《經(jīng)濟學(xué)原理》1-ten-principles-漢魅HanMei―經(jīng)課件

1、PowerPoint Lecture Presentationto accompany Principles of Economics, Third EditionN. Gregory MankiwPrepared by Mark P. Karscig, Central Missouri State University.PowerPoint Lecture Presentati1 INTRODUCTION1 1Ten Principles of Economics1Ten Principles of EconomicsEconomy. . . . . . The word economy c

2、omes from a Greek word for “one who manages a household.”Economy. . . . . . The wordTEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICSA household and an economy face many decisions: Who will work?What goods and how many of them should be produced?What resources should be used in production?At what price should the goods b

3、e sold?TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICSA hTEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICSSociety and Scarce Resources: The management of societys resources is important because resources are scarce.Scarcity. . . means that society has limited resources and therefore cannot produce all the goods and services people wish to h

4、ave.TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICSSocTEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICSEconomics is the study of how society manages its scarce resources. TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICSEcoTEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS How people make decisions.People face tradeoffs.The cost of something is what you give up to get it.Rational peop

5、le think at the margin.People respond to incentives.TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS HoTEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS How people interact with each other.Trade can make everyone better off.Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity.Governments can sometimes improve economic outcomes.TEN PR

6、INCIPLES OF ECONOMICS HoTEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS The forces and trends that affect how the economy as a whole works. The standard of living depends on a countrys production.Prices rise when the government prints too much money.Society faces a short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment.

7、TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS ThPrinciple #1: People Face Tradeoffs.“There is no such thing as a free lunch!”Principle #1: People Face TradMaking decisions requires trading off one goal against another.Principle #1: People Face Tradeoffs.To get one thing, we usually have to give up another thing.Guns

8、v. butterFood v. clothingLeisure time v. workEfficiency v. equityMaking decisions requires tradPrinciple #1: People Face TradeoffsEfficiency v. EquityEfficiency means society gets the most that it can from its scarce resources.Equity means the benefits of those resources are distributed fairly among

9、 the members of society.Principle #1: People Face TradPrinciple #2: The Cost of Something Is What You Give Up to Get It.Decisions require comparing costs and benefits of alternatives.Whether to go to college or to work?Whether to study or go out on a date?Whether to go to class or sleep in?The oppor

10、tunity cost of an item is what you give up to obtain that item.Principle #2: The Cost of SomePrinciple #2: The Cost of Something Is What You Give Up to Get It.LA Laker basketball star Kobe Bryant chose to skip college and go straight from high school to the pros where he has earned millions of dolla

11、rs.Principle #2: The Cost of SomePeople make decisions by comparing costs and benefits at the margin.Principle #3: Rational People Think at the Margin.Marginal changes are small, incremental adjustments to an existing plan of action.People make decisions by compaPrinciple #4: People Respond to Incen

12、tives.Marginal changes in costs or benefits motivate people to respond.The decision to choose one alternative over another occurs when that alternatives marginal benefits exceed its marginal costs!Principle #4: People Respond tPrinciple #5: Trade Can Make Everyone Better Off.People gain from their a

13、bility to trade with one another.Competition results in gains from trading.Trade allows people to specialize in what they do best.Principle #5: Trade Can Make EPrinciple #6: Markets Are Usually a Good Way to Organize Economic Activity.A market economy is an economy that allocates resources through t

14、he decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services.Households decide what to buy and who to work for.Firms decide who to hire and what to produce. Principle #6: Markets Are UsuaPrinciple #6: Markets Are Usually a Good Way to Organize Economic A

15、ctivity.Adam Smith made the observation that households and firms interacting in markets act as if guided by an “invisible hand.”Because households and firms look at prices when deciding what to buy and sell, they unknowingly take into account the social costs of their actions.As a result, prices gu

16、ide decision makers to reach outcomes that tend to maximize the welfare of society as a whole.Principle #6: Markets Are UsuaPrinciple #7: Governments Can Sometimes Improve Market Outcomes.Market failure occurs when the market fails to allocate resources efficiently.When the market fails (breaks down

17、) government can intervene to promote efficiency and equity.Principle #7: Governments Can Principle #7: Governments Can Sometimes Improve Market Outcomes.Market failure may be caused by an externality, which is the impact of one person or firms actions on the well-being of a bystander.market power,

18、which is the ability of a single person or firm to unduly influence market prices. Principle #7: Governments Can Principle #8: The Standard of Living Depends on a Countrys Production.Standard of living may be measured in different ways:By comparing personal incomes.By comparing the total market valu

19、e of a nations production.Principle #8: The Standard of Principle #8: The Standard of Living Depends on a Countrys Production.Almost all variations in living standards are explained by differences in countries productivities.Productivity is the amount of goods and services produced from each hour of

20、 a workers time.Principle #8: The Standard of Principle #8: The Standard of Living Depends on a Countrys Production.Standard of living may be measured in different ways:By comparing personal incomes.By comparing the total market value of a nations production.Principle #8: The Standard of Principle #

21、9: Prices Rise When the Government Prints Too Much Money.Inflation is an increase in the overall level of prices in the economy.One cause of inflation is the growth in the quantity of money.When the government creates large quantities of money, the value of the money falls.Principle #9: Prices Rise

22、WhenPrinciple #10: Society Faces a Short-run Tradeoff Between Inflation and Unemployment.The Phillips Curve illustrates the tradeoff between inflation and unemployment:Inflation UnemploymentIts a short-run tradeoff!Principle #10: Society Faces aSummaryWhen individuals make decisions, they face tradeoffs among altern