2022年考研考博-考博英語-四川師范大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）試卷號91

住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語-四川師范大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）（圖片可根據(jù)實(shí)際調(diào)整大?。╊}型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.單選題

Accordingtosociologists,thereareseveraldifferentwaysinwhichapersonmaybecomerecognizedastheleaderofasocialgroup.Inthefamily,traditionalculturalpatternsconferleadershipononeorbothoftheparents.Inothercases,suchasfriendshipgroups,oneormorepersonsmaygraduallyemergeasleaders,althoughthereisnoformalprocessofselection.Inlargergroups,leadersareusuallychosenformallythroughelectionorrecruitment.

Althoughleadersareoftenthoughttobepeoplewithunusualpersonalability,decadesofresearchhavefailedtoproduceconsistentevidencethatthereisanycategoryof“naturalleaders”.Itseemsthatthereisnosetofpersonalqualitiesthatallleadershaveincommon;rather,virtuallyanypersonmayberecognizedasaleaderifthepersonhasqualitiesthatmeettheneedsofthatparticulargroup.

Researchsuggeststhattherearetypicallytwodifferentleadershiprolesthatareheldbydifferentindividuals.Instrumentalleadershipisleadershipthatemphasizesthecompletionoftasksbyasocialgroup.Groupmemberslooktoinstrumentalleadersto“getthingsdone”.Expressiveleadership,ontheotherhand,isleadershipthatemphasizesthecollectivewell-beingsofasocialgroup’smembers.Expressiveleadersarelessconcernedwiththeoverallgoalsofthegroupthanwithprovidingemotionalsupporttogroupmembersandattemptingtominimizetensionandconflictamongthem.

Instrumentalleadersarelikelytohavearathersecondaryrelationshiptoothergroupmembers.Theygiveothersandmaydisciplinegroupmemberswhoinhibit(阻礙)attainmentofthegroup’sgoals.Expressiveleaderscultivateamorepersonalorprimaryrelationshiptoothersinthegroup.Theyoffersympathywhensomeoneexperiencesdifficultiesandtrytoresolveissuesthatthreatentodividethegroup.Asthedifferenceinthesetworolessuggest,expressiveleadersgenerallyreceivemorepersonalaffectionfromgroupmembers;instrumentalleaders,iftheyaresuccessfulinpromotinggroupgoals,mayenjoyamoredistantrespect.

1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

2.ThepassagementionsallofthefollowingwaysbywhichpeoplecanbecomeleadersEXCEPT_______.

3.Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutleadershipcanbeinferredfromparagraph2?

4.Inmentioning“naturalleaders”inparagraph2,theauthorismakingthepointthat______.

5.Thepassageindicatesthatinstrumentalleadersgenerallyfocuson______.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Theproblemsfacedbyleaders.

B.Howleadershipdiffersinsmallandlargegroups.

C.Howsocialgroupsdeterminewhowillleadthem.

D.Theroleofleadersinsocialgroups.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.recruitment

B.formalelectionprocess

C.specificleadershiptraining

D.traditionalculturalpatterns

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Personwhoisaneffectiveleaderofaparticulargroupmaynotbeaneffectiveleaderinanothergroup.

B.Fewpeoplesucceedinsharingaleadershiprolewithanotherperson.

C.Apersoncanbestlearnhowtobeaneffectiveleaderbystudyingresearchonleadership.

D.Mostpeopledesiretobeleadersbutcanproducelittleevidenceoftheirqualifications.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.fewpeoplequalifyas“naturalleaders”

B.thereisnoproofthat“naturalleaders”exist

C.“naturalleaders”areeasilyacceptedbythemembersofagroup

D.“naturalleaders”shareasimilarsetofcharacteristics

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.ensuringharmoniousrelationships

B.sharingresponsibilitywithgroupmembers

C.identifyingnewleaders

D.achievingagoal

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:C

第3題:A

第4題:B

第5題:D

【解析】1.主旨大意題。本篇主要討論不同的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者（如instrumentalleaders以及expressiveleaders）在不同的社會群體中所充當(dāng)?shù)慕巧桶l(fā)揮的功能，所以D選項(xiàng)“領(lǐng)導(dǎo)在社會群體中的作用”符合題意。A選項(xiàng)“領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者面臨的問題”和B選項(xiàng)“領(lǐng)導(dǎo)能力在小群體和大群體中的區(qū)別”以及C選項(xiàng)“社會群體如何決定誰將領(lǐng)導(dǎo)他們”文章都沒有提及。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第一段“Inthefamily,traditionalculturalpatternsconferleadershipononeorbothoftheparents.（在家庭中，傳統(tǒng)的文化模式賦予父母一方或雙方領(lǐng)導(dǎo)地位）”由此可知D選項(xiàng)“傳統(tǒng)的文化模式”說法正確；以及“Inlargergroups,leadersareusuallychosenformallythroughelectionorrecruitment.（在較大的群體中，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人通常是通過選舉或招聘正式選出的。）”，由此可知A選項(xiàng)“招聘”；B選項(xiàng)“正式的選舉程序”文中也有提到；只有C選項(xiàng)“具體的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力培訓(xùn)”與該題無關(guān)，因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

3.判斷推理題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第二段，第二段的大意為：領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者沒有一個固定的特點(diǎn)，只是符合了一個特定群體需要的人就有可能成為該群體的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者。A選項(xiàng)“某一特定群體的有效領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者，不一定就可以成為另一群體的有效領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者”符合題意；B選項(xiàng)“很少有人能成功地與他人分享領(lǐng)導(dǎo)角色”和C選項(xiàng)“一個人通過學(xué)習(xí)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力的研究能更好的學(xué)習(xí)如何成為一個有效的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者”文章第二段均未提到；D選項(xiàng)“許多人想成為領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者，但卻很少能拿出證據(jù)來證明他們具有這樣的資格”曲解了文章意思，不符合題意，因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第二段“...decadesofresearchhavefailedtoproduceconsistentevidencethatthereisanycategoryofnaturalleaders.（數(shù)十年來的研究并不能找出可靠證據(jù)來證明哪些人可以成為天生領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者）”，所以B選項(xiàng)“沒有證據(jù)表明天生的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者存在”符合題意。A選項(xiàng)“很少有人稱得上是天生的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者”；C選項(xiàng)“天生的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者很容易被群體成員接受”；D選項(xiàng)“天生的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者有一組相似的特征”都與文章意思不符，因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

5.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第三段“Instrumentalleadershipisleadershipthatemphasizesthecompletionoftasksbyasocialgroup.（工具型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)是一種強(qiáng)調(diào)社會群體完成任務(wù)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)方式）”，由此可知工具型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)通常關(guān)注的是實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)，所以D選項(xiàng)“實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)”符合題意。A選項(xiàng)“確保和諧關(guān)系”；B選項(xiàng)“與小組成員分享責(zé)任”；C選項(xiàng)“確定新的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者”說法都不正確。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

2.單選題

Onestudentafteranother______uptoanswertheteacher’squestions.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.stand

B.stands

C.standing

D.tostand

【答案】B

【解析】考查謂語動詞形式。以“one...afteranother”做主語時(shí)，謂語動詞用第三人稱單數(shù)。句意：學(xué)生一個接一個地站起來回答老師的問題。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

3.單選題

Accuracyis______totheprogrammingofcomputer.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.elemental

B.base

C.fundamental

D.inherent

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)elemental“基本的；主要的；自然力的；四大要素的（土、水、氣、火）”（強(qiáng)調(diào)屬于事物的基礎(chǔ)或本質(zhì)）；B選項(xiàng)based“基地在……的；在……居住（或工作）；（以某事）為基礎(chǔ)，為根據(jù)”；C選項(xiàng)fundamental“基本的，根本的”（強(qiáng)調(diào)重要性，根基作用等，指重要程度即非常重要）；D選項(xiàng)inherent“固有的；內(nèi)在的；與生俱來的，遺傳的”。句意：準(zhǔn)確性是計(jì)算機(jī)編程的基礎(chǔ)。befundamentalto...“基礎(chǔ)的；基本的”。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

4.單選題

Mostpeoplewhotravellongdistancescomplainofjetlag.Jetlagmakesbusinesstravelerslessproductiveandmoreprone（1）makingmistakes.Itisactuallycausedby（2）ofyour“bodyclock”—asmallclusterofbraincellsthatcontrolsthetimingofbiological（3）.Thebodyclockisdesignedfora（4）rhythmofdaylightanddarkness,sothatitisthrownoutofbalancewhenit（5）daylightanddarknessatthewrongtimesinanewtimezone.

The（6）ofjetlagoftenpersistfordays（7）theinternalbodyclockslowlyadjuststothenewtimezone.Nowanewanti-jetlagsystemis（8）thatisbasedonproven（9）pioneeringscientificresearch.

Dr.MartinMoore-Erehas（10）apracticalstrategytoadjustthebodyclockmuchsoonertothenewtimezone（11）controlledexposuretobrightlight.Thetimezoneshiftiseasytoaccomplishandeliminates（12）ofthediscomfortofjetlag.Asuccessfultimezoneshiftdependsonknowingtheexacttimestoeither（13）oravoidbrightlight.Exposuretolightatthewrongtimecanactuallymakejetlagworse.Theproperschedule（14）lightexposuredependsagreatdealon（15）travelplans.Dataonaspecificflightitineraryandtheindividual’ssleep（16）areusedtoproduceaTripGuidewith（17）onexactlywhentobeexposedtobrightlight.WhentheTripGuidecalls（18）brightlightyoushouldspendtimeoutdoorsifpossible.Ifitisdarkoutside,ortheweatherisbad,（19）youareonanaeroplane,youcanuseaspeciallightdevicetoprovidethenecessarylight（20）forarangeofactivitiessuchasreading,watchingTVorworking.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.for

B.from

C.of

D.to

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.rupture

B.corruption

C.disruption

D.eruption

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.actions

B.functions

C.reflection

D.behavior

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.regular

B.formal

C.continual

D.circular

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.retains

B.encounters

C.possesses

D.experiences

問題6選項(xiàng)

A.diseases

B.symptoms

C.signs

D.defects

問題7選項(xiàng)

A.while

B.whereas

C.if

D.although

問題8選項(xiàng)

A.adaptable

B.approachable

C.available

D.agreeable

問題9選項(xiàng)

A.broad

B.inclusive

C.tentative

D.extensive

問題10選項(xiàng)

A.devised

B.recognized

C.scrutinized

D.visualized

問題11選項(xiàng)

A.through

B.at

C.in

D.as

問題12選項(xiàng)

A.most

B.least

C.little

D.more

問題13選項(xiàng)

A.attain

B.shed

C.retrieve

D.seek

問題14選項(xiàng)

A.on

B.with

C.for

D.in

問題15選項(xiàng)

A.unique

B.specific

C.complicated

D.peculiar

問題16選項(xiàng)

A.norm

B.mode

C.pattern

D.style

問題17選項(xiàng)

A.directories

B.instructions

C.specifications

D.commentaries

問題18選項(xiàng)

A.off

B.on

C.for

D.up59.

問題19選項(xiàng)

A.or

B.and

C.but

D.while60.

問題20選項(xiàng)

A.agitation

B.spur

C.acceleration

D.stimulus

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:C

第3題:B

第4題:A

第5題:A

第6題:B

第7題:A

第8題:C

第9題:A

第10題:A

第11題:A

第12題:A

第13題:D

第14題:C

第15題:B

第16題:C

第17題:B

第18題:B

第19題:A

第20題:D

【解析】1.考查固定搭配。beproneto“有……傾向的，易于……的”，句意：時(shí)差使商務(wù)旅行者的工作效率降低，更容易出錯。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

2.考查名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)rupture“破裂；決裂；疝氣”；B選項(xiàng)corruption“貪污，腐敗；墮落”；C選項(xiàng)disruption“擾亂，打亂，中斷”；D選項(xiàng)eruption“爆發(fā)，噴發(fā)；火山灰；出疹”。句意：實(shí)際上，它是由你的“生物鐘”被打亂引起的。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

3.考查名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)actions“行動；活動；功能；戰(zhàn)斗；情節(jié)”；B選項(xiàng)functions“功能；函數(shù)；職責(zé)；盛大的集會”；C選項(xiàng)reflection“反射；沉思；映像”；D選項(xiàng)behavior“行為，舉止；態(tài)度；反應(yīng)”。句意：是控制身體機(jī)能節(jié)律的一簇腦細(xì)胞。這是形容詞與名詞之間的偏正搭配：身體、生理的“功能、機(jī)能”，生理活動（actions）、生理反應(yīng)（reflection）又是兩碼事，而我們不說生理行為（behavior），因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

4.考查形容詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)regular“有規(guī)律的，定時(shí)的；經(jīng)常的”；B選項(xiàng)formal“正式的；拘謹(jǐn)?shù)?；有條理的”；C選項(xiàng)continual“持續(xù)不斷的；頻繁的”；D選項(xiàng)circular“循環(huán)的；圓形的”。句意：生物鐘專門適應(yīng)有規(guī)律的白天與黑夜的交替節(jié)奏。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

5.考查動詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)retains“保持；雇；記住”；B選項(xiàng)encounters“遭遇；邂逅；遇到”；C選項(xiàng)possesses“控制；使掌握；持有；迷??；擁有，具備”；D選項(xiàng)experiences“經(jīng)驗(yàn)；經(jīng)歷；體驗(yàn)”。句意：既然生物鐘有此特點(diǎn)，那么如果它在新的時(shí)區(qū)在與原來不同的時(shí)間仍然保持與原來相同的白天與黑夜的話，它就失去了平衡。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

6.考查名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)diseases“病，疾??；弊病”；B選項(xiàng)symptoms“癥狀；癥候；病徵”；C選項(xiàng)signs“標(biāo)志；符號”；D選項(xiàng)defects“缺點(diǎn)；瑕疵；不合格品”。聯(lián)系47題可知句意為：時(shí)差反應(yīng)的癥狀通常會持續(xù)好幾天，與此同時(shí)體內(nèi)的生物鐘會慢慢適應(yīng)新的時(shí)區(qū)。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

7.考查邏輯關(guān)系。A選項(xiàng)while“在……期間；在……的過程中；與……同時(shí)”；B選項(xiàng)whereas“然而；鑒于”；C選項(xiàng)if“（表?xiàng)l件）如果；（表假設(shè)）要是，假如；無論何時(shí)”；D選項(xiàng)although“盡管，雖然；但是，然而”。根據(jù)上半句“時(shí)差反應(yīng)的癥狀通常會持續(xù)好幾天”與下半句“體內(nèi)的生物鐘會慢慢適應(yīng)新的時(shí)區(qū)”可知兩個分句的動作是同時(shí)發(fā)生的，表并列，因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

8.考查形容詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)adaptable“適合的；能適應(yīng)的；可修改的”；B選項(xiàng)approachable“親切友善的；易理解的；可接近的”；C選項(xiàng)available“可獲得的；可購得的；可找到的；有空的”；D選項(xiàng)agreeable“令人愉快的；適合的；和藹可親的”。句意：對付這一時(shí)差反應(yīng)的方法體系現(xiàn)在可以用起來了。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

9.考查形容詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)broad“寬的，遼闊的；顯著的；大概的”；B選項(xiàng)inclusive“包含的，包括的；包含全部費(fèi)用的”；C選項(xiàng)tentative“試驗(yàn)性的，暫定的；躊躇的”；D選項(xiàng)extensive“廣泛的；大量的；廣闊的”。句意：這一方法系統(tǒng)建立在已被證明的廣泛的開拓性科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)基礎(chǔ)之上。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

10.考查動詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)devised“設(shè)計(jì)；想出；發(fā)明；圖謀；遺贈給”；B選項(xiàng)recognized“認(rèn)出，識別；承認(rèn)；接受，認(rèn)可；贊賞”；C選項(xiàng)scrutinized“細(xì)閱；作詳細(xì)檢查”；D選項(xiàng)visualized“形象，形象化；設(shè)想”。句意：MartinMoore-Ede博士設(shè)計(jì)出一種實(shí)用的方法來使生物鐘盡快適應(yīng)新的時(shí)區(qū)。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

11.考查介詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)through“穿過；通過；直至；憑借”；B選項(xiàng)at“在（表示存在或出現(xiàn)的地點(diǎn)、場所、位置、空間）；向，朝；處于……狀態(tài)”；C選in“在……內(nèi)；進(jìn)……里；在……期間；在……以后”；D選項(xiàng)as“作為；以……身份；當(dāng)作；像，如同；當(dāng)……時(shí)”。句意：MartinMoore-Ede博士設(shè)計(jì)出了一個實(shí)用的策略，通過控制暴露在強(qiáng)光下，使生物鐘更快地適應(yīng)新的時(shí)區(qū)。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

12.考查形容詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)most“大部分的，大多數(shù)的；最多的”；B選項(xiàng)least“最小的；最少的”；C選項(xiàng)little“小的；很少的；短暫的；小巧可愛的”；D選項(xiàng)more“更多的；附加的”。句意：跨越時(shí)區(qū)成了一件容易的事，而且能夠消除絕大多數(shù)由于時(shí)差反應(yīng)帶來的不適。此處的most不是最高級，此處它用作形容詞表示“大多數(shù)的”。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

13.考查上下文語義。顯然此處應(yīng)該填入一個動詞avoid的反義詞。作者介紹說：要想成功地調(diào)適生理節(jié)律以適應(yīng)不同時(shí)區(qū)的轉(zhuǎn)換，有兩種辦法：或者是避免，或者是主動尋求光照。A選項(xiàng)attain“達(dá)到，完成，獲得”；B選項(xiàng)shed“流出，散發(fā)”；C選項(xiàng)retrieve“尋回，找回”；D選項(xiàng)seek“尋求；尋找”。D選項(xiàng)是最符合要求的反義詞。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

14.考查介詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)on“在……之上；向，朝”，表方向；B選項(xiàng)with“和……在一起；具有”，表伴隨；C選項(xiàng)for“（表示對象、用途等）給，對；為了；關(guān)于”，表目的；D選項(xiàng)in“在……內(nèi)；進(jìn)……里；在……期間”，表方向和時(shí)間。句意：適當(dāng)?shù)娜照諘r(shí)間在很大程度上取決于具體的旅行計(jì)劃。此處for表示“用途”，“目的”。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

15.考查上下文語義。從原文上下文可知，此處需填入一個和individual“個人的”含義相仿的形容詞。其中首先可以排除的是C選項(xiàng)complicated“復(fù)雜的”，因?yàn)樗c原文毫無關(guān)系；A選項(xiàng)unique表示“獨(dú)一無二的，無雙的”，側(cè)重于事物鮮明的，有別其他事物的個體特征；D選項(xiàng)peculiar除“特別的，獨(dú)具的”含義之外，往往側(cè)重“奇怪的，怪異的”，帶有貶義；而B選項(xiàng)specific可以用來表示“特定的，具體的”，用在此處最貼切。句意：適當(dāng)?shù)娜照諘r(shí)間在很大程度上取決于具體的旅行計(jì)劃。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

16.考查名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)norm“標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，規(guī)范”；B選項(xiàng)mode“模式；方式；風(fēng)格；時(shí)尚”；C選項(xiàng)pattern往往被用來表示行為的“慣勢”，強(qiáng)調(diào)行為的“習(xí)慣”和“規(guī)律性”?！八叩墓?jié)律”顯然用這個詞最合適；D選項(xiàng)style“風(fēng)格；時(shí)尚；類型；字體；（植物學(xué)）花柱；（動物學(xué)）晶桿”。句意：具體飛行路線和個人睡眠模式的數(shù)據(jù)被用來制作一份旅行指南，上面有關(guān)于何時(shí)暴露在強(qiáng)光下的確切說明。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

17.考查名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)directories“目錄；工商名錄；姓名地址錄”；B選項(xiàng)instructions“指令，命令；指示；教導(dǎo)；用法說明”，常用來指說明書、介紹書；C選項(xiàng)specifications“規(guī)格；說明書；詳述”，常用來指規(guī)格手冊；D選項(xiàng)commentaries“評論；注釋；評注；說明”。句意：具體飛行路線和個人睡眠模式的數(shù)據(jù)被用來制作一份旅行指南，上面有關(guān)于何時(shí)暴露在強(qiáng)光下的確切說明。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

18.考查短語辨析。A選項(xiàng)calloff“取消；叫走；放棄；宣告終止”；B選項(xiàng)callon意為“訪問，拜訪；號召，請求”；C選項(xiàng)callfor“要求；需要；提倡；邀請；為……叫喊；前往接某人”；D選項(xiàng)callup“打電話給；召集；使想起；提出”。句意：當(dāng)旅行指南要求明亮的光線時(shí)，您應(yīng)該盡可能多待在戶外。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

19.考查邏輯關(guān)系。句意：如果外面天黑了，或者天氣不好，或者你在飛機(jī)上。由此可知各分句之間是并列關(guān)系，又因?yàn)榭崭袂暗哪莻€分句用的or，為保持句子成分一致，此處也應(yīng)填or，因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

20.考查名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)agitation“激動；攪動；煽動；煩亂”；B選項(xiàng)spur“馬刺；鞭策；山嘴；（公路或鐵路的）支線；骨刺”；C選項(xiàng)acceleration“加速，促進(jìn)；加速度；跳級”；D選項(xiàng)stimulus“刺激；激勵；刺激物”。句意：你可以使用一種特殊的光裝置，為閱讀、看電視或工作等一系列活動提供必要的光刺激。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

5.單選題

Ifthisevilmanremainedunpunished,oursocialmoralstandard_______.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.willundermine

B.wouldundermine

C.wouldbeundermined

D.willbeundermined

【答案】C

【解析】考查虛擬語氣。當(dāng)從句為：If+主語+動詞的過去式（be用were），主句則為：主語+would（should；could；might）+動詞原型。故可排除A、D選項(xiàng)。句意：如果這個壞人不受懲罰，我們的社會道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)就會被破壞。又因該句中的“社會道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”與“破壞”之間是被動關(guān)系，因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

6.單選題

Thatpartofthecityhaslongbeen______foritsstreetviolence.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.notorious

B.responsible

C.historical

D.illegal

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)notorious“聲名狼藉的，臭名昭著的”；B選項(xiàng)responsible“負(fù)責(zé)的，可靠的；有責(zé)任的”；C選項(xiàng)historical“歷史的；史學(xué)的；基于史實(shí)的”；D選項(xiàng)illegal“非法的；違法的；違反規(guī)則的”。句意：該市的那個地區(qū)長期以來因街頭暴力而臭名昭著。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

7.單選題

Thehealth-careeconomyisrepletewithunusualandevenuniqueeconomicrelationships.Oneoftheleastunderstoodinvolvesthepeculiarrolesofproduceror“provider”andpurchaseror“consumer”inthetypicaldoctor—patientrelationship.Inmostsectorsoftheeconomy,itisthesellerwhoattemptstoattractapotentialbuyerwithvariousinducementsofprice,quality,andutility,anditisthebuyerwhomakesthedecision.Wherecircumstancespermitthebuyernochoicebecausethereiseffectivelyonlyonesellerandtheproductisrelativelyessential,governmentusuallyassertsmonopolyandplacestheindustryunderpriceandotherregulations.Neitheroftheseconditionsprevailsinmostofthehealth-careindustry.

Inthehealth-careindustry,thedoctor-patientrelationshipisthemirrorimageoftheordinaryrelationshipbetweenproducerandconsumer.Onceanindividualhaschosentoseeaphysician—andeventhentheremaybenorealchoice—itisthephysicianwhousuallymakesallsignificantpurchasingdecisions:whetherthepatientshouldreturn“nextWednesday”,whetherX-raysareneeded,whetherdrugsshouldbeprescribed,etc.Itisarareandsophisticatedpatientwhowillchallengesuchprofessionaldecisionsorraiseinadvancequestionsaboutprice,especiallywhenthediseaseisregardedasserious.

Thisisparticularlysignificantinrelationtohospitalcare.Thephysicianmustcertifytheneedforhospitalization,determinewhatprocedureswillbeperformed,andannouncewhenthepatientmaybedischarged.Thepatientmaybeconsultedaboutsomeofthesedecisions,butinthemainitisthedoctor’sjudgmentsthatarefinal.Littlewonderthenthatintheeyeofthehospitalitisthephysicianwhoisthereal“consumer.”Asaconsequence,themedicalstaffrepresentsthe“powercenter”inhospitalpolicyanddecision-making,nottheadministration.

Althoughusuallythereareinthissituationfouridentifiableparticipants:thephysician,thehospital,thepatient,andthepayer(generallyaninsurancecarrierorgovernment)—thephysicianmakestheessentialdecisionsforallofthem.Thehospitalbecomesanextensionofthephysician;thepayergenerallymeetsmostofthebillsgeneratedbythephysician/hospital,andforthemostpartthepatientplaysapassiverole.Inroutineorminorillnesses,orjustplainworries,thepatient’soptionsare,ofcourse,muchgreaterwithrespecttouseandprice.Inillnessesthatareofsomesignificance,however,suchchoicestendtoevaporate,anditisforillnessesthatthebulkofthehealth-caredollarisspent.Weestimatethatabout75-80percentofhealth-careexpendituresaredeterminedbyphysicians,notpatients.

1.Theauthor’sprimarypurposeisto______.

2.Itcanbeinferredthatdoctorsareabletodeterminehospitalpoliciesbecause______.

3.Accordingtotheauthor,whenadoctortellsapatientto“returnnextWednesday”(para.2),thedoctorisineffect______.

4.Theauthorismostprobablyleadingupto______.

5.Itisthephysicianwhoisthereal“consumer”(Para.3)meansthatthephysicianisthepartythat______.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.speculateabouttherelationshipbetweenapatient’sabilitytopayandthetreatmentreceived

B.criticizedoctorsforexercisingtoomuchcontroloverpatients

C.analyzesomeimportanteconomicfactorsinhealthcare

D.urgehospitalstoreclaimtheirdecision-makingauthority

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.itisdoctorswhogenerateincomeforthehospital

B.mostofthepatient’sbillsarepaidbyhishealthinsurance

C.hospitaladministratorslacktheexpertisetoquestionmedicaldecisions

D.adoctorisultimatelyresponsibleforapatient’shealth

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.takingadvantageofthepatient’sconcernforhishealth

B.instructingthepatienttobuymoremedicalservices

C.warningthepatientthathospitalstaymightbenecessary

D.advisingthepatienttoseekasecondopinion

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.ananalysisofthecausesofinflation

B.aproposaltocontrolmedicalcosts

C.adiscussionofanewmedicaltreatment

D.adiscussionofnewmedicalcosts

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.paysforgoodsorservices

B.deliversgoodsorservices

C.ordersgoodsorservices

D.reimbursesathirdpartyforgoodsorservices

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:A

第3題:B

第4題:B

第5題:A

【解析】1.作者意圖題。根據(jù)第一段第一句“Thehealth-careeconomyisrepletewithunusualandevenuniqueeconomicrelationships.（醫(yī)療保健經(jīng)濟(jì)充滿了不同尋常甚至獨(dú)特的經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系。）”可知本文將要討論衛(wèi)生保健行業(yè)中的特殊經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系，其余三段主要分析了醫(yī)療保健領(lǐng)域的一些重要的影響相互之間經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系的因素：醫(yī)生、醫(yī)院、病人以及支付者，因此C選項(xiàng)“分析衛(wèi)生保健中一些重要的經(jīng)濟(jì)因素”符合文章大意。A選項(xiàng)“推測病人的支付能力和所接受的治療之間的關(guān)系”；B選項(xiàng)“批評醫(yī)生對病人過分控制”；D選項(xiàng)“敦促醫(yī)院收回他們的決策權(quán)”都太過片面，因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第二段“...itisthephysicianwhousuallymakesallsignificantpurchasingdecisions:whetherthepatientshouldreturn“nextWednesday”,whetherX-raysareneeded,whetherdrugsshouldbeprescribed,etc.（所有重要的購買決定通常都是由醫(yī)生做出的：病人是否應(yīng)該下周三回來，是否需要x光，是否應(yīng)該開藥方，等等。）”以及第三段結(jié)尾“Littlewonderthenthatintheeyeofthehospitalitisthephysicianwhoisthereal‘consumer.’Asaconsequence,themedicalstaffrepresentsthe‘powercenter’inhospitalpolicyanddecision-making,nottheadministration.（難怪在醫(yī)院的眼里，醫(yī)生才是真正的‘消費(fèi)者’。因此，醫(yī)務(wù)人員代表的是醫(yī)院政策和決策的‘權(quán)力中心’，而不是管理部門。）”，由此可知決定醫(yī)學(xué)治療的是醫(yī)生，也就是說決定醫(yī)院收入的也是醫(yī)生，因此A選項(xiàng)“是醫(yī)生為醫(yī)院創(chuàng)造了收入”符合題意。B選項(xiàng)“病人的大部分賬單是由他的健康保險(xiǎn)支付的”不符合題意；C選項(xiàng)“醫(yī)院管理者缺乏質(zhì)疑醫(yī)療決定的專業(yè)知識”文章沒有提到；D選項(xiàng)“醫(yī)生對病人的健康負(fù)有最終責(zé)任”不符合題意。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

3.判斷推理題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第二段“itisthephysicianwhousuallymakesallsignificantpurchasingdecisions:whetherthepatientshouldreturn‘nextWednesday’,whetherX-raysareneeded,whetherdrugsshouldbeprescribed,etc.（所有重要的購買決定通常都是由醫(yī)生做出的：病人是否應(yīng)該下周三回來，是否需要x光，是否應(yīng)該開藥方，等等。）”，由此可知當(dāng)醫(yī)生讓病人下周三再來的時(shí)候，實(shí)際上是由醫(yī)生指導(dǎo)病人購買更多的醫(yī)療服務(wù)，因此B選項(xiàng)“指示病人購買更多的醫(yī)療服務(wù)”符合題意。A選項(xiàng)“利用病人對健康的關(guān)心”；C選項(xiàng)“警告病人住院可能是必要的”以及D選項(xiàng)“建議病人尋求另一種療法”的最終目的都是為了購買更多醫(yī)療服務(wù)，因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

4.判斷推理題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章最后一段“Inroutineorminorillnesses,orjustplainworries,thepatient’soptionsare,ofcourse,muchgreaterwithrespecttouseandprice.Inillnessesthatareofsomesignificance,however,suchchoicestendtoevaporate,anditisforillnessesthatthebulkofthehealth-caredollarisspent.Weestimatethatabout75-80percentofhealth-careexpendituresaredeterminedbyphysicians,notpatients.（在日?；蜉p微的疾病，或只是簡單的擔(dān)憂，病人的選擇，當(dāng)然，更多的是使用和價(jià)格。然而，在一些有重要意義的疾病中，這樣的選擇往往會消失，醫(yī)療保健的大部分錢都花在了疾病上。我們估計(jì)75%到80%的醫(yī)療支出是由醫(yī)生決定的，而不是病人。）”以及結(jié)合全文可知文章主要分析了醫(yī)生和病人之間特殊的經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系，末段最后兩句指出大部分衛(wèi)生保健費(fèi)用由醫(yī)生決定，正因?yàn)槿绱?，這樣的體制會顯得很無效。由此可以推斷，作者接下來會提出對這種體制進(jìn)行改革，B選項(xiàng)“控制醫(yī)療費(fèi)用的建議”符合題意。A選項(xiàng)“通貨膨脹原因的分析”文章沒有提到；C選項(xiàng)“關(guān)于一種新療法的討論”以及D選項(xiàng)“關(guān)于新的醫(yī)療費(fèi)用的討論”都不能很好的銜接文章內(nèi)容，因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

5.語義推測題。“consumer”意為“消費(fèi)者”，A選項(xiàng)“支付商品或服務(wù)的費(fèi)用”更符合題意。B選項(xiàng)“遞送商品或服務(wù)”；C選項(xiàng)“訂購商品或服務(wù)”；D選項(xiàng)“報(bào)銷第三方的商品或服務(wù)”。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

8.單選題

Improvedconsumerconfidenceis______toaneconomicrecovery.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.crucial

B.subordinate

C.cumulative

D.satisfactory

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)crucial“重要的；決定性的；定局的；決斷的”；B選項(xiàng)subordinate“從屬的，隸屬的；次要的”；C選項(xiàng)cumulative“累積的”；D選項(xiàng)satisfactory“滿意的；符合要求的；贖罪的”。句意：消費(fèi)者信心的改善對經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇至關(guān)重要。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

9.單選題

Itisdifficultto______ofaplantoendpoverty.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.speculate

B.conceive

C.ponder

D.reckon

【答案】B

【解析】考查動詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)speculate“推測；推斷；投機(jī)；思索”；B選項(xiàng)conceive“懷孕；構(gòu)思；以為；持有；設(shè)想；考慮”；C選項(xiàng)ponder“仔細(xì)考慮；衡量；考慮；沉思”；D選項(xiàng)reckon“測算，估計(jì)；認(rèn)為；計(jì)算；猜想，料想”。conceiveof“設(shè)想；以為；想象；構(gòu)思”。句意：想出一個消除貧困的計(jì)劃是很難的。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

10.單選題

Fallingintoanervous,feverishdozesoonhereafter,hefoundhimselfdreamingofa______blackdogthatwastryingtobitehim.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.profound

B.merciful

C.prospective

D.savage

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)profound“深厚的；意義深遠(yuǎn)的；淵博的”；B選項(xiàng)merciful“仁慈的；慈悲的；寬容的”；C選項(xiàng)prospective“未來的；預(yù)期的”；D選項(xiàng)savage“野蠻的；殘酷的；狂怒的；荒涼的”。句意：此后不久，他陷入緊張、發(fā)燒的睡夢中，夢見一只野蠻的黑狗正試圖咬他。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

11.單選題

Undoubtedlythefloodcouldhavebeen______ifthelocalgovernmenthadinvestedmoremoneyingreeningtheenvironment.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.putoff

B.turnedoff

C.keptoff

D.writtenoff

【答案】B

【解析】考查短語辨析。A選項(xiàng)putoff“推遲；扔掉；阻止”；B選項(xiàng)turnoff“關(guān)掉，關(guān)閉；拐彎，使轉(zhuǎn)變方向；使失去興趣”；C選項(xiàng)keepoff“讓開；不接近”；D選項(xiàng)writeoff“注銷；取消；勾銷；報(bào)廢”。句意：毫無疑問，如果當(dāng)?shù)卣诰G化環(huán)境方面投入更多的資金，洪水本可以被阻斷。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

12.翻譯題

Etiquette

Tobeabletoanswerthequestion“Isetiquetteimportant?”onemusthaveanunderstandingofthetruemeaningoftheword.Thereisnosimpledefinitionofsynonym,buttome“consideration”comestheclosest.Allgoodmannersarebasedonthoughtfulnessforothers,andifeveryonelivedbytheGoldenRule—“Dountoothersasyouwouldhaveothersdountoyou”—therewouldbenobadmannersintheworld.Therehavebeenmanyattemptstodefine“etiquette”overtheyears,butmyownparticularfavoritewasfoundinanoldgrammarbook.Itis,“Politenessistodoandsaythekindestthinginthekindestway.”

Thetypeofpersonforwhombooksonetiquetteholdaninteresthaschangedalmostasmuchasmannersthemselves.UntilthefirsteditionofEtiquettewasprintedin1922,theideaprevailedthatmannersheldlittleinterestforanyoneotherthantherich,ormembersofso-called“society”.Today,fortunately,ourattitudetowardmannerisfarmoresensible.

【答案】禮儀

“禮儀重要嗎？”若要回答這個問題，我們必須懂得“禮儀”一詞的真正含義。我們無法把這個詞簡單地定義或給出某個同義詞，而在我看來，“體諒”則是最貼切的詮釋。一切禮貌的行為舉止皆以體貼他人為基礎(chǔ)。如果人人都能遵循“己所不欲，勿施于人”這一黃金法則，這世界上也就不會有不禮貌的行為了。多年來，很多人都試圖給“禮儀”定義，但我特別喜愛的解釋是在一本古老的語法書中發(fā)現(xiàn)的，書中這樣寫到，“文雅就是善良地做事，和善地說話?！?/p>

對禮儀書籍感興趣的那一類人的變化幾乎和禮儀本身一樣大。直到1922年《禮儀》第一版出版，人們普遍認(rèn)為，除了富人或所謂“社會”成員之外，任何人對禮儀都不感興趣。今天，幸運(yùn)的是，我們對待禮貌的態(tài)度要明智得多。

13.單選題

Themanagertriedtowaveasidetheseissuesas______detailsthatwouldbesettledlater.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.versatile

B.trivial

C.preliminary

D.alternate

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)versatile“多才多藝的；通用的，萬能的；多面手的”；B選項(xiàng)trivial“不重要的，瑣碎的；瑣細(xì)的”；C選項(xiàng)preliminary“初步的；開始的；預(yù)備的”；D選項(xiàng)alternate“交替的，輪流的；間隔的，每隔（……天等）的；（一個或多個事物）另外的，可供選擇的；（兩者）互不相容的；另類的，非傳統(tǒng)的；（葉、芽）互生的”。句意：經(jīng)理試圖對這些問題置之不理，認(rèn)為都是些瑣碎的細(xì)節(jié)，以后再解決。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

14.單選題

LuisFigueroalivesdownthestreetfromUCMerced,thenewestcampusintheUniversityofCaliforniasystem.Soit’snotsurprisingthatthe21yearsoldstudiesfromthecomfortofhisownhome.Buthe’snotenrolledatMerced:fromhisliving-roomcomputer,Figueroaisearninghisbachelor’sdegreeinbusinessadministrationatColumbiaCollegeinMissouri,some2,000milesaway.At$630percourse—about$1,800persemester—hisonlinedegreewillcostfarlessthanevenin-statetuitionatUC.Notonlythat,Figueroaisabletocontinueworkingfulltimeinamanagement-trainingjobwithAT&TinMerced,ajobhefeelsluckytohaveinthecurrenteconomicclimate.“OnceIrealizedIhadtimeconstraints,Iknewthetraditionalclassroomwouldn’twork,”hesays.“Coursesonlineareopen24hoursaday,andI’mabletogothereanytimeIwant.”

Thatconvenienceisoneofthemainreasonsnearly4millionAmericanstudentstookatleastoneonlinecourseinthe2007-2008schoolyear,accordingtoastudybytheSloanFoundation.Thesamestudyfoundthatonlineenrollmentisgrowingataratemorethan10timesthatofthehigher-educationpopulationatlarge—12.9percentvs.1.2percentfortraditionalinseatstudents.NowhereisthegrowthfasterthanamongyoungerstudentslikeFigueroawhoareoptingforonlinelearning,evenwhenthetraditionalclassroomis—inhiscase—rightoutsidethefrontdoor.“Thisisagenerationthatlivesonline,”saysVickyPhillips,founderandCEOofG,aservicethatranksonlinelearninginstitutions.“Everythingisinstant,accelerated,andaccessible,andtheyexpecttheireducationtobethatwaytoo.Forthemthereisnoclearlinebetweenthevirtualworldandtheactualworld.”

Oncetargetedatolder,workingadults,distancelearninghasmovedintotheeducationmainstreamatstunningspeedoverthepastcoupleofyears,astechnologyallowsever-richer,more-interactivelearningexperienceonline—andascollegecostscontinuetoriseandclassroomsarepackedtocapacity.Fortraditionalbrick-and-mortarinstitutions,thathasmeantascrambletoenteralucrativemarketthatusedtobetheexclusiveterritoryoffor-profitinstitutionssuchastheUniversityofPhoenixandKaplanUniversity.Establishedbrand-nameeducators—includingStanford,Cornell,PennState,andMIT,whichhasplaceditsentirecurriculumonlinethroughitsOpenCoursewareprogram—nowofferextensiveonlinelearningoptionsandarecompetingwiththefor-profitsforstudents.“Thestigmaisgone,”saysPhillips.“Onlinelearninghasreachedmassculturalacceptance.It’snolongertheuglystepsisterofthehigher-educationworld.”

Onlineofferingsthesedayscansometimesevensurpasstheclassroomexperience.AaronWalsh,aprofessoratBostonCollegeandaformervideogamedesigner,haspioneeredImmersiveEducation,amethodofteachingthroughvirtualworlds.MeetinginSecondLifeinsteadofaphysicalclassroom,saysWalsh,allowsforsomefeatsthatgravityrendersimpossible,likehavingart-historystudentsflytotheceilingoftheSistineChapelorbiologymajorstotakeaMagicSchoolbus-liketripthroughthehumanbody.Usingvideos,podcasts,livechats,Webcams,andwikis,educatorsincreasinglyseeonlinelearningasawaytoengagethevideogamegenerationwithpedagogythatfeelsmorelikeentertainmentthandrudgery.Studentsinthenewhomeland-securitymaster’sdegreeprogramattheUniversityofConnecticutthisfall,forexample,willhavecourseworkthatresemblesGrandTheftAuto:dwellinginacyber-citycalledSanLuisReyplaguedwithsuicidebombers,biochemicalattacks,andotherdisasters.AtArizonaState,studentsinanIntroductiontoParentingclassraisea“virtualchild”.Theyhavetoposttheprogressoftheironlinechargethroughallthephasesofchildhood.“Theclassesaresomuchmoreinteractive,andIcanlogonwhenI’mmostreadytolearn,”saysJaquelynHolleran,ajuniormajoringinfamilyandhumandevelopmentatASU.“Ilikethatsomuchbetterthanhavingtorushtoclassorsitthroughalecturethat’sboring.”

Asthelargestgenerationsincethebabyboomattendscollegeatatimeofshrinkingbudgetsandsoaringcosts,manyeducatorsbelievethatonlinelearningholdsthegreatestpromiseforexpandingthecapacityoftheU.S.higher-educationsystem.AnddigitalclassroomswillsurelyplayanimportantroleinhelpingtheObamaadministrationpursueitsgoalofraisingthepercentageofcollegegraduatesintheU.S.tofirstintheworldby2020(atleast10othercountriesnowstandintheway).Thesurgeinstudentswithjobsandfamilies,andthoseinthemilitary,hasalsocausedonlineenrollmentstosoar.SarahGerke,anArmyprivatestationedinIraq,keepsupwithhercourseworkatColumbiaCollegeinMissouri,despitetheoccasionalbombing.“EvenifIcouldattendinperson,”shewritesinane-mailfromCampLiberty,“I