名詞和冠詞英語教學(xué)教案

1、名詞除了獨(dú)立考查其詞義辨析外，還常結(jié)合其他項(xiàng)目一起考查，題型以單項(xiàng)填空、短文改錯、完形填空及單詞拼寫等形式出現(xiàn)，考查要點(diǎn)主要包括：1考查名詞詞義辨析和習(xí)慣搭配。名詞詞義辨析包括同義詞辨析、近義詞辨析、同形詞辨析和不同詞義的名詞在語境中的辨析。另外，高考還考查容易混淆的名詞的辨形、辨義以及名詞的慣用法等。2考查名詞的數(shù)(可數(shù)與不可數(shù)、單數(shù)與復(fù)數(shù))、名詞所有格、抽象名詞的具體化、物質(zhì)名詞的量化、名詞和冠詞的搭配以及主謂一致等。 3考查名詞的“舊詞新意”和“名詞動化”現(xiàn)象。這種現(xiàn)象主要以隱形考查的方式出現(xiàn)在閱讀理解和完形填空試題中。如：shelter n庇護(hù)，避難所vt.保護(hù)，躲避，避難； stor

2、m n. 暴風(fēng)雨， 大動蕩vi.&vt.橫沖直撞， 猛攻； shoulder n. 肩，肩膀，肩部vt.肩負(fù)，承擔(dān)； trail n小徑， 痕跡vt.追蹤。一、名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)1可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)的規(guī)則變化可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)的構(gòu)成，通常是在單數(shù)形式后面加s或es，其規(guī)則如下：構(gòu)成方法 例詞 一般情況在詞尾加s catcatsgirlgirlspagepages 以s, x, sh, ch結(jié)尾的詞在詞尾加es busbusesboxboxeswatchwatchesbrushbrushes 但有例外：stomachstomachs 以y結(jié)尾的專有名詞或“元音字母y”結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時，直接在詞尾加s two M

3、arysthree Henrysmonkeymonkeys holidayholidays boyboys 以“輔音字母y”結(jié)尾的詞，把y變成i加es babybabiescitycitiesfactoryfactories storystories 以“輔音字母o”結(jié)尾的詞，在詞尾加es tomatotomatoesheroheroespotatopotatoes 但有例外：photophotos pianopianos 以“元音字母o”結(jié)尾的詞在詞尾加s radioradioszoozoos 以f或fe結(jié)尾的詞，多數(shù)變f或fe為v加es knifekniveswifewiveshalfha

4、lvesleafleaves但仍有例外： beliefbeliefsroofroofs handkerchiefhandkerchiefs/handkerchieves 【特別提醒】因?yàn)闈h語中沒有名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式變化，所以英語中名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)也就成了易錯點(diǎn)。如以下兩個典型錯誤：你有詞典嗎？Do you have dictionary? 他悲傷地?fù)u了搖頭。He shook head sadly. 一般情況下，英語中的可數(shù)名詞在句子中出現(xiàn)時，要么用復(fù)數(shù)形式，要么在其前面加冠詞或限定詞。因此以上兩句可以表達(dá)為： Do you have a dictionary? He shook his head s

5、adly.單復(fù)數(shù)形式意義不同的名詞：experience經(jīng)驗(yàn)experiences經(jīng)歷manner方式 manners禮貌custom風(fēng)俗 customs海關(guān)work工作 works著作，工廠wood木材 woods樹林sand沙子 sands沙灘paper紙張 papers報紙，論文，試卷glass玻璃 glasses玻璃杯，眼鏡2可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)的不規(guī)則變化有些名詞的復(fù)數(shù)屬于不規(guī)則變化，需要考生在平時的學(xué)習(xí)中逐一記憶：childchildren, footfeet, toothteeth, phenomenonphenomena, oxoxen, mousemice, manmen, woma

6、nwomen等。3總是表示復(fù)數(shù)意義的名詞集體名詞people, police, cattle總是表示復(fù)數(shù)意義，不能說a people, a police, a cattle，但可以說a person, a policeman, a head of cattle。The police are searching for the stolen boy.The cattle are feeding on the grassland. 有些名詞只用復(fù)數(shù)形式：trousers, congratulations, thanks, goods, clothes, socks, shoes, belongin

7、gs, savings。4單復(fù)數(shù)同形的名詞有些名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式同原形。這些名詞有：deer, sheep, fish, Chinese, Japanese, Swiss, li(里), jin(斤), yuan(元), mu(畝), means(方式，方法)等。All possible means have been tried.Every possible means has been tried.【點(diǎn)撥】對于單復(fù)數(shù)同形的名詞，一定要從題中找出關(guān)鍵信息(如謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式)，來確定其到底是表示單數(shù)意義還是復(fù)數(shù)意義。5合成名詞的復(fù)數(shù)把主體名詞變成復(fù)數(shù)，如：lookerson, editors

8、inchief(總編輯), fathersinlaw(岳父)。沒有主體名詞時，在詞尾加s，如：grownups(成年人), gobetweens(中間人)。二、名詞間的相互轉(zhuǎn)化1物質(zhì)名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為可數(shù)名詞物質(zhì)名詞一般為不可數(shù)名詞，但有些物質(zhì)名詞可以轉(zhuǎn)化為可數(shù)名詞。(1)當(dāng)物質(zhì)名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為個體名詞時，是可數(shù)的。如：The bridge is made of stone.(不可數(shù))The bridge is made of 20,000 stones.(可數(shù))(2)當(dāng)物質(zhì)名詞表示份數(shù)時，是可數(shù)的。如：Tea is very good for our health.Two teas, please.請來兩

9、杯茶。2抽象名詞具體化抽象名詞一般是不可數(shù)名詞，但在下列情況下可轉(zhuǎn)化為可數(shù)名詞：(1)表示具體的人或事。請比較：Failure is the mother of success.(success表示抽象概念)The meeting was a great success.(success表示具體的事情) (2)表示“一種”、“一場”、“一陣”、“(動作)一次”等。請比較：We had plenty of rain last years. 去年我們這個地區(qū)雨量豐沛。(rain指“雨水”，不可數(shù))What a heavy rain！多么大的一場雨??！ 【易錯警示】在特定的語境中，有些不可數(shù)名詞也可

10、以轉(zhuǎn)化為可數(shù)名詞，這就需要考生區(qū)別對待。三、名詞作定語名詞作定語，即用一個名詞修飾另外一個名詞，主要用來說明被修飾名詞的：1物質(zhì)構(gòu)成，如：steel bridge, paper money；2用途，如：coffee cup, fire escape；3時間，如：evening paper；4地點(diǎn)，如：city life, country life, country music；5種類，如：office work；6內(nèi)容，如：body language, film industry?！咎貏e提醒】名詞作定語，第一個名詞一般用單數(shù)，但也有例外，如：sports shoes運(yùn)動鞋students re

11、ading room學(xué)生閱覽室 四、名詞所有格 英語名詞所有格有兩種：s所有格和of所有格。1s所有格的構(gòu)成(1)通常在單數(shù)名詞和不以s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞的詞尾加s，如：Jacks books, Childrens Day, the boys bag, mens room, Toms dog, Joness father, my brothers books, sheeps skin。(2)以s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞，在詞尾加，如：the students books。(3)作為一個整體的詞組，一般在最后一個詞的詞尾加s，如：an hour and a halfs walk(步行一個半小時的路程)；a m

12、onth or twos absence(一兩個月的缺席)。(4)以and連接的兩個名詞，表示共同所有時，在最后一個詞的詞尾加s，如：Kate and Marys father (Kate和Mary是姐妹倆)；表示分別所有時，在每個名詞后分別加s，如：Kates father and Marys father (Kate和Mary不是姐妹倆)?！咎貏e提醒】不定代詞后接else時，其所有格放在else之后。如：somebody elses bag, somebody elses books。2s所有格的用法(1)常表示有生命的東西。如：Toms birthday, the dogs owner。

13、(2)用于表示時間、距離、天體、度量衡與貨幣價值、國家、城市等。如：時間：a days work(一天的工作)，todays newspaper；距離：twenty minutes ride, five minutes walk, a miles distance；天體：the suns heat, the moons surface；度量衡與貨幣價值：ten dollars worth, twenty pounds weight；國家、城市等：Chinas industry, the citys development, the governments plan, Chinas develo

14、pment。(3)表示某人的家或店鋪。如：at the doctors在診所，the tailors裁縫鋪，the barbers理發(fā)店，at my uncles在我叔叔家。3of所有格的構(gòu)成the所有物of(this, that，. the, my/their.)無生命之物。4of所有格的用法of所有格主要用于無生命的事物，也可以用于有生命的事物。如：the window of the house; a map of Japan; the name of the girl standing at the gate。Does anyone know the title of the novel

15、?They have the support of people of the developing countries.5雙重所有格(1)雙重所有格的構(gòu)成：雙重所有格即“ofs結(jié)構(gòu)”。(2)雙重所有格的用法：表示整體中的一個或部分，用于修飾of前面的名詞。如：a friend of my brothers; this book of the professors; this lovely baby of my aunts。Do you know any friend of my husbands?【特別提醒】雙重所有格還可以表示贊賞、厭惡等感情色彩，如：1That car of Peters

16、 is very nice. 彼得的車確實(shí)很好。(表示贊賞)2The dog of Toms is very fierce. 湯姆的那條狗非常兇。(表示厭惡、不滿)五、具體語境中名詞的選擇具體語境中名詞的選擇是高考考查的重點(diǎn)之一。解題的關(guān)鍵是利用好關(guān)鍵信息，分析語境，使填入的名詞符合語境要求。探究知己知彼，才能百戰(zhàn)不殆。要解決好這類問題，必須明確命題思路。高考考查的角度有以下幾種：純語境類：給出語境，讓考生判斷符合題意的名詞。具體語境中名詞詞義的辨析。利用一詞多義來設(shè)置題目。具體語境中的詞組搭配。六、冠詞的泛指與特指冠詞的泛指和特指是冠詞學(xué)習(xí)的難點(diǎn)之一，也是高考考查的焦點(diǎn)所在。解題時考生要結(jié)合

17、語境分析究竟設(shè)空處是表示“泛指”還是表示“特指”：1表泛指(指一類人或事物中的任何一個，而不具體指哪一個)，用不定冠詞；2表特指(特指某人、某事、某物，指上文中提到的或正在談?wù)摰娜嘶蛭铮蛘呤钦勗掚p方都知道的人或事物)，用定冠詞。請比較：I have a computer. The computer is a great help to my studies.(a computer屬于泛指，the computer屬于特指，指的是上文提到的事物)He is a doctor.(a doctor屬于泛指，指的是醫(yī)生中的一個)A nurse is a person who takes care o

18、f the sick.(盡管person后有一個限制性定語從句，但結(jié)合句義可知，此處是說明護(hù)士屬于哪一類人，屬于類指，因此用不定冠詞)【易錯警示】有些考生一見到名詞有定語修飾，就認(rèn)為是特指，這是錯誤的。其實(shí)，有時候，名詞前有修飾語時，表示“一個什么樣的人或事物”，即表示這個人或事物屬于哪一類，是類指，而不是特指。如：Our teacher is a warmhearted man.He is a person who is ready to help others.解題時一定要結(jié)合語境，切莫一刀切。七、比較級和最高級前冠詞的選擇“a/an比較級”表示“(眾多人或事物中)比更的一個”，屬于泛指；

19、“the比較級”表示“兩者中較的一個”?！皌he最高級”表示三者或三者以上的人或事物中“最的一個”；“a most形容詞”表示“很，非?！?。請比較：This one is too small. Can you show me a larger one?Tom is the older of the two boys.Part One is a most difficult part but not the most difficult. 第一部分是非常難的一部分，但不是最難的?！咎貏e警示】只有相比較的人或事物為兩個時，才能用“the比較級”?！疽族e辨析】“a most形容詞”不含比較概念，mo

20、st相當(dāng)于very；而“the most形容詞”表示“最”，句中必須有比較的范圍。八、表示世界上獨(dú)一無二的事物的名詞前冠詞的使用表示世界上獨(dú)一無二的事物的名詞，如：sun, sky, moon, world等前面一般用定冠詞，但其前有描繪性的修飾語時，用不定冠詞。請比較：As is known to all, the earth moves around the sun.What a bright moon!九、物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞前冠詞的使用1物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞屬于不可數(shù)名詞，表示泛指時前面一般不用冠詞；但物質(zhì)名詞表示特指時，用定冠詞。請比較：Man will die without wate

21、r.(water表示泛指)The water in this well is not fit to drink.(“The water”特指這口井里的水)I know you dont like music very much. But what do you think of the music in the film we saw yesterday?(第一個music表泛指的“音樂”，不用冠詞。第二個music指這部電影中的音樂，表示特指，要用定冠詞the)The door is made of wood.(wood表示泛指)The wood outside was all wet. 外

22、面的那些木頭都濕了。(wood表示特指)2抽象名詞屬于不可數(shù)名詞，前面一般不用冠詞；但用來表示具體的人或事時，其前用不定冠詞。The little boy looked at me in surprise.(surprise在本句中是抽象名詞)What a pleasant surprise to see you here！(抽象名詞具體化，a surprise指一件令人驚奇的事情)【易錯探究】物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞前冠詞的使用是考生容易出錯的地方。有些考生已經(jīng)形成了一種定式思維：物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞前是不加冠詞的。因此一見到物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞，一概不加冠詞。其實(shí)，這是不能一概而論的。正確的方法是：

23、結(jié)合語境判斷名詞是泛指還是特指，泛指不加冠詞，特指時須加定冠詞。某些物質(zhì)名詞，如rain, snow, fog, wind, tea, coffee等，其前有形容詞修飾時，形容詞前應(yīng)加不定冠詞。如：What a heavy rain!Longjing is a famous Chinese green tea.抽象名詞表示抽象意義，不用冠詞；表示具體事物，用不定冠詞。十、專有名詞以及表示季節(jié)、星期、三餐的名詞前冠詞的使用1專有名詞前一般不加冠詞，但是以下情況需要用冠詞：(1)由普通名詞構(gòu)成的專有名詞前應(yīng)加定冠詞。請比較：China, Smith, Bob(不用冠詞)the Great Wall

24、長城the United States美國(2)表示“一個名叫的人”時，用不定冠詞。A Mr. Smith is waiting for you outside.有位史密斯先生在外面等你。(這里的a表示“某一”)2表示季節(jié)、星期的名詞前一般不加冠詞，如：in summer, on Monday，但是以下情況應(yīng)用冠詞：(1)表示季節(jié)的名詞前有描繪性的形容詞時，應(yīng)加不定冠詞；有限制性的定語時(即表示某一年的某個季節(jié)時)，應(yīng)加定冠詞。He joined the army in the spring of 1987.We had a very hot summer last year.I will n

25、ever forget the summer we spent in Hawaii.(2)表示“某一個星期幾”時，用不定冠詞。I happened to meet my classmate Jack on a Wednesday.3表示一日三餐的名詞前一般不加冠詞，但其前面有描繪性的修飾語時，應(yīng)加不定冠詞。請比較：Have you had supper?Yes. We had a wonderful supper.【特別提醒】專有名詞以及表示季節(jié)、星期、三餐的名詞前冠詞的使用是近幾年高考對冠詞考查的焦點(diǎn)之一?？疾榈慕嵌戎饕槍忌亩ㄊ剿季S一碰到這類詞就認(rèn)為不應(yīng)該加冠詞。在具體運(yùn)用中，考生應(yīng)該

26、打破定式思維，具體情況具體分析。在一些短語中，用與不用冠詞意義差別很大：in hospital住院/in the hospital在醫(yī)院里in front of在(外部的)前面/in the front of在 (內(nèi)部的)前面at table進(jìn)餐/at the table在桌子旁out of question毫無疑問/out of the question不可能【知識拓展】常見不用冠詞的表達(dá)：go by train乘火車去at noon在中午at night在晚上in town在城里in surprise驚奇地at work在工作十一、序數(shù)詞前冠詞的使用表示順序“第幾”時用“the序數(shù)詞”；表

27、示“又一，再一”時用“不定冠詞序數(shù)詞”。We have finished the first lesson, and now we will learn the second lesson. 我們已經(jīng)學(xué)完了第一課，現(xiàn)在我們學(xué)習(xí)第二課。 I have three books. I want to buy a fourth one. 我已經(jīng)有三本書了，我想再買一本。例7.Johnson had made up his mind to give it up, but on _ second thought he determined to try _ third time.A. /; a B. th

28、e; / C. a; a D. the; a 高頻考點(diǎn)一、考查名詞 例1【2018天津】The_ that there is life on other planets in the universe has always inspired scientists to explore the outer space.A. advice B. orderC. possibility D. invitation【變式探究】Can you tell us yourfor happiness and a long life?Living every day to the full, definitel

29、y.A.recipeB.recordC.rangeD.receipt【變式探究】It is important to pay your electricity bill on time , as late payments may affect your _.A. condition B. income C. credit D. status高頻考點(diǎn)二、考查冠詞例2 _prize for the winner of the competition is _two-week holiday in Paris.A. The ; 不填 B. A ; 不填 C. A ; the D. The ; a【

30、變式探究】The adobe dwellings(土坯房)built(build) by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are admired by even_most modern of architects and engineers. 1.【2018江蘇】32. Trytounderstandwhatsactually happening instead of acting on the _ youve made.A. assignment B. associationC. acquisition D. assumption2.

31、【2018天津】The_ that there is life on other planets in the universe has always inspired scientists to explore the outer space.A. advice B. orderC. possibility D. invitation1（2017全國2）閱讀下面短文，在空白處填入1個適當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~或括號內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。In 1863 the first underground passenger railway in the world opened in London. z&xxk It r

32、an for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible _61_(crowd) on the roads above as they travelled to and _62_ word. It took three years to complete and was built using an interesting method. This included digging up the road, _63_(lay) the track and then building a strong roof

33、 over_64_ top. When all those had been done, the road surface was replaced.Steam engines _65_(use) to pull the carriages and it must have been_66_(fair)unpleasant for the passsengers, with all the smoke and noise. However, the railway quickly proved to be a great success and within six months, more

34、than 25,000 people were using_67_ every day.Later, engineers _68_(manage) to construct railways in a system of deep tunnels (隧道）, which became known to the tube. This development was only possible with the _69_ (introduce) of electric-powered engines and lifts. The central London Railway was one of

35、the most _70_(success) of these new lines, and was opened in 1900. It had white-painted tunnels and bright red carriages, and proved extremely popular with the public.1(2016新課標(biāo)，61)But for tourists like me，pandas are its top _(attract)2(2016新課標(biāo)，69)The nursery team switches him every few _(day)with hi

36、s sister so that while one is being bottlefed.3(2016新課標(biāo)，42)Then，handle the most important tasks first so youll feel a real sense of _(achieve)4(2016新課標(biāo)，46)Recent _(study)show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks regularly5(2016新課標(biāo)，68)Some people think that the great Chines

37、e scholar Confucius，who lived from roughly 551 to 479 BC.，influenced the _ (develop)of chopsticks.6(2016四川，65)Any smell might attract natural _(enemy)that would try to eat the little panda.7(2016浙江，4)It is important to pay your electricity bill on time，as late _(pay)may affect your credit.8(2016浙江，8

38、)We can achieve a lot when we learn to let our _ _(different)unite，rather than divide us.9(2016新課標(biāo)，70)The nursery team switches him every few days with his sister so that while one is being bottlefed，_ other is with mumshe never suspects.10(2016新課標(biāo)，48)Give your body and brain a rest by stepping outs

39、ide for _ while，exercising，or doing something you enjoy.11(2016浙江，2)_prize for the winner of the competition is _ twoweek holiday in Paris.【2015湖北】22.He gave himself a new name to hide his _ when he went to carry out the secret task. A. emotion B. talent C. identity D. treasure 【2015安徽】30.There is n

40、o need to tell me your answer now. Give it some _ and then let me know.A. thoughtB. supportC. protectionD. authority【2015江蘇】35.Go and say sorry to your Mom, Dave.Id like to, but Im afraid she wont be happy with my _ .A. requests B. excuses C. apologies D. regrets【2015江蘇】32.Some schools will have to

41、make _ in agreement with the national soccer reform.A. judgments B. adjustments C. comments D. achievements【2015福建】24.The failure was a big_to him, but he wasnt discouraged and soon got as enthusiastic as ever.A. blowB. issueC. excuseD. Factor【2015浙江】15. One of the most effective ways to reduce is t

42、o talk about feeling with someone you trust.A. production B. stress C. energy D. passive【2015四川】5.Brian is gifted in writing music; he is very likely to be Beethoven.A. a B. an C. the D.不填【2015浙江】2. Janes grandmother had wanted to write childrens book for many years, but one thing or another always

43、got in way.A. a;不填B. the;the C. 不填;the D. a;the1.（2014湖北卷）22. When Richard said, “You are much more agreeable and prettier now,” Joans face turned red at the unexpected _.A. command B. comparisonC. compliment D. contribution 2.（2014江蘇卷）27. She was put under house arrest two years ago but remained a

44、powerful in last years election.A. symbolB. portraitC. identityD. statue 3.（2014天津卷）3.Wind is now the worlds fastest growing _ of power.A. source B. sense C. result D. root 4.（2014浙江卷 ）6. We most prefer to say yes to the _ of someone we know and like. A. attempts B. requests C. doubts D. promises5.（

45、2014江西卷）22. They chose Tom to be _captain of the team because they knew he was _smart leader.A. a; the B. the; the C. the; a D. a; a 6.（2014天津卷）8. Life the like _ ocean; Only _strong-willed can reach the other shore.A. an; the B. the; a C. the ;/ D. / ; a7.（2014浙江卷 ）2. The paper is due next month, a

46、nd I am working seven days _ week, often long into_night. A. a; the B. the; 不填 C. a; a D. 不填；the1.（2013浙江）4.As the worlds population continues to grow, the _of food becomes more and more of a concern.A.worth B. supply C. package D. list2.（2013浙江）2.Mary worked here as a _ secretary and ended up getti

47、ng a full-time job with the company.A.pessimistic B. temporary C. previous D. cautious3.（2013福建卷)22._ basic first-aid techniques will help you respond quickly to emergencies.A. KnownB. Having known C. KnowingD. Being known4.（2013湖北卷)21. Poetry written from the _ of the urban youth tends to reveal th

48、eir anxiety over a lack of sense of belonging.A. perspective B. priority C. participation D. privilege5.（2013遼寧卷)23.The accident caused some _ to my car,but it s nothing serious.A.harm B.injury C.ruin D.damage6.（2013新課標(biāo)I卷）31. India attained _ independence in 1947, after _ long struggle. A. 不填; a B.

49、the; a C. an; 不填 D. an; the A 7.（2013新課標(biāo)卷)13. Four and half hours of discussion took us up to midnight,and break for cheese,chocolate and tea with sugar.A.a;a B. the; the C.不填；the D.a;不填8.（2013新課標(biāo)卷)9. It may not be a great suggestion. But before _ is put forward, well make do with it.A. a good one B

50、. a better one C. the best one D. a best one9.（2013浙江）15.People develop_ preference for a particular style of learning at_ early age and these preferences affect learning. A.a; an B. a;不填 C.不填;the D. the ;an 10.（2013大綱卷）33.Four and half hours of discussion took us up to midnight,and Break for cheese

51、,chocolate and tea with sugar.A.a;a B. the; the C.不填；the D.a;不填11.（2013大綱卷）28. The watch was very good, and he 20 percent down for it.A. a good one B. a Better one C. the Best one D. a Best one12.（2013福建卷)21.The Chinese Dream is _ dream to improve peoples well-being and _ dream of harmony, peace and

52、 development.A. the; aB. a; aC. a; theD. the; the13.（2013江西卷)32.Animals are obviously _ lower form of life than _ man.A. a ; / B. the ; theC. a ; theD. / ; /14.（2013山東卷)22. It was _ cold winter night and the moon was shining brightly across _ night sky. A. 不填；a B. a; the C. the; a D. the; 不填15.（2013

53、重慶卷)32. The parents were shocked by_news that their son needed_operation on his knee.A. A; /B. the; /C. the; anD. a; an名詞除了獨(dú)立考查其詞義辨析外，還常結(jié)合其他項(xiàng)目一起考查，題型以單項(xiàng)填空、短文改錯、完形填空及單詞拼寫等形式出現(xiàn)，考查要點(diǎn)主要包括：1考查名詞詞義辨析和習(xí)慣搭配。名詞詞義辨析包括同義詞辨析、近義詞辨析、同形詞辨析和不同詞義的名詞在語境中的辨析。另外，高考還考查容易混淆的名詞的辨形、辨義以及名詞的慣用法等。2考查名詞的數(shù)(可數(shù)與不可數(shù)、單數(shù)與復(fù)數(shù))、名詞所有格、抽

54、象名詞的具體化、物質(zhì)名詞的量化、名詞和冠詞的搭配以及主謂一致等。 3考查名詞的“舊詞新意”和“名詞動化”現(xiàn)象。這種現(xiàn)象主要以隱形考查的方式出現(xiàn)在閱讀理解和完形填空試題中。如：shelter n庇護(hù)，避難所vt.保護(hù)，躲避，避難； storm n. 暴風(fēng)雨， 大動蕩vi.&vt.橫沖直撞， 猛攻； shoulder n. 肩，肩膀，肩部vt.肩負(fù)，承擔(dān)； trail n小徑， 痕跡vt.追蹤。一、名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)1可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)的規(guī)則變化可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)的構(gòu)成，通常是在單數(shù)形式后面加s或es，其規(guī)則如下：構(gòu)成方法 例詞 一般情況在詞尾加s catcatsgirlgirlspagepages 以s, x,

55、sh, ch結(jié)尾的詞在詞尾加es busbusesboxboxeswatchwatchesbrushbrushes 但有例外：stomachstomachs 以y結(jié)尾的專有名詞或“元音字母y”結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時，直接在詞尾加s two Marysthree Henrysmonkeymonkeys holidayholidays boyboys 以“輔音字母y”結(jié)尾的詞，把y變成i加es babybabiescitycitiesfactoryfactories storystories 以“輔音字母o”結(jié)尾的詞，在詞尾加es tomatotomatoesheroheroespotatopotat

56、oes 但有例外：photophotos pianopianos 以“元音字母o”結(jié)尾的詞在詞尾加s radioradioszoozoos 以f或fe結(jié)尾的詞，多數(shù)變f或fe為v加es knifekniveswifewiveshalfhalvesleafleaves但仍有例外： beliefbeliefsroofroofs handkerchiefhandkerchiefs/handkerchieves 【特別提醒】因?yàn)闈h語中沒有名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式變化，所以英語中名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)也就成了易錯點(diǎn)。如以下兩個典型錯誤：你有詞典嗎？Do you have dictionary? 他悲傷地?fù)u了搖頭。He s

57、hook head sadly. 一般情況下，英語中的可數(shù)名詞在句子中出現(xiàn)時，要么用復(fù)數(shù)形式，要么在其前面加冠詞或限定詞。因此以上兩句可以表達(dá)為： Do you have a dictionary? He shook his head sadly.單復(fù)數(shù)形式意義不同的名詞：experience經(jīng)驗(yàn)experiences經(jīng)歷manner方式 manners禮貌custom風(fēng)俗 customs海關(guān)work工作 works著作，工廠wood木材 woods樹林sand沙子 sands沙灘paper紙張 papers報紙，論文，試卷glass玻璃 glasses玻璃杯，眼鏡2可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)的不規(guī)則變化有

58、些名詞的復(fù)數(shù)屬于不規(guī)則變化，需要考生在平時的學(xué)習(xí)中逐一記憶：childchildren, footfeet, toothteeth, phenomenonphenomena, oxoxen, mousemice, manmen, womanwomen等。3總是表示復(fù)數(shù)意義的名詞集體名詞people, police, cattle總是表示復(fù)數(shù)意義，不能說a people, a police, a cattle，但可以說a person, a policeman, a head of cattle。The police are searching for the stolen boy.The ca

59、ttle are feeding on the grassland. 有些名詞只用復(fù)數(shù)形式：trousers, congratulations, thanks, goods, clothes, socks, shoes, belongings, savings。4單復(fù)數(shù)同形的名詞有些名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式同原形。這些名詞有：deer, sheep, fish, Chinese, Japanese, Swiss, li(里), jin(斤), yuan(元), mu(畝), means(方式，方法)等。All possible means have been tried.Every possible m

60、eans has been tried.【點(diǎn)撥】對于單復(fù)數(shù)同形的名詞，一定要從題中找出關(guān)鍵信息(如謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式)，來確定其到底是表示單數(shù)意義還是復(fù)數(shù)意義。5合成名詞的復(fù)數(shù)把主體名詞變成復(fù)數(shù)，如：lookerson, editorsinchief(總編輯), fathersinlaw(岳父)。沒有主體名詞時，在詞尾加s，如：grownups(成年人), gobetweens(中間人)。二、名詞間的相互轉(zhuǎn)化1物質(zhì)名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為可數(shù)名詞物質(zhì)名詞一般為不可數(shù)名詞，但有些物質(zhì)名詞可以轉(zhuǎn)化為可數(shù)名詞。(1)當(dāng)物質(zhì)名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為個體名詞時，是可數(shù)的。如：The bridge is made of stone