《外國社會(huì)文化概論》教學(xué)復(fù)習(xí)課件

1、General Knowledge of English Speaking CountriesMs. Gao高蘭心Exam ReviewPeriods 1 and 2: Exam ReviewPeriod 3: Christmas songs and movie ElfGreat job on your performances!Hot potatoWhat is an “empire”?At its biggest, the British empire was thelargestempirein history.By 1922 the British Empire controlled

2、over about 458,000,000 people, 1/5 of the worlds population at the time.Because of the size of the British empire, English is spoken all over the world today Before the British Empire, there was the _ empire.Before the British Empire, there was the ROMAN EMPIREThe legacy (遺產(chǎn)) of the Romans is extrem

3、ely important.Roman ideas, literature, art and architecture have influenced many people around the world.Julius Caesar-one of the most powerful Roman emperors (皇帝)In 55 BC, Julius Caesar led the first Romans journeys to Britain. The second Roman Emperor to go to Britain was _ClaudiusAlmost 100 years

4、 later, Emperor (皇帝) Claudius tried to conquer (征服) Britain, and he was successful. In 43 AD he ordered a Roman army into Britain. Within 35 years, they were all over England and Wales and started moving into Scotland. Because the Romans were LITERATE (they could read and write), British history sta

5、rts with their arrival (到來). Game 2Line up in two teamsI will ask the person at the beginning of the line a questionIf the student answers correctly, he or she can sit down. If a students answers INcorrectly, he or she should go to the back of his line. The winning team was the first team with no on

6、e left standing in line.St. AugustinePope Gregory I sent St. Augustine to Britain to convert (變) the Anglo-Saxons to Christianity (基督教) in 597 AD.Within 100 years, Christianity had become the most popular religion in BritainA churchA cathedral (大教堂) in LondonWestminster AbbeyWho had Westminster Abbe

7、y built?King Edward the Confessor built Westminster Abbey (僧院) in 1052.King Edward the ConfessorWhat is feudalism?Feudalism is.A political, social and economic systemThe king is the most powerful person in this systemEvery person under the king should be loyal to him The king needed a way to control

8、 his land. So, he made an agreement with nobles. The nobles were given a large part of the kings land (called fiefs or manors). In return, they had to pay homage and fealty (尊敬) to the king. They did this by always supporting the king, governing the land that was given them, and being ready to provi

9、de troops (軍隊(duì)) and fight for the king when needed. Who is the most powerful person in a feudalist society?The KingWho is the least powerful person in a feudalist society?The peasants and serfsIn a feudalist society, who had more power: the knights (騎士 ) or the merchants?The knightsFeudalismPope = le

10、ader of the churchKing = leader of the kingdom/governmentNobles =貴族Knights = 騎士 Vassals =附庸Merchants =商人Farmers =農(nóng)民Craftspeople =手工藝Peasants =農(nóng)民, peasants and serfs were 90% of peopleSerfs =農(nóng)奴Who goes where?. When someone has a lot of power but they misuse (濫用) or abuse their power, we say they are

11、_ corrupt (貪污)What was the name of the document (文件) signed in 1215 by King John to stop him from misusing his power?The Magna CartaKing John signing the Magna Carta in 1215In the 1200s, King John of England wanted to go to war with FranceIn order to go to war, he needed a lot of money and resources

12、He started asking the serfs/peasants for too much moneySo.To stop King John, the lords forced King John to agree to the MAGNA CARTAWhat is the Magna Carta?A legal charter (法律章程)It protected the rights of those with less power than the king.Why was is the Magna Carta important even today?Because the

13、Magna CartaInspired the British and US constitutionsWhen was the “middle ages”? From when to when?The “Middle Ages”The Middle Ages is the period of European history from the 5th to the 15th centuriesBegins with the fall of the Western Roman Empire Ends with the beginning of the Renaissance (文藝復(fù)興)Who

14、 was Christopher Columbus? What did he do?1492: Christopher ColumbusDiscovers America“In 1492, Columbus sailed the Ocean blue.”Colonization of America beginsIn the Middle Ages in Britain, BOTH the King and the Church (pope) had a lot of powerIf the King and the Church agreed, then everything was fin

15、eBUT, sometimes they did not agree“reform” means _Religious ReformationReligious =宗教, related to religion and the churchReform = 改革, changeKing Henry VIII is very important because _King Henry VIII wanted a divorce from his first wife, Catherine of AragonTo do this, he said he was more powerful than

16、 the Catholic church and the PopeThis split the church into Catholics (天主教徒) and Protestants (新教徒)King Henry VIII1st wife CatherineA widow is _Someone whose husband or wife has diedThe Roman Catholic Church believed in marriage for life. It did not allow divorce. Those who were widowed (寡) could re-

17、marry, but those whose husbands/wives were still ALIVE could not re-marry. Which country is more religious (宗教): The UK or America?AmericaThe U.K. in 200538% of UK citizens believed there is a God, 40% believe there is some sort of spirit (神) or life force and 20% answered I dont believe there is an

18、y sort of spirit (神), God or life force.92% of Americans believed in God in 2008What does “industry” mean?Industry = 業(yè)When was the Industrial Revolution?1750-1850What happened during the Industrial Revolution?Work with hands and animals was replaced with work by MACHINES“In the two centuries after 1

19、800, the worlds average per person income (收入) increased ten times, while the worlds population increased over six times.”New Technology (工藝學(xué))Iron making (鐵) Textiles (紡織品) - Cotton spinning; used machines to make clothingSteam engine (蒸汽機(jī))True or False?During the Industrial Revolution, life was ver

20、y easy.FALSEAverage working people had more opportunities for jobs in the new factories (工廠), but they had to work very hard and very long.Child laborChildren were expected to work instead of going to school. Employers could pay a child LESS than an adult even though, with machines, the children cou

21、ld do the same workThe UK was developing, but life was hardWhat does “trans-” mean?Across, overWhat was the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade?This was when Europeans took people from Africa across the Atlantic Ocean to work in colonies in North AmericaWhen was the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade?The Trans-Atlan

22、tic Slave Trade16th 19th centuriesThe purpose was to make money by making things to sell in EuropeIn America, what did the slaves do?In the Americas, they were sold work on coffee, tobacco (煙草), cocoa (可可), cotton (棉) and sugar farms, gold and silver mines, rice fields, construction (施工) industry, c

23、utting trees for ships, and as house servants.On the shipsAbuse, violenceWhat is the difference between a “colony” and a “colonist”?Colony = a placeColonists (殖民者) = people who live in coloniesThe eastern part of America is often called _“New England”Why did colonists from Europe come to America?Rel

24、igious freedom To make money and start businessesGenerally, they wanted a better lifeWho were the Native Americans?The people who lived in America before the European colonists arrived.Almost ALL of the Native Americans died because of _Diseases brought from EuropeThe contact with Europeans after 14

25、92 introduced new germs (細(xì)菌) to the native people of the Americas. Epidemics (瘟疫) of disease killed between 10 million and 20 million people, up to 95% of the native AmericansToday, many Native Americans in America live on _“Indian Reservations”. “reservations” (印第安人保留地) that are now some of the poo

26、rest parts of AmericaWhat is one reason why colonization is good?It can help a country increase its power and resourcesWhat is one reason why colonization is bad?It can be unfair for native people It can harm the environmentWhat is a “pilgrim”?Pilgrim =朝圣 generally means a person who travels a long

27、distance to find a holy (圣) placeWhen was the first Thanksgiving?1621THANKSGIVING, 1621In October 1621 the Pilgrims had a three-day celebration to give thanks for their first harvest (收成) and surviving (幸存) the winter thanks to the help of the Native Americans.What was “the Mayflower”? Who was on th

28、e Mayflower?The MayflowerA ship that brought pilgrims from England to AmericaWhere was the first Thanksgiving?Plymouth, MassachusettsWho was Squanto? What did he do?SquantoSquanto was a native American who met the colonists in Plymouth Squanto helped the colonists to gather food, plant corn, find th

29、eir way in the wild and to understand the native people and local environment.Colonial LifeThe American Revolutionary War lasted from when to when?1775 - 1783What is a “revolution”?A big, sometimes violent, changeWho won the Revolutionary War?The AmericansRemember, America used to be a colony (屬地) o

30、f the British EmpireAmericas Revolutionary War (1775-1783) resulted in Americas independence/freedom from the British EmpireRevolt = 起義What were some causes of the Revolutionary War?CausesThe British government was fighting wars in other countries trying to expand (grow) and strengthen its empireTo

31、get money for these wars, the British government heavily TAXED the colonists in AmericaWhat is a tax?Tax = 神When people must give money to the governmentAn example of a tax that made the American colonists very angry was the _ Act of 1765. This tax made the colonist buy special paper from the Britis

32、h government.The Stamp (印) Act 1765 was a tax (稅收) by the British Parliament on the colonies of British America. The act required that many printed (印刷的) things (legal documents, magazines, newspapers and many other types of paper) in the colonies be produced on special, expensive, paper made in Lon

33、don, all of which had a special STAMP (印).“No taxation without _!”“No taxation without representation!”The colonists protested (抗議)The colonists thought the tax was UNFAIRThe colonists could not send representatives (代表) to Parliament, so they had no political powerThey said, “No taxation without re

34、presentation!”沒有繳稅，沒有代表！The British Parliament created many taxes like the STAMP ACT, making the colonists very angryEventually, the colonists organized (組) themselves and began the Revolutionary WarThe Revolutionary War lasted from about 1775-1783What is the U.S. Constitution?The U.S. ConstitutionT

35、he Constitution is the supreme (highest) law of America.It says what the government will do It protects the basic rights of Americans. The Constitution was written after the American War of Independence in 1787. What is one thing that the Constitution says?The Constitution says thatThe government sh

36、ould have 3 different parts that share powerThese parts are called “branches”What is another thing that the Constitution says?More from the Constitution:The government should have “checks and balances”What are “checks and balances?”“Checks and Balances”This means that:No one person or part of the go

37、vernment is always more powerful than another partAll parts of the government SHARE powerWhat are the three different branches of the U.S. government called?The Constitution separates the government into three branches: Executive(管理的)Legislative(立法)Judicial(司法) What are the two parts of the American

38、 legislative branch?The Senate and the House of RepresentativesWhat does the judicial branch do?Interprets (understands and applys) the lawsWho are the members of the executive branch?The president, vice president and the presidents cabinet (advisors顧問and experts)Changes to the Constitution are call

39、ed _AmendmentsThere are 27 total AmendmentsThe first 10 Amendments to the Constitution are called _The Bill of RightsWhat are two rights from the Bill of Rights?The Bill of Rights was added to the Constitution in 1791Here some of the rights in the Bill of Rights:Freedom of speechThe right to bear ar

40、ms (have weapons)Freedom of religion4. Freedom of assembly (集會(huì)) and petition (請(qǐng)?jiān)?The right to a fair trial (訴訟)Freedom of the press (新聞界)What is a political party?Political Parties (政黨)A political party is an organization that seeks political power and influence (勢(shì)力). Members of a political party sh

41、are similar opinions on many issuesParty members want more and more people to share their ideas What are the names of the two biggest political parties in the U.S.?In the United States, there are only two major political parties. The two major political parties in the United States are the Democrats

42、 and the Republicans. What is a difference between the Democrats and the Republicans?Democrats tend to favor a broader and more active role for the federal government, labor laws, and government help to solve social programs. Republicans tend to favor states rights, policies that help businesses, an

43、d private solutions to social problems. The elephant symbolizes the _ party and the donkey (驢) symbolizes the _ party.DemocratsRepublicansPresidential ElectionsHeld every four yearsU.K. Government“monarch” means _King or queenTrue or false?Today, the King/Queen is not so powerful, his/her power is m

44、ostly symbolic (象征性)TrueQueen Elizabeth II (86 years old)What is the Royal Family? What do they symbolize?Royal (王室的) FamilyA group of close relatives of the monarch (king or queen) of the United KingdomThe Royal Family symbolizes British unity and it the U.K.s longevity (長壽)Family TreePrince Charle

45、s - Prince Charles and Diana (first wife) divorced in 1996Prince Charles and Camilla (second wife)Charles is heir-apparent (繼承人, next in line to be king); there are only 3 reasons that would stop him from becoming King1-he becomes a Roman Catholic 2-he marries a Roman Catholic3-he dies before his mo

46、ther, Queen Elizabeth II Do you remember how and why the Church of England separated from the Roman Catholic Church?King Henry VIII1st wife CatherinePrince William and Catherine Middleton married last yearThe Royal WeddingPrince Harry What is Buckingham Palace?Buckingham Palace, London, where the Ki

47、ng or Queen livesWhat part of the UK government has the MOST power?The King or Queen is mostly symbolicSo, who has the REAL power?PARLIAMENT has had the real power since the Glorious Revolution in 1688British ParliamentIn American government, there is a separation of powers.In British government, th

48、ere is a _ of powers.fusionThe Parliament can change the U.K.s ConstitutionThe UKs government, like the American government, is divided into three parts:JudiciaryLegislatureExecutiveBut these parts arent as separate as they are in America; in the UK, there is a “fusion (聚變) of powers” rather than a

49、“separation of powers”The legislative branch of the UK government is called _ParliamentThe two parts of Parliament are _ and _UK LegislatureTwo Parts: House of Lords: bishops (主教) from the Church of England and hereditary (遺傳) membersChecks bills from House of CommonsHouse of Commons: 646 members, o

50、ne for a different area of the UK; political party with most members in this house selects a Prime Minister (總理)Which is bigger, the UK Legislature or the American Legislature?The UKs legislature“supreme” means _highestIn the UK, there is not a President. Instead, there is a _Prime MinisterThe curre

51、nt Prime Minister of the UK is _UK Prime Minister David CameronExecutive BranchMakes sure laws made by the legislature are carried out (開展) and followedMembers of the Executive Branch are:The Prime Minister (who is also a member of Parliament)The Prime Ministers Cabinet (people the PM chooses from Parliament to lead government departments部門)Privy Council advises (建議) Parliamen