2022年考研考博-考博英語-華東政法大學考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）試卷號52

住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語-華東政法大學考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）（圖片可根據(jù)實際調整大小）題型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.單選題

MobyDick,nowregardedasagreatworkofAmericanliterature,wasvirtually___whenitwasfirstpublished,anditwasnotuntilmanyyearslaterthatMelville’sachievementswere___.

問題1選項

A.renowned...relegated

B.notorious...justified

C.hailed...understood

D.ignored...recognized

【答案】D

【解析】考查動詞辨析。A選項renowned“使有聲望”，relegated“貶職，把降低到，把……置于次要地位；使（球隊）降級”；B選項notorious“聲名狼藉的，臭名昭著的”，justified“證明……是正當?shù)?；替……辯護”；C選項hailed“稱贊；致敬；招呼”，understood“明白；懂得”；D選項ignored“忽略；不顧”，recognized“確認，承認；具結”。句意：《白鯨》現(xiàn)在被認為是美國文學史上的一部偉大作品，但它剛出版時卻幾乎___，直到許多年后，梅爾維爾的成就___。本句表達“《白鯨》剛出版時被人忽略，直到多年后，梅爾維爾的成就才被大家承認”。因此D選項正確。

2.單選題

Hesaidthathehadno___ofthe1978interviewandthathehadneverseenitinprint.

問題1選項

A.recollection

B.memory

C.reminder

D.recognition

【答案】B

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項recollection“回憶；回憶起的事物”；B選項memory“記憶，記憶力；內存，[計]存儲器；回憶”；C選項reminder“暗示；提醒的人/物；催單”；D選項recognition“識別；承認；認出；重視；贊譽；公認”。句意：他說，他不___1978年的那次采訪，也從未在報紙上看到過。本句表達“不記得那次采訪”，因B此選項正確。

3.單選題

Merdineisherownwoman,withanidentity___fromhermother’s.

問題1選項

A.discrete

B.distinctive

C.distinct

D.discreet

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項discrete“離散的，不連續(xù)的”；B選項distinctive“獨特的，有特色的；與眾不同的（常用來說某個人或物具有獨有的、區(qū)別于其他的特質）”；C選項distinct“明顯的；獨特的；清楚的；有區(qū)別的（用于描述兩個或多個不同事物或事物群體）”；D選項discreet“謹慎的；小心的”。句意：瑪丁是她自己的女人，有著與她母親___的身份。本句表達“瑪丁和她母親兩者的身份截然不同”。因此C選項正確。

4.單選題

VeryfewcountriestrulysupportUSmilitary___againstIraq.

問題1選項

A.acts

B.actions

C.behavior

D.deed

【答案】B

【解析】考查近義詞辨析。A選項acts“行為（具體、簡單、短時）；假裝；某種行為（或常規(guī)等）；法令；判決書；會議記錄；（戲劇等的）幕；表演；演出團體”；B選項actions“行動（抽象、復雜、持續(xù)）；活動；功能；戰(zhàn)斗；情節(jié)；（非正式）精彩活動”；C選項behavior“行為；舉止（某人的行為方式，尤指對他人的行為方式）；態(tài)度；反應”；D選項deed“行動（智慧與力量達到一定境界而產(chǎn)生的行為，常指輝煌與成就）；功績；證書；[法]契據(jù)”。句意：很少有國家真正支持美國對伊拉克的軍事___。本句表達“伊拉克的軍事行動（是復雜、持續(xù)的行動）”，因此B選項正確。

5.單選題

Thepartywasexcellent,andI’dliketothankallthe___.

問題1選項

A.concerningpeople

B.peopleconcerning

C.peopleconcerned

D.concernedpeople

【答案】C

【解析】考查定語。concerned是分詞形容詞，其意為“有關的”（involved）；concerning是由分詞轉換而成的介詞，其意為“關于”（relatingto），結合句意：這個聚會太棒了，我要感謝所有___人?？芍揪浔磉_“有關的人”，排除A選項和B選項，concerned通常作后置定語，放在修飾的詞之后。因此C選項正確。

6.單選題

Operationwhichleftpatients___andinneedoflongperiodofrecoverytimenowleavethemfeelingrelaxedandcomfortable.

問題1選項

A.exhausted

B.abandoned

C.injured

D.deserted

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項exhausted“筋疲力盡的；疲憊不堪的；耗盡的；枯竭的”；B選項abandoned“被拋棄的；（房屋，車輛）被廢棄的；無約束的；恣意放蕩的”；C選項injured“受傷的；受損害的”；D選項deserted“荒蕪的；被遺棄的；無人居住的”。句意：手術使病人___，需要很長的時間恢復，現(xiàn)在卻使他們感到輕松舒適。本句表達“手術讓病人精疲力竭”，因此A選項正確。

7.單選題

Traditionalforensicevidencehaslongplayedaroleincriminaljustice.Butcurrentlypoisedonthehorizonisanewgenerationofforensicsciencescapableofinvestigatingandinculpatingsuspectsonanorderofpowerfargreaterthanthataffordedbytraditionalforensictechniques.Thisarrayofexcitingnewmethods—suchasDNAtyping,datamining,biometrictechnologies,andforensicMRIimaging,representamarkedadvanceovertherudimentarytechniquesofold,andwillsurelystakeacentralandindispensableroleinthefutureadministrationofcriminaljustice.

Yettheexperienceoftraditionalforensicsciencesinthecriminaljusticesystemcautionagainstrushingtooquicklytoembracethesenewtechniques.Inrecentyears,thelegitimacyofevidentiarystalwartslikehandwriting,voiceexemplars,hairandfiber,biteandtoolmarks,andevenfingerprintshasbeenseriouslycalledintoquestion.Exonerationstudieshavedemonstratedtheshockingdegreetowhichthecriminaljusticesystemhashistoricallyfailedtopreventspurioussciencesandfaultyorfraudulentevidencefromservingtoconvictinnocentdefendants.Forexample,onestudyfoundthatdefectivescientificevidencecontributedtooverone-halfofwrongfullyobtainedconvictions.

Ofcourse,theunreliabilityoftraditionaltechniques,andthefailureofthecriminaljusticesystemtokeepoutsuchinvalidevidence,hasinlargepartbeenexposedthroughtheuseofthenew,morereliableforensictechniquessuchasDNAtyping.Accordingly,theconventionalwisdomtendstoassertthatthequalitiesthatmakenewmethodssodesirableandreliablewilllikewiserenderthesetechniqueslesssusceptible,ifnotwhollyimmune,fromtheproblemsthatplaguedtraditionalsciences.Manycriticsoftraditionalscienceshaveevenembracednewmethodologiesasofferinga“newscientificparadigm”forforensicevidence,oneinwhich“untestedassumptionsandsemi-informedguessworkisreplacedbyasoundscientificfoundationandjustifiableprotocols”.

Butitstandstoreasonthatasystemthatfailedtostemtheabuseofobviouslyfaultyformsofforensicevidencemightalsobewhollyill-equippedtosafeguardtheuseofmorerobust,complicatedformsofsuchevidence,bothintermsofassuringitsintegrityandoffosteringhealthyscientificdevelopment.Infact,asthisArticleargues,theverycharacteristicsthatmakethisnewgenerationofforensicevidencesopromisingserveonlytoenhancetheneedforconcernabouttheuseofsuchevidenceinthecriminaljusticesystem.

ErinMurphy:THENEWFORENSICS:CRIMINALJUSTICE,FALSECERTAINTY,

ANDTHESECONDGENERATIONOFSCIENTIFICEVIDENCE

79.WhichofthefollowingisNOTanewgenerationforensictechnology?

80.Thelastsentenceofthesecondparagraphshowsthattheauthorthinksthat___.

81.Thebesttopicforthe3rdparagraphis___.

82.Thelastparagraphshowsthattheauthor’sattitudetowardsthereliabilityofnewtechniquesis___.

問題1選項

A.DNAtyping

B.Mining

C.ForensicMRIimaging

D.Biometrictechnologies

問題2選項

A.thelegitimacyoftheoldevidentiarystalwartshasbeenseriouslycalledintoquestion

B.thecriminaljusticesystemhashistoricallyfailedtopreventspurioussciencesandfaultyorfraudulentevidencefromservingtoconvictinnocentdefendants

C.experienceoftraditionalforensicsciencesinthecriminaljusticesystemcautionagainstrushingtooquicklytoembracethesenewtechniques

D.theoldtechnologiesdonotworkanymore

問題3選項

A.TheNewTechniquesisWelcomebyMore,EventheCriticsoftheOldTechniques

B.TheUnreliabilityofTraditionalTechniquesisExposedthroughtheUseoftheNewTechniques

C.TheNewTechniquesareImmunefromtheProblemsoftheTraditionalSciences

D.TheNewMethodologiesOffera“NewScientificParadigm”forForensicEvidence

問題4選項

A.contradict

B.trustworthy

C.complimentary

D.suspicious

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:B

第3題:D

第4題:D

【解析】79.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】事實細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關鍵字定位到第一段Thisarrayofexcitingnewmethods—suchasDNAtyping,datamining,biometrictechnologies,andforensicMRIimaging…（這一系列令人興奮的新方法——如DNA分型、數(shù)據(jù)挖掘、生物識別技術和法醫(yī)MRI成像……）可知A選項“DNA分型”，C選項“法醫(yī)MRI成像”和D選項“生物技術”原文有提及；B選項“礦業(yè)”不屬于原文提到的內容。因此B選項符合題意。

80.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干定位到第二段最后一句Forexample,onestudyfoundthatdefectivescientificevidencecontributedtooverone-halfofwrongfullyobtainedconvictions.（例如，一項研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，有缺陷的科學證據(jù)導致了超過一半的錯誤定罪），結合倒數(shù)第二句Exonerationstudieshavedemonstratedtheshockingdegreetowhichthecriminaljusticesystemhashistoricallyfailedtopreventspurioussciencesandfaultyorfraudulentevidencefromservingtoconvictinnocentdefendants.（關于免除罪的研究表明，刑事司法系統(tǒng)在歷史上一直未能阻止偽科學和錯誤或欺詐性證據(jù)被判無罪的被告有罪，其程度令人震驚）可知最后一句是為了支持刑事司法系統(tǒng)未能防止偽科學和錯誤或欺詐性證據(jù)被判無罪這一觀點的論據(jù)；選B選項“從歷史上看，刑事司法系統(tǒng)未能防止偽科學和錯誤或欺詐性證據(jù)被判無罪”；A選項“老證據(jù)的正當性受到了嚴重的質疑”，C選項“傳統(tǒng)法醫(yī)學在刑事司法系統(tǒng)中的經(jīng)驗告誡人們不要急于接受這些新技術”以及D選項“舊的技術已經(jīng)不起作用了”都屬于過度推測，排除。因此B選項正確。

81.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)第三段倒數(shù)第一句Manycriticsoftraditionalscienceshaveevenembracednewmethodologiesasofferinga“newscientificparadigm”forforensicevidence,oneinwhich“untestedassumptionsandsemi-informedguessworkisreplacedbyasoundscientificfoundationandjustifiableprotocols”.（許多傳統(tǒng)科學的批評者甚至接受了新的方法論，為法醫(yī)證據(jù)提供了一種“新的科學范式”，其中一個“未經(jīng)檢驗的假設和半知情的猜測被一個健全的科學基礎和正當?shù)膮f(xié)議所取代”）以及第三段其他內容：新的司法鑒定技術的應用使傳統(tǒng)技術的不可靠性和刑事審判制度無法阻止假證據(jù)的問題暴露無遺，傳統(tǒng)觀點認為，新技術可靠的特性同樣也使這些技術免受傳統(tǒng)科學遭遇到的問題的影響。許多對傳統(tǒng)科學持批判態(tài)度的人也支持起新技術來，將它視為用于法醫(yī)鑒定證據(jù)的新的科學范式，可以看出作者在這一段主要討論的是D選項“新方法為法醫(yī)證據(jù)提供了一種‘新的科學范式’”，同時可知B選項“新技術的使用暴露了傳統(tǒng)技術的不可靠性”和A選項“新技術受到更多，甚至是舊技術的批評者的歡迎”以偏概全；以及C選項“新技術不受傳統(tǒng)科學問題的影響”第三段未提及。因此D選項正確。

82.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】觀點態(tài)度題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文最后一段Butitstandstoreasonthatasystemthatfailedtostemtheabuseofobviouslyfaultyformsofforensicevidencemightalsobewhollyill-equippedtosafeguardtheuseofmorerobust,complicatedformsofsuchevidence,bothintermsofassuringitsintegrityandoffosteringhealthyscientificdevelopment.（但是，一個未能制止濫用明顯有缺陷的法醫(yī)證據(jù)形式的制度，在確保證據(jù)的完整性和促進科學健康發(fā)展方面，也可能完全沒有能力保障使用更有力、更復雜的證據(jù)形式）可知作者對于新技術的可靠性是有所懷疑的，選D選項“可疑”，同時可知B選項“值得信賴”錯誤；A選項“矛盾”以及C選項“免費”不符合原文。因此D選項正確。

8.翻譯題

1.TranslatethefollowingparagraphintoChinese(5marks)

One-thirdoftheUSphysiciansareover65,andthatproportionisexpectedtorise.Asdoctorsinthebabyboomgenerationreach65,manyareunderincreasingfinancialpressuresthatmakethemreluctanttoretire.Manydoctors,ofcourse,retaintheirskillsandsharpnessofmindintotheir70sandbeyond.ButphysiciansarehardlyimmunetoParldnson’sdisease,strokeandotherillsofaging.Andsomeexpertswarnthattherearetoofewsafeguardstoprotectpatientsagainstthosewhoshouldnolongerbepracticing.“Myguessisthatpeoplethinkthereissomefail-safemechanismtoprotectthemfromincompetentphysicians”,Dr.Norcrosssaid.“Thereisnot.”

【答案】三分之一的美國醫(yī)生年齡在65歲以上，這一比例預計還會上升。隨著嬰兒潮一代的醫(yī)生年滿65歲，許多人面臨著越來越大的經(jīng)濟壓力，因此不愿退休。當然，許多醫(yī)生在70多歲以后仍然保持著他們的技能和敏銳的頭腦。但是醫(yī)生很難對帕爾登森病、中風和其他衰老疾病免疫。一些專家警告說，保護病人免受那些不應該再執(zhí)業(yè)的人傷害的保障措施太少了。諾克羅斯博士說：“我的猜測是，人們認為有某種故障安全機制可以保護他們免受不稱職的醫(yī)生的傷害。然而，實際上是沒有的?！?/p>

9.單選題

WesternNebraskagenerallyreceiveslesssnowthan___EasternNebraska.

問題1選項

A.in

B.does

C.itreceivesin

D.itdoesin

【答案】B

【解析】考查習慣表達?？崭裉幦笔У膬热輰嶋H上指receiveslesssnow這件事，在英語中為了避免重復表達，會用助動詞do/does/did表示前后一樣的動作，根據(jù)主干謂語receives為第三人稱單數(shù)可知應該使用does。因此B選項正確。

10.單選題

The___atthemilitaryacademyissorigidthatstudentscanhardlybearit.

問題1選項

A.confinement

B.convention

C.discipline

D.principle

【答案】C

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項confinement“限制；監(jiān)禁；分娩”；B選項convention“大會；[法]慣例；[計]約定；[法]協(xié)定；習俗”；C選項discipline“學科；紀律；訓練；懲罰”；D選項principle“原理；原則；主義；道義；本質；本義；根源；源泉”。句意：這所軍事學校的___太嚴格了，學生們幾乎無法忍受。本句表達“軍事學校的紀律”，因此選項C正確。

11.單選題

Dellquitdealinginsouped-upversionsofothercompanies’products,andstarteddesigning,___andmarketinghisown.

問題1選項

A.fashioning

B.assembling

C.pruning

D.slashing

【答案】B

【解析】考查動詞辨析。A選項fashioning“使用；改變；做成……的形狀”；B選項assembling“集合，聚集；裝配；收集”；C選項pruning“修剪”；D選項slashing“砍；鞭打”。句意：戴爾不再經(jīng)營其他公司產(chǎn)品的升級版，而是開始設計、___和營銷自己的產(chǎn)品。本句表達“戴爾公司開始設計，裝配和營銷自己的產(chǎn)品”。因此B選項符合題意。

12.單選題

We___theradiosignalsforhelpfromtheplane.

問題1選項

A.pickedout

B.pickedoff

C.pickedat

D.pickedup

【答案】D

【解析】考查固定搭配。A選項pickedout“挑選出”；B選項pickedoff“摘掉；拔去；截?。粋鞲衅鳌?；C選項pickedat“吃得很少；挑毛??；指責”；D選項pickedup“撿起；獲得，收到；收拾；（汽車；飛機）乘載；不費力地學會”。句意：我們___飛機發(fā)出求救的無線電信號。本句表達“收到飛機發(fā)出的信號”，因此選D項正確。

13.不定項選擇題

I.(LegalHistory)

Thepoliticalinstitutionsthatwerefirst,establishedintheQinDynastyhadseveralimportantfeaturesthatlastedforalmosttwothousandyearsinChina.Thefirstisstrongemphasisontherulebylaw(byalargeandrelativelyefficientbureaucracy)butwithlittleconstraintontheemperor.Second,politicaldictatorshipbasedonideologicalmonopoly.Third,localgovernmentsareorganizedinasystemcalledprefecturesandcounties.Thefourthfeatureisthepersonnelsystemforpublicofficesthatreliedfirstonrecommendationandthenonstandardexams.

“AUthingsaredeterminedbytheemperornomattertheyaresmallorbig”,soconcludedanancientscholaronQin’spoliticalinstitutions.Legalismschool,whichisveryattractivetodictators,wasemployedbytheQinStateintheirquesttounifythecountry.ThecrueltyofQin’srulewasrevealedbynotonlythedetailedclassificationofitslawsbutalsohowitcollapsedinlessthan20yearsafterconqueringtheotherstates.Althoughthefollowingdynastiesmoreorlesssoftenedtheirrule,Qin’sinfluenceremaineddominant.ItisaconsensusthatChina’spoliticalinstitutionsweresorepressivethatpeoplehadnowaytoparticipateinpublicdecisionmaking.Intellectualshadbecomesimplyreservesforabureaucraticgovernment.

Thepoliticaldictatorshipwasbuiltonideologicalmonopoly.TheFirstEmperorwasnotoriousforordering“burningbooksandburyingscholars”.ShortlyafterQinunifiedChina,WuEmperorinHanDynastystartedtopromotethemonopolyofConfucianismandbanotherschoolsofthinking.ThismovementhadsuccessfullyestablishedthemonolithicstatusofChineseintellectualsinthefollowingtwothousandyears.Thiskindofideologicalmonopolywasnotdesignedforanypublicparticipationindecisionmaking.Instead,itwasforeliteswhodevotedthemselvestotheroyalfamily.

Thelocalgovernmentsystemofcountiesandprefectures,thebasicpatternofwhichisstillvisibleinmodernChina,wasalsoestablishedintheQinDynasty.Thissystemdiffersfromthefeudalsysteminthesensethatalllocalofficialsweredirectlyresponsibletotheemperor.ForabigempirelikeChina,howtogovernthecountryefficientlyandeffectivelybecameabigproblem.Ontheonehand,localgovernancewascriticaltosustainingthecontroloverthecountry.Ontheotherhand,whosatinpublicofficesbecamecrucialtothesuccessorfailureofeachdynastyortohowpublicinterestsarerepresented.

FengDeng:“EndogenousEvolutionofPatriarchalClanSysteminAncientChina”

51.Thefirstsentenceoftheparagraphsmeansthat___lastedforalmosttwothousandyearsinChina.

52.WhichstatementisNOTtrueaccordingtothesecondparagraph?

53.Thereflectionofideologicalmonopolywas___.

54.Thegovernment,systemofQinDynastydiffersfromthefeudalsysteminthesensethat___.

問題1選項

A.thepoliticalinstitutions

B.theimportantfeaturesofthepoliticalinstitutions

C.theQinDynasty

D.thepoliticalinstitutionsestablishedintheQinDynasty

問題2選項

A.QinDynasty,althoughhavingashortlife,hadstronginfluencestolaterdynasties.

B.ThatpeopledidnotparticipateindecisionmakinginancientChinaisagenerallyacceptedopinion.

C.Thebureaucraticgovernmentselecteditsofficialsfromintellectuals.

D.TheEmperorwasnotthesolegovernoroftheQinDynasty.

問題3選項

A.“burningbooksandburyingscholars”

B.themonopolyofConfucianismandbanotherschoolsofthinking

C.zeropublicparticipationindecisionmaking

D.intellectualsdevotingthemselvestotheroyalfamily

問題4選項

A.allChineselocalofficialsweredirectlyresponsibletotheemperor

B.countyandprefecturegovernmentsweresetup

C.alllocalofficialsofthefeudalsystemweredirectlyresponsibletotheemperor

D.localgovernancewascriticaltosustainingthecontroloverthecountry

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:D

第3題:A、B

第4題:A

【解析】51.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】事實細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到第一段Thepoliticalinstitutionsthatwerefirst,establishedintheQinDynastyhadseveralimportantfeaturesthatlastedforalmosttwothousandyearsinChina.（最早建立于秦朝的政治制度有幾個重要的特點，在中國延續(xù)了近兩千年）可知選D選項“秦朝建立的政治制度”；A選項“政治機構”，B選項“政治體制的重要特征”，以及C選項“秦朝”不符合原文。因此D選項正確。

52.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】事實細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到第二段“AUthingsaredeterminedbytheemperornomattertheyaresmallorbig”,soconcludedanancientscholaronQin’spoliticalinstitutions.（“非盟之事，無論大小，都由皇帝決定”，古代學者對秦政治制度的總結是這樣的）可知D選項“皇帝不是秦朝唯一的統(tǒng)治者”和原文不符；第二段ThecrueltyofQin’srulewasrevealedbynotonlythedetailedclassificationofitslawsbutalsohowitcollapsedinlessthan20yearsafterconqueringtheotherstates.Althoughthefollowingdynastiesmoreorlesssoftenedtheirrule,Qin’sinfluenceremaineddominant（秦朝統(tǒng)治的殘酷不僅體現(xiàn)在其法律的詳細分類上，還體現(xiàn)在它征服其他國家后不到20年的時間里是如何崩潰的。盡管后來的朝代或多或少地軟化了他們的統(tǒng)治，但秦朝的影響仍然占主導地位）可知A選項“秦朝的歷史雖短，但對后世的影響卻很大”符合原文；結合第二段第一句以及第二段ItisaconsensusthatChina’spoliticalinstitutionsweresorepressivethatpeoplehadnowaytoparticipateinpublicdecisionmaking.（人們普遍認為，中國的政治體制過于壓制，人們無法參與公共決策）可知B選項“在古代中國，人們不參與決策是一種普遍接受的觀點”符合原文；第二段Intellectualshadbecomesimplyreservesforabureaucraticgovernment.（知識分子已經(jīng)變成了官僚政府的儲備）可知C選項“官僚政府從知識分子中挑選官員”符合原文。因此D選項符合題意。

53.【試題答案】A,B

【試題解析】事實細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關鍵詞“ideologicalmonopoly”定位到第三段Thepoliticaldictatorshipwasbuiltonideologicalmonopoly.TheFirstEmperorwasnotoriousforordering“burningbooksandburyingscholars”.ShortlyafterQinunifiedChina,WuEmperorinHanDynastystartedtopromotethemonopolyofConfucianismandbanotherschoolsofthinking.（政治獨裁是建立在意識形態(tài)壟斷的基礎上的。秦始皇因下令“焚書坑儒”而臭名昭著。秦朝統(tǒng)一中國后不久，漢武帝就開始提倡壟斷儒學，取締其他學派）可知選A選項“焚書坑儒”和B選項“儒家思想的壟斷和其他學派思想的禁止”；C選項“公眾參與決策為零”和D選項“知識分子獻身于王室”原文未提及。因此A，B選項正確。

54.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】事實細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到最后一段Thelocalgovernmentsystemofcountiesandprefectures,thebasicpatternofwhichisstillvisibleinmodernChina,wasalsoestablishedintheQinDynasty.Thissystemdiffersfromthefeudalsysteminthesensethatalllocalofficialsweredirectlyresponsibletotheemperor.（縣府地方政府制度在秦朝也已確立，其基本格局在近代中國仍可見。這種制度不同于封建制度，所有地方官員都直接對皇帝負責）可知選A選項“所有中國地方官員都直接對皇帝負責”，同時可知B選項“設立縣、州政府”錯誤，未提及州政府；C選項“所有封建制度下的地方官員都直接對皇帝負責”和原文不符；文中未提及D選項“地方治理對維持對國家的控制至關重要”是否是秦朝的制度與封建制度的不同之處，排除。因此A選項正確。

14.單選題

Mr.Morrisonhasagreat___foranythingthatisorientalandexotic.

問題1選項

A.vision

B.emotion

C.contribution

D.passion

【答案】B

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項vision“視力；美景；眼力；幻象；想象力”；B選項emotion“情感；情緒”；C選項contribution“貢獻；捐獻；投稿”；D選項passion“激情；熱情；酷愛；盛怒”。句意：莫里森先生對任何東方和異國的東西都有強烈的___。本句表達“懷有強烈的情感”。因此B選項正確。

15.單選題

Tounderstandthemarketingconcept,itisonlynecessarytounderstandthedifferencebetweenmarketingandselling.Nottoomanyyearsago,mostindustriesconcentratedprimarilyontheefficientproductionofgoods,andthenreliedon“persuasivesalesmanship”tomoveasmuchofthesegoodsaspossible.Suchproductionandsellingfocusesontheneedsofthesellertoproducegoodsandthenconvertthemintomoney.

Marketing,ontheotherhand,focusesonthewantsofconsumers.Itbeginswithfirstanalyzingthepreferencesanddemandsofconsumersandthenproducinggoodsthatwillsatisfythem.Thiseyeontheconsumerapproachisknownasthemarketingconcept,whichsimplymeansthatinsteadoftryingtosellwhateveriseasiesttoproduceorbuyforresale,themakersanddealersfirstendeavortofindoutwhattheconsumerwantstobuyandthengoaboutmakingitavailableforpurchase.

Thisconceptdoesnotsimplythatbusinessisbenevolent(慈善的)orthatconsumersatisfactionisgivenpriorityoverprofitinacompany.Therearealwaystwosidestoeverybusinesstransaction—thefirmandthecustomer—andeachmustbesatisfiesbeforetradeoccurs.Successfulmerchantsandproducers,however,recognizethatthesurestroutetoprofitisthroughunderstandingandcateringtocustomers.Astrikingexampleoftheimportanceofcateringtheconsumerpresenteditselfinmid1985,whenCocaColachangedtheflavorofitsdrink.Thenon-acceptanceofthenewflavorbyasignificantportionofthepublicbroughtaboutapromptrestorationoftheClassicCoke,whichwasthenmarketedalongsidethenewKingCustomerruled!

46.Themarketingconceptdiscussedinthepassageis,inessence,___.

47.Whatwasthemainconcernofindustrialistsbeforethemarketingconceptwaswidelyaccepted?

48.Accordingtothepassage,“tomoveasmuchofthesegoodsaspossible”(Para.1)means___.

49.WhatdoestherestorationoftheClassicCokebestillustrate?

50.Indiscussingthemarketingconcept,theauthorfocuseson___.

問題1選項

A.thepracticeofturninggoodsintomoney

B.makinggoodsavailableforpurchase

C.thecustomer-centeredapproach

D.aformofpersuasivesalesmanship

問題2選項

A.Theneedsofthemarket.

B.Theefficiencyofproduction.

C.Thesatisfactionoftheuser.

D.Thepreferencesofthedealer.

問題3選項

A.tosellthelargestpossibleamountofgoods

B.totransportgoodsasefficientlyaspossible

C.todisposeofthesegoodsinlargequantities

D.toredesignthesegoodsforlargescaleproduction

問題4選項

A.Traditionalgoodshaveastrongerappealtothemajorityofpeople.

B.Ittakestimeforanewproducttobeacceptedbythepublic.

C.Consumerswithconservativetastesareoftendifficulttoplease.

D.Productsmustbedesignedtosuitthetasteoftheconsumer.

問題5選項

A.itsmaincharacteristic

B.itssocialimpact

C.itspossibleconsequence

D.itstheoreticalbasis

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:A

第4題:D

第5題:A

【解析】46.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】推理判斷題。由題干可以定位到文章第二段Marketing,ontheotherhand,focusesonthewantsofconsumers.Itbeginswithfirstanalyzingthepreferencesanddemandsofconsumersandthenproducinggoodsthatwillsatisfythem.Thiseyeontheconsumerapproachisknownasthemarketingconcept（市場營銷注重顧客的需求。它首先分析顧客的喜好和需求，然后再生產(chǎn)出他們滿意的商品。這種著眼于顧客的銷售方式就是人們所說的市場營銷），說明市場營銷是以顧客為中心的銷售方式。選C選項“一種以客戶為中心的方法”。A選項“把產(chǎn)品變成金錢的一種做法”和D選項“銷售人員說服勸導的一種方式”是傳統(tǒng)銷售的方式，排除；B選項“根據(jù)人們的購買需求生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品”，由原文可知，這只是市場營銷的一個步驟，而不是其本質，錯誤。因此C選項正確。

47.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】事實細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文首段Nottoomanyyearsago,mostindustriesconcentratedprimarilyontheefficientproductionofgoods,andthenreliedon“persuasivesalesmanship”tomoveasmuchofthesegoodsaspossible.（就在幾年前，大多數(shù)行業(yè)主要專注于產(chǎn)品的高效生產(chǎn)，然后依靠“有說服力的銷售技巧”來盡可能多地銷售這些產(chǎn)品）可知，市場營銷這一概念被普遍采用之前，企業(yè)家們主要關心的是生產(chǎn)效率，選B選項“生產(chǎn)效率”；A選項“市場需求”，C選項“用戶的滿意度”以及D選項“經(jīng)銷商的偏好”都不符合原文給出的信息。因此B選項正確。

48.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】語義推測題。由題干關鍵詞“tomoveasmuchofthesegoodsaspossible”可以定位到文章第一段第二句Nottoomanyyearsago,mostindustriesconcentratedprimarilyontheefficientproductionofgoods,andthenreliedon“persuasivesalesmanship”tomoveasmuchofthesegoodsaspossible.（就在幾年前，大多數(shù)行業(yè)主要專注于產(chǎn)品的高效生產(chǎn)，然后依靠“有說服力的銷售技巧”來盡可能多地銷售這些產(chǎn)品。），說明“tomoveasmuchofthesegoodsaspossible”在文中是指“盡可能多地銷售產(chǎn)品”的意思，選A選項“盡可能多地銷售產(chǎn)品”；B選項“盡可能高效地運輸產(chǎn)品”，C選項“大批量地處理這些產(chǎn)品”，D選項“重新設計這些產(chǎn)品以便可以大規(guī)模制造”均不符合題意。因此A選項正確。

49.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】推理判斷題。由題干可以定位到文章第三段第三句Successfulmerchantsandproducers,however,recognizethatthesurestroutetoprofitisthroughunderstandingandcateringtocustomers.（然而，成功的商人和生產(chǎn)者認識到，最可靠的盈利途徑是通過了解和迎合消費者。），接著舉了可口可樂公司重新恢復經(jīng)典口味可樂的例子，說明恢復經(jīng)典配方是為了迎合顧客的口味，選D選項“商品的設計應該貼合消費者的口味”；A選項“傳統(tǒng)型產(chǎn)品對于大多數(shù)人來說有著更強的吸引力”，B選項“一種新的產(chǎn)品為公眾所接受是需要時間的”，C選項“那些口味保守的消費者最難取悅”在文中均沒有提及。因此D選項正確。

50.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】主旨大意題。結合全文可知，作者旨在向讀者介紹市場營銷這一概念的基本特征，即根據(jù)顧客的需求組織生產(chǎn)，并通過講述可口可樂公司恢復原配方這一讓人印象深刻的例子強化了讀者對其基本特征的了解，選A選項“其主要特點”；B選項“其社會影響”，C選項“其可能帶來的后果”，D選項“其理論基礎”在文中均沒有提及。因此A選項符合題意。

16.單選題

Thepeoplestood___atthebeautifulpicture.

問題1選項

A.glaring

B.gazing

C.peeping

D.gasping

【答案】B

【解析】考查動詞辨析。A選項glaring“怒目而視，瞪眼看；發(fā)出刺眼的光”；B選項gazing“凝望，凝視”；C選項peeping“唧唧叫；窺探”；D選項gasping“喘氣；渴望”。句意：人們站在那里，___這幅美麗的畫。本句表達“凝視美麗的畫”。因此B選項正確。

17.單選題

VI.(Jurisprudence)

AmericanLegalRealismwasthemostimportantindigenousjurisprudentialmovementintheUnitedStatesduringthe20th-century,havingaprofoundimpactnotonlyonAmericanlegaleducationandscholarship,butalsoonlawreformandlawyering.UnlikeitsScandinaviancousin,AmericanLegalRealismwasnotprimarilyanextensiontolawofsubstantivephilosophicaldoctrinesfromsemanticsandepistemology.TheRealistswerelawyers(plusafewsocialscientists),notphilosophers,andtheirmotivationswere,accordingly,different.Aslawyers,theywerereachingagainstthedominant“mechanicaljurisprudence”or“formalism”oftheirday.“Formalism”inthesensepertinenthere,heldthatjudgesdecidecasesonthebasisofdistinctivelylegalrulesandreasons,whichjustifyauniqueresultinmostcases(perhapseverycase).TheRealistsargued,instead,thatcarefulempiricalconsiderationofhowcourtsreallydecidecasesrevealsthattheydecidenotprimarilybecauseoflaw,butbased(roughlyspeaking)ontheirsenseofwhatwouldbeonthefactsofthecase.Legalrulesandreasonsfiguresimplyaspost-hocrationalizationsfordecisionsreachedonthebasisofnon-legalconsiderations.BecausetheRealistsnevermadeexplicittheirphilosophicalpresuppositionsaboutthenatureoflawortheirconceptionoflegaltheory,oneoftheimportantjurisprudentialtasksforRealiststodayisaphilosophicalreconstructionanddefenseoftheseviews,especiallyagainstthecriticismsoflegalphilosophers,notablyH.L.A.Hart.

ButRealismalsoborethemarksofanintellectualculturewhichitdidsharewithitsScandinaviancousin.Thisculture—thedominantoneintheWesternworldfromthemid-19thcenturythroughatleastthemiddleofthelastcentury—wasdeeply“positivistic”,inthesensethatitviewsnaturalscienceastheparadigmofallgenuineknowledge,andthoughtallotherdisciplines(fromsocialsciencetolegalstudy)shouldemulatethemethodsofnaturalscience.Chiefamongthelatterwasthemethodofempiricaltesting:hypotheseshadtobetestedagainstobservationsoftheworld.ThustheRealistsfrequentlyclaimedthatexistingarticulationsofthe“l(fā)aw”werenot,infact,“confirmed”byactualobservationofwhatthecourtwerereallydoing.AlsoinfluentialonsomeRealistswasbehaviorisminpsychology—JohnWatson’sversion,notthelater,andbetter-known,brandassociatedwithB.F.Skinner—whichwasitselfinthegripsofa“positivistic”conceptionofknowledgeandmethod.

BrianLeiter:AmericanLegalRealism

71.AmericanLegalRealismhadaprofoundimpactontheflowingbut___.

72.Fromthe1stparagraphwecanknowthatScandinavianRealists___.

73.TheAmericanRealistsarguedthat___.

74.WhatistheintellectualculturethatAmericanRealismshareswithitsScandinaviancousin?

問題1選項

A.Americanlegaleducation

B.Americanlegalscholarship

C.Americanlawreform

D.Americanlawyers

問題2選項

A.werephilosophers

B.wereprimarilyanextensiontolawofsubstantivephilosophicaldoctrines

C.werereachingagainst“mechanicaljurisprudence”

D.heldthatjudgesdecidecasesonthebasisofdistinctivelylegalrulesandreasons

問題3選項

A.courtsdecidecasesnotprimarilybecauseoflaw,butbasedontheirsenseof“fairness”

B.legalrulesandreasonsfiguresimplyasprior-hocrationalizationsfordecisionsreachedonthebasisofnon-legalconsiderations

C.philosophicalreconstructionanddefenseoftheseviewsarenecessary

D.carefulempiricalconsiderationrevealsthatcourtsdecidecasesprimarilybecauseoflaw

問題4選項

A.Existingarticulationsofthe“l(fā)aw”werenot“confirmed”byactualobservationofwhatthecourtwerereallydoing.

B.Methodofempiricaltesting.

C.Takingnaturalscienceastheparadigmofallgenuineknowledge.

D.Alldisciplinesshouldalsoemulatethemethodsofnaturalscience.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:A

第3題:C

第4題:C

【解析】71.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】事實細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到第一段AmericanLegalRealismwasthemostimportantindigenousjurisprudentialmovementintheUnitedStatesduringthe20th-century,havingaprofoundimpactnotonlyonAmericanlegaleducationandscholarship,butalsoonlawreformandlawyering.（美國法律現(xiàn)實主義運動是20世紀美國最重要的本土法學運動，不僅對美國的法學教育和學術產(chǎn)生了深遠的影響，而且對美國的法律改革和律師業(yè)也產(chǎn)生了深遠的影響）可知A選項“美國法律教育”，B選項“美國法律學術”，C選項“美國法律改革”符合原文