一需求。故選C。
4.細(xì)節(jié)題。倒數(shù)第二句表明:Suchanexpansionassumesacontinualgrowthinindustrialproductionandconsumerdemands.However,itisdoubtfulwhetherthisgrowthwillorcancontinue(這種擴張表現(xiàn)為工業(yè)生產(chǎn)和消費者需求正在不斷的增長。但是,這種增長會不會,或者說能不能持續(xù),是值得懷疑的)。即作者認(rèn)為它不一定會增長。
5.態(tài)度方向題。最后一句是表明了作者對核能的態(tài)度。
2.單選題
Duringthereadinglesson,theteacheraskedstudentstoreadafew(
)fromthenovel.
問題1選項
A.pieces
B.essays
C.fragments
D.extracts
【答案】D
【解析】名詞辨析。句意:上閱讀課時,老師要求學(xué)生閱讀小說中的幾個。
pieces(完整的)作品;essay論文,文章;fragment片段,一般指文藝作品中的殘存部分;extract書本中的摘錄,選段等。故選D。
3.單選題
Ifwedon'tstopflirtingwiththosedeathlynuclearweapons,thewholeglobewillbe(
)
問題1選項
A.empowered
B.punished
C.polluted
D.annihilated
【答案】D
【解析】動詞辨析。句意:如果我們不停止與那些致命的核武器的親密接觸,整個地球?qū)?。empower:使控制局勢,授權(quán)。punish:懲罰,處罰。pollute:污染,弄臟。annihilate:消滅,湮沒。
4.單選題
Wearetoldthemassmediaarethegreatestorgansforenlightenmentthattheworldhasyetseen;thatinBritain,forinstance,severalmillionpeopleseeeachissueofthecurrentaffairsprogrammeasPanoroma.Itistruethatneverinhumanhistoryweresomanypeoplesooftenandsomuchexposedtoomuchintimationaboutsocieties,formsoflife,andattitudesotherthanthosewhichtheyobtainintheirlocalsocieties.Thiskindofexposuremaywellbeapointofdepartureforacquiringcertainimportantintellectualandimaginativequalities,widthofjudgment,andasenseofthevarietyofpossibleattitudes.Yetinitselfsuchexposuredoesnotbringintellectualorimaginativedevelopment.Itisnomorethanthemassesofstonewhichliearoundinquarry(采石場)andwhichmay,conceivably,gotothemakingofacathedral.Themassmediacannotbuildthecathedral,andtheirwayofshowingthestonesdonotalwayspromptotherstobuild.Forthestonesarepresentedwithinaself-containedandself-sufficientworldinwhich,itisimplied,simplytolookatthem,toobservefleetinglyindividuallyinterestingpointsofdifferencebetweenthemissufficientinitself.
Lifeisindeedfullofproblemsonwhichwehaveto—orfeelweshouldtryto—makedecisions,ascitizensorasprivateindividuals.Butneithertherealdifficultyofthesedecisions,northeirtrueanddisturbingchallengetoeachindividual,canoftenbecommunicatedthroughthemassmedia.Thedisinclinationtosuggestrealchoice,individualdecision,whichistobefoundinthemassmediaisnotsimplytheproductofacommercialdesiretokeepthecustomershappy.Itiswithinthegrainofmasscommunications.Theorgansoftheestablishment,howeverwell-intentionedtheymaybeandwhatevertheirform(theState,theChurch,voluntarysocieties,politicalparties),haveavestedinterestinensuringthatthepublicboatisnotviolentlyrocked,andwillsoaffectthosewhoworkwithinthemassmediathattheywillbeledinsensiblytowardsformsofproductionwhich,thoughtheygothroughthemotionsofdisputeandinquiry,donotbreakthroughtheskintowheresuchinquiriesmightreallyhurt.Theywilltendtomove,whenexposingproblems,wellwithintheacceptedclicheassumptionsofdemocraticsocietyandwilltendneitherradicallytoquestionclichesnortomakeadisturbingapplicationofthemtofeaturesofcontemporarylife.Theywillstressthe“stimulation”theprogramsgive,butthissoonbecomesanagitationofproblemsforthesakeoftheinterestofthatagitationitself;theywilltherefore,again,assistaformofacceptanceofthestatusquo(現(xiàn)狀).Therewereexceptionstothistendency,buttheyareuncharacteristic.
1.Accordingtothepassage,themassmediapresentuswith(
).
2.Whateffectisitclaimedthemassmediacanhaveonourintellectualandimaginativedevelopment?
3.Theauthorusesthecomparisonwithbuildingacathedralthat(
).
4.Howarethemassmediasaidtoinfluenceourabilitytomakedecisions?
5.Themainweaknessofthemassmediaisidentifiedbytheauthoras(
).
問題1選項
A.insufficientdiversityofinformation
B.toorestrictedaviewoflife
C.awiderangeoffactsandopinions
D.acriticalassessmentofoursociety
問題2選項
A.Theyarelikelytofrustratethisdevelopment.
B.Theycanformabasisforit.
C.Theycandistortourjudgment.
D.Theycanstimulatetoomuchmentalactivity.
問題3選項
A.worthwhileresultsdonotdependonrawmaterialonly
B.themediaevalmediahaddifferentbeliefs
C.greatworksofartrequiregoodfoundations
D.closeattentiontodetailisimportant
問題4選項
A.Theydisturbusbytheirprejudices.
B.Theymakeusdoubtourownjudgments.
C.Theymakenocontributioninthisarea.
D.Theymakedecisionswhichappeartoocomplicated.
問題5選項
A.fearoflosingthecustomer
B.thediverseviewsofthecontributors
C.servicetotheprofitmotive
D.tryingtocaterforavestrangeofaudience
【答案】第1題:C
第2題:B
第3題:A
第4題:C
第5題:C
【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)題。第一段指出:人類歷史上從來沒有過如此多的人頻繁地批露,諸如:社會、生活方式以及思想觀念的陰暗面,而這些與人們從所處社會接收的那些信息是不同的。因此排除A、B項。第二段指出:Thoughtheygothroughthemotionsofdisputeandenquiry,donotbreakthroughtheskintowheresuchenquiresmightreallyhurt(盡管他們辯論、質(zhì)疑,但仍然觸及不到關(guān)鍵之處),由此推斷D項(對社會的一個批判性評估)是大眾傳媒所不具備的。故選C項(廣泛的事實和意見)。
2.細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞intellectualandimaginativedevelopment定位至第一段:Thiskindofexposuremaywellbeapointofdepartureforacquiringcertainimportantintellectualandimaginativequalities,widthofjudgment,andasenseofthevarietyofpossibleattitudes。據(jù)此可知B項正確。
3.推斷題。根據(jù)題干定位至第一段:Themassmediacannotbuildthecathedral,andtheirwayofshowingthestonesdonotalwayspromptotherstobuild,作者用建大教堂這個比喻說明有價值的結(jié)果不僅僅依靠原材料。故選A。
4.細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞定位至第二段。第二句說:大眾媒介經(jīng)常不能把做這些決定的困難進(jìn)行報道,它不起作用,更不會使決定變得更為復(fù)雜。故選C。
5.細(xì)節(jié)題。作者認(rèn)為大眾傳播媒介的主要弱點是為了獲得利益,故C項(因為獲利動機)正確。
5.填空題
Psychologiststakecontrastiveviewsofhowexternalrewards,fromwarmpraisetocoldcash,affectmotivationandcreativity.Behaviorists(1)researchtherelationbetweenactionsandtheirconsequencesarguethatrewardscanimproveperformanceatworkandschool.Cognitiveresearchers,whostudyvariousaspectsofmentallife,maintain(2)rewardsoftendestroycreativitybyencouragingdependence(3)approvalandgiftsfromothers.
Thelatterviewhasgainedmanysupporters,especiallyamongeducators.Butthecarefuluseofsmallmonetaryrewardssparks(4)ingrade-schoolchildren,suggestingthatproperlypresentedinducementsindeedaidinventiveness,(5)toastudyintheJuneJournalofPersonalityandSocialPsychology.
“Ifkidsknowthey’reworkingfora(6)andcanfocusonarelativelychallengingtask,theyshowthemostcreativity’’,saysRobertEisenbergeroftheUniversityofDelawareinNewark.“Butit’seasytokillcreativitybygivingrewardsfor(7)performanceorcreatingtoomuchanticipationforrewards.”
Ateacherwhocontinuallydrawsattentiontorewardsorwhohandsouthighgradesforordinaryachievementendsupwithdiscouragedstudents,Eisenbergerholds(8)anexampleofthelatterpoint,henotesgrowingeffortsatmajoruniversitiestotightengradingstandardsandrestorefailing(9).
Inearliergrades,theuseofso-calledtokeneconomies,in(10)studentshandlechallengingproblemsandreceiveperformance-basedpointstoward,showspromiseinraisingeffortandcreativity,theDelawarepsychologistclaims.
【答案】(1)who
(2)that
(3)on
(4)creativity
(5)according
(6)reward
(7)poor
(8)As
(9)grades
(10)which
【解析】(1)語法題。考查定語從句。此空后的句子為定語從句,先行詞為“Behaviorists”,所以應(yīng)填關(guān)系代詞who,引導(dǎo)修飾人的定語從句。
(2)語法題。考查賓語從句??蘸蟮膬?nèi)容為maintain的賓語,應(yīng)填一個可引導(dǎo)賓語從句的詞。而且上文的賓語從句“arguethat...”也可以推斷出本空填"that。
(3)固定搭配。固定短語dependon意為“依賴,依靠”,其名詞形式dependence也需要跟介詞on。
(4)語義連接。本文是在講述獎勵、表揚與創(chuàng)造性的關(guān)系,此句意為“但是小心地使用小量的金錢報酬能激起分級學(xué)校孩子們的”第一段中提到“destroycreativity”,因此該空格處應(yīng)填“creativity”。
(5)固定搭配。According填在空格處,句意為:根據(jù)一項個性與社會心理學(xué)的六月雜志的研究。
(6)語義連接。本文講獎勵與創(chuàng)造性的關(guān)系,此句意為“如果孩子們知道他們在為工作?!憋@然,此空處應(yīng)填“reward”(獎勵)。
(7)語義連接。推測此句意為“但是如果獎勵表現(xiàn)不好的,或者制造過高的對創(chuàng)造力的獎勵期望值,這很容易扼殺創(chuàng)造性。因此此處填poor比較合適。
(8)語義連接。此句意為作為后一種觀點的例子”。
(9)語義連接。前句句意:給平常成績的學(xué)生打高分的老師,最終會使學(xué)生泄氣。此句句意:他指出,各大學(xué)在嚴(yán)格控制評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和恢復(fù)不及格成績方面做出越來越多的努力。此處應(yīng)填grade的復(fù)數(shù)形式。
(10)語法題??疾槎ㄕZ從句。此空后的句子應(yīng)為定語從句,先行詞為“tokeneconomies”,故此空應(yīng)填一個可引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系詞,而且空格前面有介詞in,故只能填“which”。
6.單選題
WeallknowthatMaryhashadastrict(
).
問題1選項
A.growth
B.upbringing
C.development
D.cultivation
【答案】B
【解析】名詞辨析。句意:我們都知道Mary家教嚴(yán)格。
growth:成長,生長;upbring成長;development:發(fā)展,容易排除;cultivation:側(cè)重指“開墾,耕作”。astrictupbring意為“嚴(yán)格的教養(yǎng)”。
7.單選題
Marysatatthetable,lookedattheplateand(
)herlips.
問題1選項
A.smacked
B.opened
C.parted
D.separated
【答案】A
【解析】固定搭配。句意:瑪麗坐在桌旁,盯著盤子里的美食垂涎三尺。
Smackone’slips“舔(或砸)嘴唇(表示贊賞、滿意或垂涎);發(fā)讒”。
8.單選題
Thepaintingheboughtatthestreetmarkettheotherdaywasa(
)forgery.
問題1選項
A.man-made
B.natural
C.crude
D.real
【答案】D
【解析】形容詞辨析。句意:他那天在街上買的那幅畫實際上是副贗品。
man-made人造的;natural自然的;crude粗略的;real實際上。
9.單選題
Topullapersonalitytogethertakesinnerreservesofpowerd(
)from
beyondoneself.
問題1選項
A.assimilated
B.accumulated
C.congregated
D.infiltrated
【答案】B
【解析】動詞辨析。句意:人格形成需要內(nèi)在的力量儲存,這些力量不僅僅是自己積累出來的。
assimilated吸收;使同化;把...比作;使相似。accumulated累積。congregated聚集。infiltrated(使)透過,(使)浸入。
10.單選題
Nobodylikestakingexams;examsinyourownlanguagecanbestressfulenoughbutsomehowexamsinaforeignlanguagealwaysseemtocausemoreworryandanxiety.Well,thegoodnewsisthat,ifyou(1)somesimplesteps,takingEnglishlanguageexamscanbereallyquite(2)Itwon'texactlybefun,butitcertainlyshouldn'tgiveyoutoomanyheadachesorsleeplessnights.
Ifyouareplanningto(3)oneofthewell-knownexamssuchasCambridgeFirstCertificate,youwillprobablyfindthatthere'sapreparationcourse(4)ataschoolnearyou.Checkthattheschoolhasagood(5)ofexamssuccessandthattheteacheris(6).
Itisagoodideatoaskifyouwillbegivenhomeworkand(7)yourwrittenwillbemarkedbyateacherwhoknowsthelevelofEnglish(8)bytheexam.
Ifyoutakeanexampreparationcourseyourteacherwillgiveyoualltheinformationyouneedandyouwillfindthat(9)intheclasshelpsyoutostudymoreeffectively.Butyouwillstillneedto(10)inalotofworkyourself(afterall,theteachercan'ttaketheexamforyou.
問題1選項
A.mind
B.walk
C.follow
D.keep
問題2選項
A.fascinating
B.painless
C.enjoyable
D.marvelous
問題3選項
A.have
B.prepare
C.participate
D.take
問題4選項
A.possible
B.available
C.offering
D.existing
問題5選項
A.management
B.foundation
C.expectation
D.record
問題6選項
A.experience
B.experiencing
C.experienced
D.experiences
問題7選項
A.how
B.that
C.what
D.whether
問題8選項
A.required
B.determined
C.corresponded
D.accorded
問題9選項
A.going
B.coming
C.being
D.getting
問題10選項
A.put
B.act
C.sit
D.give
【答案】第1題:C
第2題:B
第3題:D
第4題:B
第5題:D
第6題:C
第7題:D
第8題:A
第9題:C
第10題:A
【解析】(1)固定搭配。followsomesimplesteps遵循一些簡單的步驟。
(2)形容詞辨析。句意:如果遵循一些簡單的步驟,參加英語考試就不那么了。fascinating迷人的。painless無痛的。enjoyable:令人享受的,令人愉快的。marvelous:了不起的,非凡的,令人驚異的。
(3)固定搭配。preparer后面跟for,participate后面跟in。而take可以作及物動詞,后面接exams。
(4)形容詞辨析。句意:可以在就近的學(xué)校學(xué)習(xí)到一些預(yù)備課程。possible可能的,合適的。available可得到的,可利用的。offering提供。existing目前的,現(xiàn)存的。因此B項符合句意。
(5)名詞辨析。句意:要審核申請人平時在校的考試記錄。management管理,操縱,管理人員。foundation基礎(chǔ),根據(jù)。expectation期待,預(yù)期。record檔案,履歷,記錄。故選D。
(6)語法分析。句意:要審核申請人平時在校的考試記錄,以及教師是否經(jīng)驗豐富。experience:n.經(jīng)驗,經(jīng)歷,體驗。experiencing:experience的現(xiàn)在分詞。experienced:富有經(jīng)驗的。experiences:n.經(jīng)歷,體驗;experience的復(fù)數(shù)??涨盀閎e動詞is,因此空格處應(yīng)為形容詞。故選C。
(7)語義連接。ifyouwillbegivenhomeworkand:你是否有家庭作業(yè)以及…。and連接前后兩個表示并列成分的句子,前面用了if,據(jù)此可以推出后面也需用類似的連詞。
(8)語義連接。句意:老師知道考試需要/規(guī)定的英語水平。required:必需的,必修的。determined:堅決的。corresponded:correspond的過去分詞,相符,符合。accorded:accord的過去分詞,符合,一致。故選A。
(9)語法分析。beingintheclass:在課堂中。
(10)固定搭配。句意:但是你依然得投入很多到工作中。putin:傾注,投入(金錢,時間、努力等)。sitin:參加靜坐示威。givein:屈服,讓步,上交。act后面不接in。故選A。
11.單選題
ThemiserablefateofEnron’semployeeswillbealandmarkinbusinesshistory,oneofthoseawfuleventsthateveryoneagreesmustneverbeallowedtohappenagain.Thisurgeisunderstandableandnoble:thousandshavelostvirtuallyalltheirretirementsavingswiththedemiseofEnronstock.Butmakingsureitneverhappensagainmaynotbepossible,becausethesuddenimpoverishmentofthoseEnronworkersrepresentssomethingevenlargerthanitseems.It’sthelatestturnintheunwindingofoneofthemostaudaciouspromiseofthe20thcentury.
Thepromisewasassuredeconomicsecurity-evencomfort-foressentiallyeveryoneinthedevelopedworld.Withtheexplosionofwealth,thatbeganinthe19thcenturyitbecamepossibletothinkaboutapossibilitynoonehaddaredtodreambefore.Thefearatthecenterofdailylivingsincecavemandays-lackoffoodwarmth,shelter-wouldatlastloseitspowertoterrify.Thatremarkablepromisebecamerealityinmanyways.Governmentscreatedwelfaresystemsforanyoneinneedandseparateprogramsfortheelderly(SocialSecurityintheU.S).Laborunionspromisednotonlybetterpayforworkersbutalsopensionsforretirees.Giantcorporationscameintotobeingandofferedthepossibility-insomecasesthepromise-oflifetimeemploymentplusguaranteedpensions.Thecumulativeeffectwasafundamentalchangeinhowmillionsofpeopleapproachedlifeitself,areversalofattitudethatmostrankasoneofthelargestinhumanhistory.
Theearlyhintsthatthispromisemightbebrokenonalargescalecameinthe1980s.U.S.businesshadbecomeuncompetitivegloballyandbeganrestructuringmassively,withhugeLayoffs.Thetrendacceleratedinthe1990sasthebastionsofcorporatewelfarefacedreality.IBMendeditsno-layoffpolicy.AT&Tfiredthousands,manyofwhomfoundsuchathingsimplyincomprehensible,andafewofwhomkilledthemselves.Theothersupposedguarantorsofoureconomicsecuritywerealsoindecline.Labor-unionmembershipandpowerfelltotheirlowestlevelsindecades.PresidentClintonsignedahistoricbillscalingbackwelfare.AmericansrealizedthatSocialSecuritywon’tprovidesocialsecurityforanyofus.
Alessvisiblebutequallysignificanttrendaffectedpensions.Tomakecostseasiertocontrol,companiesmovedawayfromdefinedbenefitpensionplans,whichobligatethemtopayoutspecifiedamountsyearsinthefuture,todefinecontributionplans,whichspecifyonlyhowmuchgoesintotheplaytoday.Themostcommontypeofdefined-contributionplanisthe401(k).Thesignificanceofthe401(k)isthatitputsmostoftheresponsibilityforaperson’seconomicfatebackontheemployee.Withinlimitstheemployeemustdecidehowmuchgoesintoplaneachyearandhowitgetsinvested-thetwofactorsthatwilldeterminehowmuchit’sworthwhentheemployeeretires.
WhatbringsusbacktoEnron?Thosebillionsofdollarsinvaporizedretirementsavingswentinemployees’401(k)accounts,Thatis,theemployeeschosehowmuchmoneytoputintothoseaccountsandthenchosehowtoinvestit.Enronmatchedacertainproportionofeachemployee’s401(k)contributionwithcompanystock,soeveryonewasgoingtoendupwithsomeEnroninhisorherportfolio;butthatcouldberegardedasafreebie,sincenothingcompelsacompanytomatchemployeecontributionsatall.AtleasttwospecialfeaturescomplicatetheEnroncase.First,someshareholderschargetopmanagementwithillegallycoveringupthecompany’sproblems,promptinginvestorstohangonwhentheyshouldhavesold.Second,Enron’s401(k)accountswerelockedwhilethecompanychangedplanadministratorsinOctober,whenthestockwasfalling,soemployeescouldnothaveclosedtheiraccountsiftheywantedto.
ButbyfarthelargestcauseofthishumantragedyisthatthousandsofemployeeswereheavilyoverweighedinEnronstock.Manyhadplaced100%oftheir401(k)assetsinthestockratherthaninthe18otherinvestmentoptionstheywereoffered.Ofcoursethatwasn’tprudent,butit’swhatsomeofthemdid.
TheEnronemployees’retirementdisasterispartofthelargertrendawayfromguaranteedeconomicsecurity.That’swhypreventingsuchathingfromeverhappeningagainmaybeimpossible.ThehugeattitudinalshifttoI’ll-be-taken-care-oftookatleastageneration.Theshiftbackmaytakejustaslong.Itwon’tbecompleteuntilanewgenerationofemployeesseeassuredeconomiccomfortasa20th-centuryquirk,andunderstandnotjustintellectuallybutintheirbonesthat,likemostpeopleinmosttimesandplaces,they’reontheirown.
1.Whydoestheauthorsayatthebeginning“ThemiserablefateofEnron’semployeeswillbealandmarkinbusinesshistory...’’?
2.Accordingtothepassage,thecombinedeffortsbygovernments,layoutunionsandbigcorporationstoguaranteeeconomiccomforthaveledtoasignificantchangein(
)
3.Changesinpensionschemeswerealsopartof(
).
4.ThousandsofemployeeschoseEnronastheirsoleinvestmentoptionmainlybecause(
).
5.WhichisNOTseenasalessondrawnfromtheEnrondisaster?
問題1選項
A.Becausethecompanyhasgonebankrupt.
B.Becausesucheventswouldneverhappenagain.
C.BecausemanyEnronworkerslosttheirretirementsavings.
D.becauseitsignifiesaturningpointineconomicsecurity.
問題2選項
A.people’soutlookonlife.
B.people’slifestyles.
C.people’slivingstandard
D.people’ssocialvalues.
問題3選項
A.thecorporatelay-offs
B.thegovernmentcutsinwelfarespending
C.theeconomicrestructuring
D.thewarningpoweroflaborsunions
問題4選項
A.the401(k)madethemresponsiblefortheirownfuture.
B.Enronofferedtoaddcompanystocktotheirinvestment.
C.theiremployersintendedtocutbackonpensionspending.
D.Enron’sofferwassimilartoadefined-benefitplan.
問題5選項
A.401(k)assetsshouldbeplacedinmorethanoneinvestmentoption.
B.Employeeshavetotakeupresponsibilitiesforthemselves.
C.Sucheventscouldhappenagainasitisnoteasytochangepeople’smind
D.Economicsecuritywon’tbetakenforgrantedbyfutureyoungworkers.
【答案】第1題:D
第2題:A
第3題:B
第4題:B
第5題:D
【解析】1.推斷題。本文講的是安然公司員工在商業(yè)歷史上的悲慘命運是經(jīng)濟安全問題的一個轉(zhuǎn)折點。
2.細(xì)節(jié)題。原文指出:Thecumulativeeffectwasafundamentalchangeinhowmillionsofpeopleapproachedlifeitself,areversalofattitudethatmostrankasoneofthelargestinhumanhistory,由此看出,人們在對生活的觀點態(tài)度方面有了一個重大的改變。
3.細(xì)節(jié)題。由第七段看出,退休金計劃的改變是政府在福利上削減的組成部分。
4.細(xì)節(jié)題。第七段指出:Enronmatchedacertainproportionofeachemployee’s401(k)contributionwithcompanystock,soeveryonewasgoingtoendupwithsomeEnroninhisorherportfolio;butthatcouldberegardedasafreebie,sincenothingcompelsacompanytomatchemployeecontributionsatall,由此可知,安然公司讓投資者擁有他們公司的股票,因此很多員工選擇安然作為他們投資的唯一選擇。
5.推斷題。第六段指出:Manyhadplaced100%oftheir401(k)assetsinthestockratherthaninthe18otherinvestmentoptionstheywereoffered.Ofcoursethatwasn’tprudent,butit’swhatsomeofthemdid,由此可知,A項(401(k)項資產(chǎn)應(yīng)置于多個投資選項中),B項(員工必須自負(fù)盈虧)正確。第一段指出:Butmakingsureitneverhappensagainmaynotbepossible,becausethesuddenimpoverishmentofthoseEnronworkersrepresentssomethingevenlargerthanitseems,因此C項(這種情況可能會再次發(fā)生,因為改變?nèi)藗兊南敕ú⒉蝗菀?正確。故選D。
12.單選題
Fuelscarcitiesandpriceincreases(
)automobiledesignerstoscaledownthelargestmodelsandtodevelopcompletelynewlinesofsmallcarsandtrucks.
問題1選項
A.persuaded
B.prompted
C.imposed
D.enlightened
【答案】B
【解析】動詞辨析。句意:燃油短缺和價格上漲汽車設(shè)計者縮小大型汽車的研發(fā),轉(zhuǎn)而開發(fā)全新的小型汽車和卡車生產(chǎn)線。
persuade:說服,勸說。prompt:促進(jìn),促使。impose:強加,征稅,利用。enlighten:啟發(fā),啟蒙,教導(dǎo)。因此B項符合句意。
13.單選題
Hewasvery(
)totheoldladyanddideverythingforher.
問題1選項
A.attentive
B.observant
C.earnest
D.considerate
【答案】D
【解析】形容詞辨析。句意:他很那位老婦人,什么都替她做。
attentive:留意的,細(xì)心的。observant:善于觀察的,觀察力敏銳的。earnest:認(rèn)真的,誠實的。considerate:體貼的,體諒的。故D項符合句意。
14.單選題
Thereisthefearthatbabiesmightbegeneticallyalteredtosuittheparents'wishes.
問題1選項
A.enhanced
B.revised
C.alternated
D.modified
【答案】D
【解析】動詞辨析。句意:人們擔(dān)心有些父母為了使小孩達(dá)到他們的期望而(
)其基因。
enhance:提高,加強,增進(jìn)。revise修改,校訂。alternate交替,輪流。modify修改,更改,改變。alter:改變,更改。
15.單選題
Yetbeyondthattragicpicture,thereisarevolutionatworkinworldagriculture.
問題1選項
A.reflective
B.illusive
C.intolerable
D.grievous
【答案】D
【解析】形容詞辨析。句意:除去這悲慘的景象,農(nóng)業(yè)領(lǐng)域正發(fā)生著變革。reflective:反射的,反映的,反思的。illusive:錯覺的,迷惑人的。intolerable:無法忍受的,不能容忍的。grievous:嚴(yán)重的,令人傷心的,劇烈的。tragic:悲劇的,悲痛的。故選D。
16.單選題
TWAwascriticizedfortryingtocoverupthetruthratherthanpromptlynotifyingvictims'families.
問題1選項
A.briefly
B.quickly
C.accurately
D.earnestly
【答案】B
【解析】副詞辨析。句意:環(huán)球航空公司被詬病其試圖掩蓋真相而不是立馬通知遇難者家屬的行為。
briefly短暫地,簡略地。quickly迅速地,很快地。accurately精確地,準(zhǔn)確地。earnestly認(rèn)真地,誠摯地。promptly迅速地。故選B。
17.單選題
Thisspaciousroomis(
)furnishedwithjustafewarticlesinit.
問題1選項
A.lightly
B.sparsely
C.hardly
D.rarely
【答案】B
【解析】副詞辨析。句意:寬敞的房間(
)擺著幾件家具。
Lightly輕輕地;sparsely稀疏地;hardly幾乎不,多用于否定句,故排除;rarely很少地,多用于修飾頻率;故選B。
18.單選題
Whytheinductiveandmathematicalsciences,aftertheirfirstrapiddevelopmentattheculminationofGreekcivilization,advancedsoslowlyfortwothousandyears-andwhyinthefollowingtwohundredyearsaknowledgeofnaturalandmathematicalsciencehasaccumulated,whichsovastlyexceedsallthatwaspreviouslyknownthatthesesciencesmaybejustlyregardedastheproductsofourowntimesarequestionswhichhaveinterestedthemodernmphilosophernotlessthantheobjectswithwhichthesesciencesaremoreimmediatelyconversant.Wasittheemploymentofanewmethodofresearch,orintheexerciseofgreatervirtueintheuseoftheoldmethods,thatthissingularmodernmphenomenonhaditsorigin?Wasthelongperiodoneofarresteddevelopment,andisthemodernmeraoneofnormalgrowth?Orshouldweascribethecharacteristicsofbothperiodstoso-calledhistoricalaccidents-totheinfluenceofconjunctionsincircumstancesofwhichnoexplanationispossible,saveintheomnipotenceandwisdomofaguidingProvidence?
Theexplanationwhichhasbecomecommonplace,thattheancientsemployeddeductionchieflyintheirscientificinquiries,whilethemodernmsemployinduction,provestobetoonarrow,andfailsuponcloseexaminationtopointwithsufficientdistinctnessthecontrastthatisevidentbetweenancientandmodernmscientificdoctrinesandinquiries.Forallknowledgeisfoundedonobservation,andproceedsfromthisbyanalysis,bysynthesisandanalysis,byinductionanddeduction,andifpossiblebyverification,orbynewappealstoobservationundertheguidanceofdeduction-bystepswhichareindeedcorrelativepartsofonemethod;andtheancientsciencesaffordexamplesofeveryoneofthesemethods,orpartsofonemethod,whichhavebeengeneralizedfromtheexamplesofscience.
Afailuretoemployortoemployadequatelyanyoneofthesepartialmethods,animperfectionintheartsandresourcesofobservationandexperiment,carelessnessinobservation,neglectofrelevantfacts,byappealtoexperimentandobservation-thes
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