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2019新人教高中英語選修三全部課文原文與翻譯UnitOneARTLoveofbeautyistaste. 愛美是一種品味,Thecreationofbeautyisart. 而創(chuàng)造美則是一種藝術(shù)。RalphWaldoEmersonReadingandThinkingASHORTHISTORYOFWESTERNPAINTNG西方繪畫藝術(shù)簡(jiǎn)史WhatisWesternart?Itishardtogiveaprecisedefinition.AstherehavebeensomanydifferentstylesofWesternart,itisimpossibletodescribethemallinashorttext.PerhapsthebestwaytounderstandWesternartistolookatthedevelopmentofWesternpaintingoverthecenturies.什么是西方藝術(shù)?很難給出一個(gè)精確的定義。由于西方的藝術(shù)風(fēng)格多種多樣,在短短的一篇課文里不可能進(jìn)行全面的描述。也許了解西方藝術(shù)的最好方法就是看看幾個(gè)世紀(jì)以來西方繪畫的發(fā)展。TheMiddleAges(fromthe5thtothe15thcentury)中世紀(jì)(5世紀(jì)到15世紀(jì))DuringtheMiddleAges,thepurposeofWesternartwastoteachpeopleaboutChristianity.Thus,artistswerenotinterestedinpaintingrealisticscenes.Theirworkswereoftenprimitiveandtwo-dimensional,andthemaincharacterswereoftenmademuchlargerthaneveryoneelsetoshowtheirimportance.Thisbegantochangeinthe13thcenturywithGiottodiBondone(1267-1337).Whilehispaintingsstillhadreligiousthemes,theyshowedrealpeopleinarealenvironment.Inparticular,hispaintingsaresetapartfromotherpaintingsbytheirrealistichumanfacesanddeepemotionalimpact.在中世紀(jì),西方藝術(shù)的目的是向人們傳授基督教。因此,藝術(shù)家對(duì)寫實(shí)場(chǎng)景不感興趣。他們的作品通常較為粗糙且二維化,主體人物通常比其他人物大得多,以顯示他們的重要性。這種情況在13世紀(jì)時(shí)因喬托?迪?邦多納(1267-1337)而開始改變。盡管他的畫仍然帶有宗教主題,但它們展示的是真實(shí)的環(huán)境中的真實(shí)人物。尤其是他的畫作,因其逼真的人物面貌和深刻的情感沖擊而從其他畫作中脫穎而出。TheRenaissance(fromthe14thtothe17thcentury)文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期(14世紀(jì)到17世紀(jì))NewideasandvaluesgraduallyreplacedoldonesfromtheMiddleAges.Asaresult,paintersconcentratedlessonreligiousthemes.Theybegantoadoptamorehumanisticattitudetolife.AnimportantbreakthroughduringthisperiodwastheuseofperspectivebyMasaccio(1401-1428)InfluentialpainterssuchasLeonardodaVinci(1452-1519),Michelangelo(1475-1564)andRaphael(1483-1520)builtuponGiottoandMasaccio'sinnovationstoproducesomeofthegreatestartthatEuropehadeverseen.新的思想和價(jià)值觀逐漸取代了中世紀(jì)的思想和價(jià)值觀。因此,畫家較少關(guān)注宗教主題。他們開始采取一種更人性化的生活態(tài)度。這一時(shí)期的個(gè)重要突破是馬薩喬(1401-1428)對(duì)透視法的運(yùn)用。一些頗具影響力的畫家,例如昂納多達(dá)芬?奇、米開朗琪羅和拉斐爾,在喬托和馬薩喬的創(chuàng)新基礎(chǔ)上繼續(xù)發(fā)展,創(chuàng)造出歐洲前所未見的一些最偉大的藝術(shù)作品。Anotherinnovationwastheuseofoilpaints.Withtheirdeepcoloursandrealism,someofthebestoilpaintingslooklikephotographs.WhilepaintersasearlyasDaVincihadusedoil,thistechniquereacheditsheightwithRembrandt(1606-1669),whogainedareputationasamasterofshadowandlight另一個(gè)創(chuàng)新是油畫顏料的使用。由于其深沉的色彩和現(xiàn)實(shí)主義風(fēng)格,一些最好的油畫看上去就像是照片。盡管早在達(dá)芬?奇時(shí)代一些畫家就使用油彩繪畫,但倫勃朗使得這種技藝達(dá)到頂峰,他擁有“光影大師”的雅稱。Insubjectmatter,theemphasisincreasinglyshiftedfromreligiousthemestopeopleandtheworldaroundus.Kings,nobles,andpeopleofhighrankwantedtopurchaseaccuratepicturesofthemselvesandthepeopletheyloved.Otherswantedpaintingsshowingimportanthistoricaleventsorstoriesfrommythology.Finally,mostclientswantedpaintingsthatwerebeautifulandinterestingtolookat.在題材上,重點(diǎn)逐漸從宗教主題轉(zhuǎn)移到人和我們周圍的世界。國(guó)王、貴族和上流社會(huì)人士都想購買自己和所愛之人的準(zhǔn)確照片。其他人則想要展示重要?dú)v史事件或神話故事的畫作。最后,大多數(shù)客戶都想要看起來美麗有趣的畫作。Impressionism(late19thtoearly20thcentury)印象派時(shí)期(19世紀(jì)后期到20世紀(jì)初期ThedevelopmentofWesternartsloweduntiltheinventionofphotographyinthemid-19thcentury.Afterthat,paintingswerenolongerneededtopreservewhatpeopleandtheworldlookedlike.Hence,paintershadtofindanewwayoflookingattheirart.Fromthis,ImpressionismemergedinFrance.ThenameofthisnewmovementcamefromthepaintingbyClaudeMonet1840-1926)calledImpression,Sunrise.Inthiswork,Monetsaimwastoconveythelightandmovementinthescene—thesubjectiveimpressionthescenegavehim—butnotadetailedrecordofthesceneitself.直到19世紀(jì)中葉攝影術(shù)發(fā)明之前,西方藝術(shù)的發(fā)展緩慢。在那之后,不再需要繪畫來保存人和世界的面貌了。因此,畫家們不得不尋找一種新的方式來看待他們的藝術(shù)。由此,印象派在法國(guó)應(yīng)運(yùn)而生。這個(gè)新運(yùn)動(dòng)的名字來源于克勞德?莫奈(1840-1926)的一幅名為《印象日出》的畫作。在這幅作品中,莫奈想傳達(dá)場(chǎng)景中的光線和運(yùn)動(dòng)——場(chǎng)景給他的主觀印象——而不是場(chǎng)景本身的詳細(xì)記錄。WhilemanyImpressionistspaintedscenesofnatureordailylife,others,suchasRenoir(1841-1919),focusedonpeople.Unlikethecold,black-and-whitephotographsofthattimeperiod,Renoirspaintingsarefulloflight,shadow,colour,andlife.Hesoughttoshownotjusttheouterimageofhissubjects,buttheirinnerwarmthandhumanityaswell.雖然許多印象派畫家描繪了自然或日常生活場(chǎng)景,但其他畫家,如雷諾阿(1841-1919年)則以人物為關(guān)注對(duì)象。雷諾阿的畫作與那個(gè)時(shí)代冷淡的黑白照片不同,充滿了光、影、色彩和生命。他不僅試圖展示他筆下人物的外在形象,而且還展示他們內(nèi)心的溫暖和人性。ModernArt(fromthe20thcenturytotoday)現(xiàn)代藝術(shù)(20世紀(jì)至今)AfterImpressionism.subsequentartistsbegantoask.Whatdowedonext?PainterssuchasPicasso(1881-1973)triedtoanalysetheshapeswhichexistedinthenaturalworldbutinanewway,withCubism.Othersgavetheirpaintingsarealisticbutdream-likequality.Stillothersturnedtoabstractart.Whattheyattemptedtodowasnolongershowreality,butinsteadtoaskthequestion,"Whatisart?在印象派之后,后來的藝術(shù)家開始問“下一步我們?cè)撟鍪裁?”像畢加索(1881-1973)這樣的畫家試圖用一種新的方法——立體主義來分析自然界中存在的形狀。其他人則賦予他們的畫中一種寫實(shí)但又像夢(mèng)一樣的品質(zhì)特征。還有一些人轉(zhuǎn)向抽象藝術(shù)。他們?cè)噲D做的不再是展示現(xiàn)實(shí),而是提出一個(gè)問題“什么是藝術(shù)?”UsingLanguageANCIENTCHINNESEARTONSHOW中國(guó)古代藝術(shù)展覽TheRichfieldMuseumofFineArtisproudtopresentournewexhibition,“FromShangtoQing:ChineseArtThroughtheAges.”Joinusasweexploremorethan3,000yearsofwonderfulartfromtheMiddleKingdom.Frombronzebowlstoceramicvases,andjadesculpturestoinkwashpaintingsourgoalistodisplaytheChineseartisticgeniusfromancienttimes瑞奇菲爾德美術(shù)博物館很榮幸地推出我們的新展覽一從商到清:中國(guó)藝術(shù)千古流傳”。加入我們,一起探索來自“中央王國(guó)”3000多年的精彩紛呈的藝術(shù)吧。從青銅碗到陶瓷花瓶,從玉雕到水墨畫,我們的目標(biāo)是展示中國(guó)古代的藝術(shù)天賦。ThehighlightofthisexhibitionisthepaintingClearingAfterSnowonaMountainPass,oneofthegreatworksofTangYin(1470-1524).BornduringtheMingDynasty,Tangsoughtandfailedtogainentryintothecivilservice,soheturnedtopaintinginstead.Intime,hegainedrecognitionasoneofthegreatestartistsChinahaseverknown.Thispainting,showinghighmountains,trees,andhousescoveredinsnow,wasmadewithextraordinaryskill.Thoughitisover500yearsold,itlooksasfreshandfulloflifeasthedayitwascreated.此次展覽的重頭戲是唐寅(1470-1524)的巨作之《函關(guān)雪霽圖》。唐寅出生于明朝,但未能進(jìn)入文職隊(duì)伍,因此他轉(zhuǎn)而從事繪畫。隨著時(shí)間的推移,他被公認(rèn)為中國(guó)有史以來最偉大的藝術(shù)家之一。這幅畫作運(yùn)用非凡的技巧,展現(xiàn)了高山、樹木和被雪覆蓋的房屋。雖然它已經(jīng)有500多年的歷史了,但它看起來與它創(chuàng)建之日時(shí)一樣清新、充滿生機(jī)。Alsoofprimarynoteisacollectionofnearly100bronzeobjectsfromtheShangDynasty(1600BCE-1046BCE).Whiletheartistswhomadethesegreatworksarenotknown,theyshowedgreatskillincreatingthesebeautifulpieces.SomeoftheitemsondisplayarethoughttohavecomefromthecollectionofEmperorQianlong(1711-1799),agreatadmirerofShangDynastybronze同樣十分重要的(看點(diǎn))是一組近百件商代(公元1600年—公元前1046年)青銅器品。雖然創(chuàng)作這些偉大作品的藝術(shù)家并不為人所知,但他們?cè)趧?chuàng)造這些精美作品時(shí)展現(xiàn)了高超的技巧。部分展品被認(rèn)為是來自對(duì)商朝青銅器大為贊賞的乾隆皇帝(1711-1799年)的收藏品。Finally,wehavemanyfineexamplesofTangDynasty(618-907)sculptures.MostoftheseareofBuddhistorigin.EventhoughBuddhismenteredChinamuchearlier,itdidnotreallybegintoshowexpansionuntiltheseventhcentury.Duringthissameperiod,tradealongtheSilkRoadalsoboomed.ChinesesculpturethusfounditselfhighlyinfluencedbyBuddhistartbroughtfromIndiaandCentralAsiathroughtheSilkRoad.TheseworkswereintendedtospreadBuddhismandtheyareofexceptionalbeautyandquality.Lookingatthefacesofthefiguresinthesesculptures,oneseesthefacesofthepast.Historyisbroughttolife.最后,我們有許多唐代(618-907)雕塑精品。其中大多數(shù)作品與佛教的起源有關(guān)。盡管佛教進(jìn)入中國(guó)的時(shí)間要早得多,但直到公元7世紀(jì)才真正開始傳播。在同一時(shí)期,絲綢之路的貿(mào)易也蓬勃發(fā)展。因此,中國(guó)雕塑受到通過絲綢之路從印度和中亞傳來的佛教藝術(shù)的極大影啊。這些作品旨在傳播佛教,具有非凡的美感和品質(zhì)??粗@些雕塑中人物的面孔,您會(huì)看到過去時(shí)代的面孔,歷史栩栩如生。Thisisjustasmalltasteofwhatisinstoreforyouinthisexhibition.Weguaranteethat"FromShangtoQing:ChineseArtThroughtheAges"willtransportyoutoanothertimewithitsamazingcollectionofworks.以上只是讓你稍微感受下你將在本次展覽看到什么。我們保證“從商到清:中國(guó)歷代藝術(shù)”將以其驚人的收藏品將您帶到另一個(gè)時(shí)代。FromShangtoQing:ChineseArtThroughtheAges"willrununtilNovember25.“從商到清:中國(guó)歷代藝術(shù)”將持續(xù)到11月25日。Openinghoursarefrom9:00a.m.to5:00p.m,fromTuesdaytoSunday(themuseumisclosedonMondays).Noonewillbeadmittedintotheexhibitionafter4:30p.m.開放時(shí)間為周二至周日上午九時(shí)至下午五時(shí)(博物館逢星期一閉館)。展覽下午4:30后停止入館。Admission:$10foradults;$8forstudents;$5forchildrenunder12;freeforchildrenunder5.門票:成人10美元;學(xué)生8美元;十ニ歲以下的兒童5美元;5歲以下兒童免費(fèi)入場(chǎng)。Nophotosorfoodanddrinkareallowedinthemuseum.博物館內(nèi)禁止拍照、攜帶食物和飼料。ReadingandWritingTHESTARRYNIGHT星夜PerhapsmyfavouritepaintingisTheStarryNight,byVincentvanGogh(1853-1890).BornintheNetherlands,VanGoghhadalwaysbeeninterestedinart,andtriedtoliveasaprofessionalpainterstartingfrom1883.Hisearlyworkwasdarkandsad,soin1886VanGogh'sbrotherTheoinvitedhimtocometoliveinParis也許我最喜歡的畫是文森特-梵高(1853-1890)的《星夜》。梵高出生于荷蘭,一直對(duì)藝術(shù)很感興趣,從1883年開始嘗試以職業(yè)畫家的身份生活。他早期的作品是黑暗和悲傷的,所以1886年梵高的哥哥提奧邀請(qǐng)他來巴黎生活。TheohopedthatthebrightcoloursoftheImpressionistmovementtherewouldinfluencehiswork.VanGoghmovedtothesouthofFrancein1888.Laterthatyear,hesufferedamentalcollapseandwenttoliveinahospital.Hemademorethantwentypaintingsoftheviewfromhishospitalwindow,duringalltimesofthedayandallkindsofweather.However,heonlymadeonepaintingofthesceneatnight.AsVanGoghwrotetohisbrotherTheoinJune,1889,“ThismorningIsawthecountrysidefrommywindowalongtimebeforesunrise,withnothingbutthemorningstar,whichlookedverybig.”The"morningstar"VanGoghreferredtowasactuallytheplanetVenus.VanGoghhadlongedtopaintanightscene,andthesightofVenusinspiredhim提奧希望那里的印象派運(yùn)動(dòng)的明亮色彩能影響他的作品。1888年,梵高搬到法國(guó)南部。同年晚些時(shí)候,他精神崩潰,住進(jìn)了醫(yī)院。他畫了二十多幅畫,畫的都是醫(yī)院窗外的景色,在一天中的任何時(shí)候,任何天氣。然而,他只畫了一幅夜景的畫。正如梵高在1889年6月寫給弟弟提奧的信中所說:"今天早上,我在日出前很久就從窗口看到了鄉(xiāng)村,除了晨星,什么都沒有,晨星看起來非常大。"梵高所說的"晨星"其實(shí)是金星。梵高一直渴望畫一幅夜景,而金星的景象給了他靈感.OntheleftsideofTheStarryNight,thereisalargetreewhichshootsupfromthegroundlikeadarkfire.Itreachesallthewaytothetopofthepainting.Inthebackgroundarerollinghills,withasmallvillageinavalley.Inthecentreofthevillageisawhitechurch.Itstowerpointsupintotheskylikeasharpknife.Hereandthereyoucanseehouseswithwindowsshiningwithyellowlight.Aboveallthisisdarkbluesky.Aquartermoonfillsthetop-rightcornerofthepaintingwithyellow.Venussitslownearthetree.Itburnswithwhitelight.HereandthereintheskyaboveVenusareyellow,orange,andredstars.Aroundthesearelinesofpurepaintindifferentshadesofblue,yellowandwhite.Theyflowoutofcontrol,likeriverrapids.在《星夜》的左側(cè),有一棵大樹,它像一團(tuán)黑火一樣從地面射出。它一直延伸到畫的頂端。背景是連綿起伏的群山,山谷里有一個(gè)小村莊。村子的中心是一座白色的教堂。它的塔樓像一把尖刀一樣指向天空。在這里和那里,你可以看到房屋的窗戶閃著黃色的光。在這一切之上,是深藍(lán)色的天空。一輪四分之一的月亮在畫的右上角充滿了黃色。金星低低地坐在樹旁。它燃燒著白色的光。在金星上方的天空中,這里和那里是黃色、橙色和紅色的星星。在這些周圍是藍(lán)色、黃色和白色不同色調(diào)的純顏料線條。它們不受控制地流動(dòng)著,就像河流的激流。TheStarryNightisnotarealisticpantingofthesceneVanGoghsawoutofhiswindow.Forexampleinreallifethereisnovillageinthatvalley.However,perhapsthepaintingshowsthedeeperrealityofwhatVanGoghcouldseewithhismind'seye.Thoughthesceneisdarkandquiet,thepaintingisfulloflightandlife.Itgivesusalook,perhaps,intothecomplexmindandgeniusofVanGogh.《星夜》并不是梵高看到的窗外的真實(shí)景象。比如在現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中,那個(gè)山谷里并沒有村莊。然而,也許這幅畫表現(xiàn)了梵高用他的心靈之眼所能看到的更深層次的現(xiàn)實(shí)。雖然畫面黑暗而安靜,但畫中卻充滿了光明和生命。它也許能讓我們一窺梵高復(fù)雜的思想和天才。UnitTwoHealthyLifestyle第二單元健康的生活方式Thegreatestwealthishealth.——Virgil健康是最大的財(cái)富。ReadingandThinkingHABITSFORAHEALTHYLIFESTYLE健康的生活方式需養(yǎng)成的習(xí)慣Asteenagersgrowup,theybecomemoreindependentandstartmakingtheirowndecisions.However,duringthisperiod,itcanbeeasyforsomeofthemtoformbadhabits.Thesebadhabits,ifleftunchecked,couldleadtomoreseriousoneswhentheybecomeadults.Forexample,someofthemmaybecomeinvolvedintobaccooralcoholabuse,whichcanleadtophysicalandmentalhealthproblems.Topreventharmfulhabitslikethesefromdominatingateenager'slifeisessential.Theymustlearntorecognisebadhabitsearlyandmakeappropriatechanges.在成長(zhǎng)過程中,青少年會(huì)變得越來越獨(dú)立,并且開始自己做決定。然而,在這一時(shí)期,他們中的一部分人容易養(yǎng)成不良習(xí)慣。如果任其發(fā)展,在他們長(zhǎng)大成人后,這些不良習(xí)慣可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致更為嚴(yán)重的有害習(xí)慣。例如,一些青少年可能吸煙成癮或酗酒,造成身心健康問題。防止此類有害習(xí)慣主宰青少年的生活是至關(guān)重要的。他們必須學(xué)會(huì)早早認(rèn)清不良習(xí)慣并作出適當(dāng)?shù)母淖?。Tochangebadhabitsisnevereasy,evenwithmanyattempts.ThereisafamoussayingbasedonthephilosophyofAristotle:"Wearewhatwerepeatedlydo."Inmanyways,ourlifestyleisthesumofchoiceswehavemade.Wemakeachoicetodosomething,andthenwerepeatitoverandoveragain.Soonthatchoicebecomesautomaticandformsahabitthatismuchhardertochange.Thegoodnewsisthatwecanchange,ifweunderstandhowhabitswork改變不良習(xí)慣從來都不是一件容易的事情,即使你三番五次地嘗試。有句基于亞里士多德哲學(xué)的名言:“我們反復(fù)做的事情造就了我們。”從很多方面看,我們的生活方式是我們所作出的選擇的總和。我們選擇做某件事,接著我們反反復(fù)復(fù)地做這件事。不久之后,這項(xiàng)選擇就變得自然而然,成為一種更加難以改變的習(xí)慣。好消息是,如果我們了解習(xí)慣是怎么運(yùn)作的,我們就可以作出改變。Accordingtomodernpsychology,wemustfirstlearnaboutthe"habitcycle",whichworkslikethis:根據(jù)現(xiàn)代心理學(xué),我們必須首先了解“習(xí)慣循環(huán)”,其工作原理如下:Firstly,thereisa“cue”,anaction,event,orsituationthatactsasasignaltodosomething.第一是“觸發(fā)因素”,即一個(gè)行動(dòng)、事件或狀況,充當(dāng)要做某事的訊號(hào)。Secondly,thereisa"routine",theregularactionyoutakeinresponsetothecue.第二是“慣常行為”,即你響應(yīng)觸發(fā)因素而采取的常規(guī)行動(dòng)。Thirdly,thereisthe"reward",thegoodthingorfeelingwegetfromtheroutine.第三是“回報(bào)”,即我們從慣常行為中獲得的美好事物或感受。Forexample,whenwefeelunhappy(cue),weeatlotsofunhealthysnacks(routine)whichmakesusfeelhappy(reward).Therewardmakesusmuchmorelikelytocontinuethecycle,andthebadhabitofrelyingonunhealthysnacksisformed例如,當(dāng)我們感到不高興時(shí)(觸發(fā)因素),我們會(huì)吃很多不健康零食(慣常行為),這讓我們感到快樂(回報(bào))。這一回報(bào)使我們更有可能繼續(xù)這一循環(huán),從而形成了依賴不健康零食這不良習(xí)慣Tofacilitateapositivechangeinourbadhabits,wemustfirstexamineourbadhabitcyclesandthentryadaptthem.Wecandothisbycombiningtheinformationfromourhabitcycleswithourownpositiveideas.Forexample,wecouldtrytoreplaceanegativeroutinewithsomethingmorepositive.So,whenwefeelunhappyagain(cue),ratherthaneatsnacks,wecouldlistentosomeofourfavouritemusicinstead(routine)whichwillmakeusfeelrelaxed(reward).Asidefromchangingbadhabits,wecanalsousethehabitcycletocreategoodhabits.Forexample,whenwecometoanescalator(cue),ournormalroutineistorideit,butwecouldchangethisroutineintosomethingmorepositivebytakingthestairsinstead.為了促進(jìn)我們不良習(xí)慣的積極改變,我們必須首先審視我們的不良習(xí)慣循環(huán),然后嘗試去改變它們。為了做到這一點(diǎn),我們可以把來自我們不良習(xí)慣循環(huán)的信息與我們自己的積極想法結(jié)合起來。例如,我們可以試著將一個(gè)消極的慣常行為替換為一個(gè)更積極的東西。因此,當(dāng)我們?cè)俅胃械讲桓吲d時(shí)(觸發(fā)因素),我們可以聽?zhēng)资鬃约鹤钕矏鄣囊魳?慣常行為),而不是吃零食,這會(huì)使我們感到放松(回報(bào))。除了改變不良習(xí)慣之外,我們還可以利用習(xí)慣循環(huán)來養(yǎng)成良好的習(xí)慣。例如,當(dāng)我們走到電梯前的時(shí)候(觸發(fā)因素),我們的慣常行為是乘坐電梯,但是我們可以改為走樓梯,從而將上述慣常行為改變?yōu)橐粋€(gè)更積極的事情。Manyofustrytochangebadhabitsquickly,andifwearenotsuccessfulstraightawayweoftenbecomepessimisticandgiveup.Infact,themostsuccessfulwaytochangeisnotsuddenly,butoveraperiodoftime.AstheChinesephilosopherLaoZiwrote,“Ajourneyofathousandmilesbeginswithasinglestep.”O(jiān)nestepseemssmall,butitisessential.Toreachthegoalofchange,apersonmustshowsomedisciplineandrepeatedlytakemanysmallsteps.Afterall,itisnoteasytobreakbadhabits我們中很多人試圖迅速改變不良習(xí)慣,一旦沒有立刻成功,我們往往變得悲觀,繼而放棄。事實(shí)上,改變不良習(xí)慣的最佳方法不是一蹴而就,而是需要一段時(shí)間。正如中國(guó)哲學(xué)家老子所說:“千里之行,始于足下?!币徊剿坪鹾苄?,卻至關(guān)重要。為了實(shí)現(xiàn)改變這一目標(biāo),一個(gè)人必須展示出一定程度的自制力,不斷地出許多小步。畢竟,戒除不良習(xí)慣并非易事。Foryoungpeople,thereisplentyoftimetochangebadhabits.However,thereisno“magicpill”ordeletebuttonthatwillhelpyou;youhavetothinkaboutyourbadhabitsanddecideonsomechanges.Youhavethepowertobuildahappyandhealthylifefullofgoodhabits!對(duì)年輕人來說,有大量的時(shí)間可以改變不良習(xí)慣。然而,能幫助你的“魔力丸”或刪除鍵并不存在;你必須思考自己的不良習(xí)慣,選定一些作出改變。你有能力構(gòu)建一種充滿良好習(xí)慣的快樂、健康的生活!UsingLanguageWritealettertotheeditoraboutyourlifestyle.DearEditor尊敬的編輯AfterIattendedyoursummercampabouthealthandlifestylechoices,IrealisedIhardlyeverfeltwell,eitherphysicallyormentallyoftenfeltsleepyanddizzy,andlackedpassion.Mostworrying,though,Igottheflueasilyandexperiencedmanytoothaches,too參加了你們舉辦的有關(guān)健康和生活方式選擇的夏令營(yíng)之后,我意識(shí)到我?guī)缀鯊膩頉]有感覺好過,無論在身體上還是心理上。我經(jīng)常感到昏昏欲睡和頭暈?zāi)垦?。不過最令人擔(dān)憂的是,我很容易得流感,而且經(jīng)常牙痛AttheendofthecampIheard,"Changetheworldbychangingyourself."Thisstimulatedmymotivation.Adentistonceexaminedmeandtoldmethattoomuchsugarinmymealshaddamagedmyteethandhealth.Imadeupmymindtochangetwothingsinmylife:toeatnothingwithsugarandtoexerciseregularly在夏令營(yíng)尾聲,我聽到“改變世界,從改變自己做起”這句話,這激發(fā)了我的動(dòng)力。有次,牙醫(yī)給我做檢查時(shí)告訴我,我的三餐攝入了過量糖分,損害了我的牙齒和健康。我下定決心改變我生活中的兩件事:不吃含糖的任何東西,定期鍛煉身體。AfterthatIstoppedbuyingallthesweets,biscuits,andsugarydrinksthatIusedtohaveeveryday.WheneverIwentoutwithfriends,broughtsnacksfromhome,thingsthatdidn’thaveanyaddedsugar:fruit,nuts,driedmeat,etc.此后,我不再買我過去每天都要吃的糖果、餅干和含糖飲料。每次和朋友們出去時(shí),我都會(huì)從家里帶零食,也就是沒有添加任何糖分的東西:水果、堅(jiān)果、肉干等。Myexercisewasverysimple:Iwentoutsideeverydayforatleast30minutesanddidsomethingactive.SometimesIplayedtabletennisorbadmintonwithmycousins.OthertimesIjumpedonmyskateboardandrodearoundmyneighbourhood,orjusttookalongwalk我的鍛煉很簡(jiǎn)單:我每天在室外積極活動(dòng)至少30分鐘。有時(shí),我會(huì)和堂(表)親打乒乓球或羽毛球;有時(shí),我會(huì)跳上滑板,在街區(qū)滑行,或是長(zhǎng)時(shí)間散步。Theresultshavebeenfantastic.Ifeelmoredynamicandstrongerthanever,inbothbodyandmind.Isleepsoundlyatnightnow.Inolongersufferfromafluvirusortoothacheseither.Bestofall,inmyopinion,ishowIfeelaboutmyself.IfeellikeI'mincontrolofmyownlife.Tomakechoicesaboutmyselfiswithinmyownpower.ICANchangemyself.Ijustneedtotry.結(jié)果棒極了。在身心上,我感覺比以往任何時(shí)候都更有活力、更加強(qiáng)壯。現(xiàn)在,夜里我能酣然入睡。我也不再受流感病毒或牙痛的折磨。我認(rèn)為,最棒的是我對(duì)自己的感覺。我感到我能掌控自己的生活。為自己作出選擇是我力所能及的。我能夠改變自己。我只需去嘗試。Yourstruly,此致敬禮!WangLu王璐DearEditor尊敬的編輯:AsItookpartinthesummercampaboutpersonallifechoices,Istartedtoanalysemychoices,especiallywhatIdidtorelaxandhowitwasaffectingmywholelife.自從參加了有關(guān)個(gè)人生活選擇的夏令營(yíng)后,我開始分析自己的選擇,尤其是我做了些什么來放松自己,以及它是如何影響我的整個(gè)生活的。Afterstartinghighschool,Ifeltstressedoutandalwaysrelaxedbyplayingcomputergames.IgotsoabsorbedthatIplayedthegamesdayandnight.Playingwasfun,butIfeltevenmorewornoutafterwards!Soafterthecamp,Irealisedthatitwasvery,veryimportanttoadjustmylifestyle.Idecidedtotakecontrolofmylifeandfindotherwaystorelax.高中開始后,我感到壓力重重,總是通過玩電腦游戲來放松自己。我十分著迷,沒日沒夜地打游戲。打游戲很好玩,但過后我卻感到更加疲憊不堪!因此,夏令營(yíng)之后,我意識(shí)到調(diào)整自己的生活方式是非常重要的。我決定掌控自己的生活,尋找其他的放松方式。ItwasabigstrugglenottojoinmyfriendsinplayingonlinegamesasI'mmadforthem.However,Irealisedthattosucceedinquitting,Ihadtoreplaceitwithsomethingelse.SoIthoughtaboutwhattotry.Rockclimbing,bowling,watchingcomedies,andplayingbasketballwerethethingsIthoughtofdoinginstead.不和我的朋友們一起玩網(wǎng)絡(luò)游戲是一件十分困難的事情,因?yàn)槲野V迷其中。不過我意識(shí)到要想成功戒癮,我必須用別的東西來取代它。于是,我思考該嘗試些什么。攀巖、打保齡球、看喜劇片、打籃球都是我考慮過的取而代之的事情。NowmydadandIgorockclimbingtogethermonthly!Ithasenhancedthequalityofmylife,improvingmyhealthandincreasingmyhappiness.Igetrefreshedthroughclimbing,spendmoretimewithmydad,andgettomeetnewfriends.現(xiàn)在,爸爸每個(gè)月與我結(jié)伴去攀巖。這改善了我的健康,增加了我的幸福感,(從而)提高了我的生活品質(zhì)。禁巖使我精神煥發(fā),與爸爸共度了更多的時(shí)光,而且結(jié)交了新的朋友。Aftersixmonthsoftryingoutnewwaysofrelaxing,Ifeelmuchmoreenergetic.IfeelthatIcanchangemyselfforthebetter.Andifthat'strueforme,thenitmighttrulybepossibletochangetheworldforthebetter.AsGandhisaid“Bethechangeyouwanttoseeintheworld.”嘗試新的放松方式六個(gè)月后,我感到精力充沛多了。我感覺我可以讓自己變得更好。如果這對(duì)我來說是真的,那么也許真的有可能讓世界變得更加美好。正如甘地所說:“欲變世界,先變其身?!盨incerely,此致敬禮!GeorgeFielding喬治?菲爾丁ReadingandWritingMYEXPERIENCESWITHCOMPUTERGAMES我的電腦游戲經(jīng)歷IclearlyrememberthefirsttimeIplayedacomputergame.Iwassevenyearsold.Myfriendhadgottenacomputerforhisbirthday.Heinvitedmetoplayagame,whichwasverysimplebytoday’sstandards,butwelovedit!Weplayedforhours.Wewouldmeetafterschooleverydaytoplayit.Myaddictiontocomputergamesstartedthen.Notlongafterthat,myfriendmovedtothecity.Imissedhim,butgotmyowncomputerandbeganplayingbymyself我清楚地記得我第一次玩電腦游戲的情景。那時(shí)我七歲。我的朋友在生日時(shí)得到了一臺(tái)電腦。他邀請(qǐng)我玩一個(gè)游戲,以今天的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來看,這個(gè)游戲非常簡(jiǎn)單,但我們很喜歡!我們玩了幾個(gè)小時(shí)。我們每天放學(xué)后都會(huì)聚在一起玩。我對(duì)電腦游戲的癮就是從那時(shí)開始的。不久之后,我的朋友搬到了城里。我很想他,但我有了自己的電腦,開始自己玩。Overtheyears,computergamesdevelopedrapidly.Technologyimproved,andtherewerealwaysnewandbettergamestoplay.YoucouldthenplaygamesovertheInternetwithpeoplefromalovertheworld,usingeithercomputersorsmartphones.Theonlinegameswerefascinatinganditwasalwaysexcitingtoplay.多年來,電腦游戲發(fā)展迅速。技術(shù)進(jìn)步了,總是有新的更好的游戲可以玩。那時(shí),你可以通過互聯(lián)網(wǎng)與來自世界各地的人一起玩游戲,使用電腦或智能手機(jī)。網(wǎng)上的游戲很吸引人,玩起來總是很刺激。Atfirst,IplayedgamesovertheInternetafterIhaddonemyhomeworkandeatendinner.ThenIstartedplayingassoonasIgothomeeachday,Myparentsstoppedme,soIstartedplayingitinthemiddleofthenight.Iwenttoschoolandoftenfellasleepinclass.MyteacherwouldscoldmebutIwouldoftendothesamethingthenextday!Shortlyafterthat,Ibegantoskipmealsandplaythroughthenight.Myparentsfoundoutandtookawaymycomputerandsmartphone.IknewIhadgonetoofar.Myloveofcomputergameshadbecomeanaddiction.Itwasaffectingmyschoolworkandmyhealth,andIfeltquitedepressed起初,我是在做完作業(yè)和吃完飯后才在網(wǎng)上玩游戲。后來,我每天一回家就開始玩,爸爸媽媽阻止了我,于是我就在半夜開始玩。我去上學(xué),經(jīng)常在課堂上睡著了。老師會(huì)責(zé)罵我,但第二天我還是這樣做同樣的事情!在那之后不久,我開始不吃飯,整晚玩游戲。!父母發(fā)現(xiàn)后,把我的電腦和智能手機(jī)都拿走了。我知道自己做得太過分了。我對(duì)電腦游戲的熱愛已經(jīng)成癮。影響了我的功課和健康,我覺得很沮喪.ThenonedayIbumpedintomyfriendagain!Hehadmovedbacktoourhometown.Wehadn'tseeneachotherforages.Helookedhappyandhealthy.Wetalkedaboutthepastandthegoodtimeswehad,playingthatoldgame.Hestillplayedcomputergames,buthealsodidmanyotherthings.Heinvitedmetoplaybasketballwithsomefriends.Igottiredquickly,butIlovedit!Afterwards,weplayedaboardgame.Welaughedandtalkedandplayedforhours.Itwasverysociableandgreatfun.Playinggameswithmyfriendsinreallifewasmuchmoreenjoyablethandoingsoonline.后來有一天,我又碰到了我的朋友!他已經(jīng)搬回了我們的家鄉(xiāng)。我們已經(jīng)很久沒有見面了。他看起來很開心,很健康。我們聊起了過去,聊起了我們的美好時(shí)光,玩起了那個(gè)老游戲。他還是玩電腦游戲,但他也做了很多其他的事情。他邀請(qǐng)我和一些朋友打籃球。我很快就累了,但我很喜歡。之后,我們玩了一個(gè)棋牌游戲。我們笑著說話,玩了好幾個(gè)小時(shí)。這是一個(gè)非常有趣的社交活動(dòng)。在現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中和我的朋友玩游戲比在網(wǎng)上玩游戲更有趣。ComputergamesaregreatfunandIstillplaythemsometimes.Newtechnologyismakingmoreamazingthingspossible.I'velearntthatsomegamescaneventeachustotrainourbrainstosolveproblems.However,gamescanalsobeaddictive,sobalanceisimportantforahealthylifestyle.Wecanspoilgoodthingsbydoingthemtoomuch.NowIenjoyplayinggamesevenmorebecauseIamabletomaintainagoodbalancebetweenworkandplay.電腦游戲非常有趣,我有時(shí)還是會(huì)玩。新技術(shù)讓更多神奇的事情成為可能。我了解到,有些游戲甚至可以教我們訓(xùn)練大腦解決問題。然而,游戲也會(huì)讓人上癮,所以平衡對(duì)于健康的生活方式很重要。我們會(huì)因?yàn)樽龅锰喽茐牧嗣篮玫氖挛铩,F(xiàn)在我更喜歡玩游戲,因?yàn)槲夷軌蛟诠ぷ骱陀螒蛑g保持良好的平衡。Unit3EnviromentalProtectionEarthprovidesenoughtosatisfyeveryman’sneeds,butnoteveryman’sgreed.MohandasK.Gandhi.地球能滿足人類的需要,但滿足不了人類的貪婪。ReadingandThinkingCLIMATECHANGEREQUIRESTHEWORLD'SATTENTION氣候變化需要全世界的共同關(guān)注Wehaveknownaboutclimatechangefordecades.ThereislittledoubtthatEarthisgettingwarmerandwarmer(seethegraph).Awarmingoceanandatmospherealongwithmeltingiceandrisingsealevelsprovideevidenceofadramaticchangeintheglobalclimate.我們了解氣候變化已經(jīng)有幾十年了。毫無疑問,地球是在變得越來越暖(見表)。海洋和氣候變暖以及冰的融化和海平面的上升為全球氣候的劇烈變化提供了證據(jù)。In2013,alotofpeoplewereshockedbyanewsphotoofadeadpolarbearthatwasfoundonNorway’sArcticislandofSvalbard.Accordingtothescientistswhofounditsdeadbody,allthatremainedofthepolarbearwas"skinandbones".Anexpertwhohasstudiedpolarbearsformanyyearssaidthatfromthepositionofitsdeadbody,thebearappearedtohavestarvedanddied.Expertsclaimedthatlowsea-icelevelscausedbyclimatechangemeantthatthebearcouldnothuntsealsasbefore,soithadtotravelgreaterdistancesinordertofindfood.ThisalarmingcaseshowedhowtheincreaseintemperaturehadanimpactonEarth’secology.2013年,一張關(guān)于那威北極島的斯瓦爾巴群島上發(fā)現(xiàn)一只北極熊死亡的新聞?wù)掌?,震驚了很多人。根據(jù)發(fā)現(xiàn)北極熊尸體的科學(xué)家的說法,北極熊只剩下“皮膚和骨頭”。一位研究北極熊多年的專家說,從北極熊尸體的位置看,北極熊似乎餓死了。專家聲稱,由于氣候變化導(dǎo)致海冰面積下降,這只熊無法像以前那樣捕獵海豹,因此它不得不走很遠(yuǎn)的距離才能找到食物。這個(gè)令人震驚的案例表明,溫度升高如何影響地球的生態(tài)。Thenwhatiscausingtheincreaseintheglobalaveragesurfacetemperature?Climatescientistsoftenmentionakeyclimateprocesscalledthe"greenhouseeffect"whichhastwocommonmeanings:the"naturalgreenhouseeffectandthe"man-madegreenhouseeffect.The"natural"greenhouseeffectreferstothefactthatheatfromthesunenterstheatmosphereandwarmsEarth'ssurfaceasshort-waveradiation.Theheatisreleasedbackintospaceatlongerwavelengths.Greenhousegasesintheatmosphere,suchasmethaneandcarbondioxide,trapsomeoftheheat,keepingEarth'sclimatewarmandhabitable.Withoutthisprocess,Earthcouldnotsustainlife.However,the"man-madegreenhouseeffect"hasnowbecomeabigproblem.Whenpeopleproducehugeamountsofextragreenhousegasesbyburningfossilfuels,moreheatenergyistrappedintheatmosphereandcausesEarth'ssurfacetemperaturetorise.那么,是什么導(dǎo)致全球平均表面溫度上升?氣候科學(xué)家經(jīng)常提到一個(gè)稱為“溫室效應(yīng)”的重要?dú)夂蜻^程,它有兩個(gè)普遍的含義:“自然”溫室效應(yīng)和“人造”溫室效應(yīng)。“自然”溫室效應(yīng)是指太陽的熱量進(jìn)入大氣層,并以短波輻射的形式使地球表面變暖。熱量以更長(zhǎng)的波長(zhǎng)釋放回太空。大氣層中的溫室氣體(如甲烷和二氧化碳)吸收了部分熱量,使地球的氣候溫暖宜居。沒有這個(gè)過程,地球?qū)o法維持生命。然而,“人造”溫室效應(yīng)現(xiàn)在已成為一個(gè)大問題。當(dāng)人們?nèi)紵剂袭a(chǎn)生大量額外的溫室氣體時(shí),更多的熱量被困在大氣層中,從而引起地球表面溫度迅速上升。Thereisstrongandcomprehensiveevidencethattheriseintemperaturehasledtoanincreaseinextremeweatherandnaturaldisastersworldwide,notonlycausingseriousdamage,butalsocostinghumanlives.Climatescientistshavewarnedthatifwedonottakeappropriateactions,thiswarmingtrendwillprobablycontinueandtherewillbeahigherpricetopay.Infact,newsreportsarefrequentlybroadcastaboutextremerainstormsandheatwavescausingdeathsandeconomiclosses。有充分而全面的證據(jù)表明,溫度升高導(dǎo)致全世界范圍內(nèi)極端天氣和自然災(zāi)害增加,不僅造成了嚴(yán)重的破壞,而且還造成了人員傷亡。氣候科學(xué)家警告說,如果我們不采取適當(dāng)?shù)男袆?dòng),這種變暖趨勢(shì)可能會(huì)持續(xù)下去,并且需要付出更高的代價(jià)。事實(shí)上,新聞報(bào)道經(jīng)常播出極端暴雨和熱浪造成死亡和經(jīng)濟(jì)損失。Continuedgreenhousegasemissionswillresultinfurtherwarmingandlong-lastingchangestotheglobalclimate.Thisrequirestheattentionofpeopleallovertheworld.Governmentsneedtoconsidermakingpoliciesandtakingappropriateactionsandmeasurestoreducegreenhousegasemissions.Weasindividualscanalsoreduceour"carbonfootprint"byrestrictingtheamountofcarbondioxideourlifestylesproduce.Itisourresponsibilitytoseizeeveryopportunitytoeducateeveryoneaboutglobalwarming,alongwithitscausesandimpacts,becausethisisthemostseriousissueaffectingallofusonthisplanet.Sowhatwillyoudotohelp?持續(xù)的溫室氣體排放將導(dǎo)致全球氣候進(jìn)一步變暖和持久變化。這需要全世界人民的關(guān)注。政府需要考慮制定政策,采取適當(dāng)?shù)男袆?dòng)和措施以少溫室氣體排放。我們個(gè)人也可以通過限制生活方式產(chǎn)生的二氧化碳量來減少“碳足跡”。抓住每一個(gè)機(jī)會(huì),對(duì)所有人進(jìn)行全球變暖及其成因和影響的教育,這是我們的責(zé)任,因?yàn)檫@是影響我們地球上所有人最嚴(yán)重的問題。那你會(huì)怎么做?REDUCINGWATERPOLLUTIONINTHELIRIVER減少漓江的水污染ThebeautifulLiRiveranditsamazingsurroundingsceneryisoneofthemostwell-knowntouristdestinationsinChinasGuangxiZhuangAutonomousRegion.Itattractsmillionsofdomestic
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