2023年職稱英語衛(wèi)生類A級新增文章-閱讀理解(含練習解析及譯文)

1、Some People Do Not Taste Salt Like Others Lowsalt foods may be harder for some people to like than others，according to a study by a Penn State College of Agricultural Sciencesl food scientistThe research indicates that genetic factors influence some of the difference in the levels of salt we like to

2、 eat Those conclusions are important because recent，wellpublicized efforts to reduce the salt content in food2 have left many people struggling to accept fare that simply does not taste as good to them as it does to others3，pointed out John Hayes，assistant professor of food science，who was lead inve

3、stigator4 0n the study Diets high in salt Can increase the risk of high blood pressure and strokeThat is why public health experts and food companies are working together on ways to help consumers lower salt intake through foods that are enjoyable to eatThis study increases understanding of salt pre

4、ference and consumption The research involved 87 carefully screened participants who sampled salty foods such as soup and chips，on multiple occasions，spread out over weeks5Test subjects were 45：men and 42 women, reportedly healthy，ranging in age from 20 t0 40 yearsThe sample was composed of individu

5、als who were not actively modifying their dietary intake and did not smoke cigarettesThey rated the intensity of taste on a commonly used scientific scale，ranging from barely detectable to strongest sensation of any kind“Most of us like the taste of saltHowever，some individuals eat more salt，both be

6、cause they like the taste of saltiness more，and also because it is needed to block other unpleasant tastes in food, said Hayes. “Supertasters, people who experience tastes more intensely, consume more salt than nontasters do. Snack foods have saltiness as their primary flavor, and at least for these

7、 foods, more is better, so the supertasters seem to like them more. However, supertasters also need higher levels of salt to block unpleasant bitter tastes in foods such as cheese，Hayes noted“For example，cheese is a wonderful blend of dairy flavors from fermented milk，but also bitter tastes from rip

8、ening that are blocked by salt， he said“A supertaster finds low-salt cheese unpleasant because the bitterness is too pronounced6Hayes cited research done more than 75 years ago by a chemist named Fox and a geneticist named Blakeslee，showing that individuals differ in their ability to taste certain c

9、hemicalsAs a result，Hayes explained，we know that a wide range in taste acuity exists，and this variation is as normal as variations in eye and hair color“Some people，called supertasters，describe bitter compounds as being extremely bitter，while others，called nontasters，find these same bitter compounds

10、 to be tasteless or only weakly bitterhe said“Response to bitter compounds is one of many ways to identify biological differences in food preference because supertastin7 is not limited to bitterness詞匯：Publicize v引起公眾對的注意；(用廣告)宣傳Dietary adj飲食的；規(guī)定食物的Ferment v(使)發(fā)酵Geneticist n遺傳學家Acuity n敏銳；鋒利注釋：1Penn

11、State College of Agricultural Sciences：即Penn State University-College of Agricultural Sciences賓州州立大學農(nóng)學院。Penn是Pennsylvania的縮寫，是美國賓夕法尼亞州名。賓州州立大學建于1855年：在全國共有24個分校。在句中，Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences用作定語，修飾food scientist。2Well-publicized efforts to reduce the salt content in food：大力宣傳減少食物含鹽

12、量的做法31eft many people struggling to accept fare that simply does not taste as good to them as it does to others：使得許多人努力去接受適合其他人而不適合他們口味的食物。fare相當于food。41ead investigator：研發(fā)工程負責人5carefully screened participants who sampled salty foods as soup and chipson multiple occasion，spread out over weeks：經(jīng)過仔細篩選

13、的實驗參與者，他們在幾周內(nèi)的不同時間里品嘗了湯和薯條等含鹽食物。6too pronounced：此處pronounced為形容詞，意為very noticeable，conspicuous(明顯的，顯著的)。7supertasting：超重味感練習：1In paragraph 2，John Hayes points out that Ait is good to health to eat food without salt Bmany people reject lowsalt food completely Cmany people accept lowsalt tasteless foo

14、d reluctantly Dfood with reduced salt tastes better2The fourth paragraph describes briefly Ahow to select subjects and what to do in the research Bhow to identify supertasters and nontasters Cwhy to limit the number of subjects to 87 persons Dwhy to select more male subjects than female ones3. The a

15、rticle argues that supertasters A1ike the；taste of saltiness to block sweet tastes in food B1ike snack foods as saltiness is their primary flavor Cconsume less salt because they don t like intensive tastes D1ike to share salty cheese with nontasters4. Which of the following applies to supertasters i

16、n terms of bitter taste? AThey like bitterness in foods as well as saltiness BThey like highsalt cheese as it has intense bitter taste CThey prefer highsalt cheesewhich tastes less bitter D. They prefer high-salt cheese as it is good to health5. What message do the last two paragraphs carry? ATaste

17、acuity is genetically determined BTaste acuity is developed over time after birth CTaste acuity is related to ones eye and hair color DTaste acuity is still a mysterious subject in science答案與題解：1C 根據(jù)短文的第二段內(nèi)容，很多人因為食物中的含鹽量降低，所以必須做出很大努力 (struggling)去適應(yīng)，而低鹽食物對于他們來說，口味很不好(fare that simply does nottastego

18、od to them)。選項C有accept reluctantly(勉強接受)表達了這層意思，所以是正確的選擇。A、B、D三個選項均是錯誤的。2A第四段介紹了科學家是如何設(shè)計這項研究的，它包含了研究對象的人數(shù)、性別、人選條件、咸度味感分級表等。選項A概括了這方面的內(nèi)容，所以是答案。而選項B、C、D所述內(nèi)容均不符合該段的意思。3B 短文的第五段提供了答案o supertaster在這里的意思是：口味重的人，在本文中，nontaster是其反義詞，即，口味清談的人。該段告訴我們，口味重的人消耗更多的鹽；因為快餐食品的主要味道就是咸味，而且咸度越高，口味越好，所以口味重的人對快餐較為偏愛。選項B表

19、達了上述內(nèi)容，所以是答案。4C 短文第六段提供了答案。該段告訴我們，奶酪發(fā)酵會產(chǎn)生苦味，supertasters不喜歡苦味，而高含鹽量可以蓋住奶酪里的昔味，這是他們偏愛高鹽奶酪的原因。所以，只有C是正確選擇。5A 文章第七段中，Hayes引用了75年前一位遺傳學專家的實驗。從這項實驗中，Hayes得出的結(jié)論是，Taste acuity(味覺敏度)上的差異與他們頭發(fā)和眼睛的顏色上的差異是同一類現(xiàn)象，也就是說，都是與生俱來的。第八段又說，這是一種biological difference(生物差異)，所以A是答案。B說味覺敏度是后天形成的，顯然與作者的結(jié)論相左0譯文：咸度味感因人而異賓州州立大學農(nóng)

20、學院食品科學家進行的一項研究說明，有些人很難喜歡含鹽量低的食物。該研究指出，遺傳因素導致我們對咸度的不同喜好。該研究負責人、食品科學副教授約翰海斯指出，這些結(jié)論非常重要，因為近期對減少食物含鹽量的大力宣傳使得許多人努力去接受適合其他人而不適合自己口味的食物。含鹽量高的飲食會增加高血壓和中風的風險，這就是公共健康專家和食品公司共同努力、通過可口的食品幫助消費者減少鹽攝入量的原因。該研究使人們更加理解對鹽的喜好和攝入的差異。該研究包括87名經(jīng)過仔細篩選的參與者，他們在幾周的不同時間品嘗了湯和薯條等含鹽食物。參與者包括45名男性和42名女性，身體健康，年齡在20歲到40歲之間。參與者不會主動改變自己

21、的飲食習慣，且不吸煙。他們通過一種常用的科學量表來區(qū)別咸度味感，分為“最輕微味感到“最強烈味感等級別。海斯說，“大局部人都喜歡鹽的味道。但是，有些人吃鹽較多，這不僅是因為他們更喜歡咸味，也因為他們需要咸味來遮蓋食物其他討厭的味道?？谖冻氐娜吮瓤谖肚宓娜讼母嗟柠}。因為快餐食品的主要味道就是咸味，而且咸度越高，味道越好，所以口味超重的人更喜歡快餐。海斯還提到，口味超重的人還需要鹽來遮蓋奶酪等食物中討厭的苦味。“例如，奶酪是牛奶味和發(fā)酵苦味的完美結(jié)合，而鹽可以遮蓋苦味?？谖冻氐娜瞬幌矚g低鹽奶酪，因為苦味太明顯了。海斯舉出了化學家?？怂购瓦z傳學家布雷克斯里75年前進行的研究，該研究說明，人們

22、品嘗特定化學制品的能力是不同的。海斯解釋說，由此我們知道每個人的味覺敏度是不同的，這一差異和頭發(fā)眼睛顏色的差異一樣正常。海斯說，“口味超重的人覺得苦味混合物非常之苦，而口味清淡的人會覺得同樣的苦味混合物沒有味道，或稍微有些苦。對苦味混合物的反響只是確定在食物偏好方面生物差異的眾多方法之一，因為口味超重的人不只是對苦味敏感。咸度味感因人而異賓州州立大學農(nóng)學院食品科學家進行的一項研究說明，有些人很難喜歡含鹽量低的食物。該研究指出，遺傳因素導致我們對咸度的不同喜好。該研究負責人、食品科學副教授約翰海斯指出，這些結(jié)論非常重要，因為近期對減少食物含鹽量的大力宣傳使得許多人努力去接受適合其他人而不適合自己

23、口味的食物。含鹽量高的飲食會增加高血壓和中風的風險，這就是公共健康專家和食品公司共同努力、通過可口的食品幫助消費者減少鹽攝入量的原因。該研究使人們更加理解對鹽的喜好和攝入的差異。該研究包括87名經(jīng)過仔細篩選的參與者，他們在幾周的不同時間品嘗了湯和薯條等含鹽食物。參與者包括45名男性和42名女性，身體健康，年齡在20歲到40歲之間。參與者不會主動改變自己的飲食習慣，且不吸煙。他們通過一種常用的科學量表來區(qū)別咸度味感，分為“最輕微味感到“最強烈味感等級別。海斯說，“大局部人都喜歡鹽的味道。但是，有些人吃鹽較多，這不僅是因為他們更喜歡咸味，也因為他們需要咸味來遮蓋食物其他討厭的味道?？谖冻氐娜吮瓤?/p>

24、味清淡的人消耗更多的鹽。因為快餐食品的主要味道就是咸味，而且咸度越高，味道越好，所以口味超重的人更喜歡快餐。海斯還提到，口味超重的人還需要鹽來遮蓋奶酪等食物中討厭的苦味?！袄?，奶酪是牛奶味和發(fā)酵苦味的完美結(jié)合，而鹽可以遮蓋苦味?？谖冻氐娜瞬幌矚g低鹽奶酪，因為苦味太明顯了。海斯舉出了化學家?？怂购瓦z傳學家布雷克斯里75年前進行的研究，該研究說明，人們品嘗特定化學制品的能力是不同的。海斯解釋說，由此我們知道每個人的味覺敏度是不同的，這一差異和頭發(fā)眼睛顏色的差異一樣正常。海斯說，“口味超重的人覺得苦味混合物非常之苦，而口味清淡的人會覺得同樣的苦味混合物沒有味道，或稍微有些苦。對苦味混合物的反響只

25、是確定在食物偏好方面生物差異的眾多方法之一，因為口味超重的人不只是對苦味敏感。+第三十四篇Who Want to Live Forever?If your doctor could give you a drug that would let you live a healthy life for twice as long ，would you take it?The good news is that we may be drawing near to that date，Scientists have already extended the lives of flies ，worms

26、and mice in laboratories. Many now think that using genetic treatments we will soon be able to extend human life to at least 140 years. This seems a great idea. Think of how much more time we could spend chasing our dreams，spending time with our loved ones，watching our families grow and have familie

27、s of their own.Longer life would give us a chance to recover from our mistakes and promote long term thinking, says Dr Gregory Stock of the University Of California School Of Public Health. It would also raise productivity by adding to the year we can work.Longer lives dont just affect the people wh

28、o live them. They also affect society as a whole. We have war，poverty，all sorts of issues around，and I dont think any of them would be at all helped by having people live longer, says US bioethicist Daniel Callahan.The question is What will we get as a society? I suspect it wont be a better society.

29、It would certainly be a very different society. People are already finding it more difficult to stay married. Divorce rates are rising. What would happen to marriage in a society where people lived for 140 years? And what would happen to family life if nine or 10 generations of the same family were

30、all alive at the same time?Research into ageing may enable women to remain fertile for longer. And that raises the prospect of having 100-year-old parents，or brothers and sisters born 50 years apart. We think of an elder sibling as someone who can protect us and offer help and advice. That would be

31、hard to do if that sibling came from a completely different generation.Working life would also be affected，especially if the retirement age was lifted. More people would stay in work for longer. That would give us the benefits of age-skill，wisdom and good judgment.On the other hand，more people worki

32、ng for longer would create greater competition for jobs. It would make it more difficult for younger people to find a job. Top posts would be dominated by the same few individuals，making career progress more difficult. And how easily would a 25-year-old employee be able to communicate with a 125-yea

33、r-old boss?Young people would be a smaller part of a society in which people lived to 140. It may be that such a society would place less importance on guiding and educating young people，and more on making life comfortable for the old.And society would feel very different if more of its members were

34、 older. There would be more wisdom，but less energy. Young people like to move about. Old people like to sit still. Young people tend to act without thinking. Old people tend to think without acting. Young people are curious and like to experience different things. Old people are less enthusiastic ab

35、out change. In fact ，they are less enthusiastic about everything.The effect of anti-ageing technology is deeper than we might think. But as the science advances，we need to think about these changes now. If this could ever happen，then wed better ask what kind of society we want to get， says Daniel Ca

36、llahan. We had better not go anywhere near it until we have figure those problems out.詞匯:mice / mais / n. 老鼠(復數(shù))sibling / sibli? / n. 兄弟姐妹bioethicist / n. 生物倫理學家注釋:1. brothers and sisters born 50 years apart 出生年份相隔50年的兄弟姐妹2. We had better not go anywhere near it 我們最好離它遠點，這里的it指代前面講的 anti-ageing tech

37、nology.練習:1. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as one of the things that living longer might enable an individual to do?A Spending more time with his family.B Having more education.C Realizing more dreams.D Working longer.2. Which of the following is implied in the sixth paragraph?A Marriages in the US today are quite unstable.B More and more people in t