Concepts-of-Recovery-Rehabilitation：恢復和康復概念課件

1、LIVELIHOODSIssues, Options, and LessonsLIVELIHOODSIssues, Options, aA Tool for Building Back better2KEY ISSUESIssue 1: REPLACING PRODUCTIVE ASSETSOption 1: Provide cash/material assistanceOption 2: Create temporary income-earning opportunitiesOption 3: Procure local goods and servicesOption 4: Use m

2、arket chain analysis for better recoveryIssue 2: IMPROVING LIVELIHOOD PROMOTION Option 1: Engage development actors in livelihood programmingOption 2: Build and strengthen micro-finance institutionsOption 3: Intervene in marketsOption 4: Ensure environmental sustainabilityA Tool for Building Back be

3、tte3REPLACING PRODUCTIVE ASSETSIProvide Cash/Material AssistanceExamples of Option 1 3REPLACING PRODUCTIVE ASSETSIPA Tool for Building Back better4Case 1: Village level cash grants, MYANMARBackgroundCyclone Nargis 2008How to provide cash grants that avoids tension?What is Unique? Village-level targe

4、ting instead of household targetingProcessSave the Children Myanmar pioneered project Criteria set Formation of “Livelihood Committees” at each villageLessonsPrevented tensions and frustrationsMonitoring and evaluation: assessed real impact Criteria development: sound & socially accepted A Tool for

5、Building Back betteA Tool for Building Back better5Case 2: Village Livelihood Grant, CHINABackground2008 Sichuan Earthquake Costly rebuilding of houses by households & communities What is Unique? Promotes communities decision in livelihood recoveryProcessWorkshop arranged by Sichuan Academy of Socia

6、l Science (SASS): assessment and planning a year after Funding from Give2Asia China Earthquake Recovery FundEco-agricultural Model for Livelihood Recovery LessonsCommunity at the center of livelihood planningLocal government backing Gender-sensitive considerations traditional livelihoods A Tool for

7、Building Back betteA Tool for Building Back better6Case 3: Community Cash Grants, ORISSA, INDIABackground1998 Cyclone Boats and gears of farmers damaged / destroyed What is Unique? Use of community cash grants in replacing boats and gears of over 120 familiesProcessNGO called VHAI contacted by famer

8、s, then facilitated assistanceDFID of UK provided grants to replace on 25 boats. This implies that 1 boat shall be shared by 5 families Approach: committees set up; local carpenters hired, 50% of cost to be repaid LessonsBoats materialized because of community grants instead of householdCommittee is

9、 built on existing practices Local carpenters ensured culturally accepted designs A Tool for Building Back betteA Tool for Building Back better7Case 4: Livelihood Relief Fund, INDIA BackgroundTsunami 2004How to replace most needed assets?What is Unique? Demand-driven asset replacementProcessFunds fr

10、om All India Disaster Mitigation Institute (AIDMI)LRF staff visits affected communities Recipients consulted on most needed assets for replacementLRF consult several vendors and negotiate for assets price LessonsAssistance used as intended Considerations: time consuming, staff-intensive, high on adm

11、inistrative costs A Tool for Building Back betteA Tool for Building Back better8Case 5: Uncoordinated Provision of Boats, SRI LANKABackground2004 Tsunami Fishermens livelihoods severely affected What is Problematic? Boats did not match community requirements ProcessMultiple donors and NGOs providing

12、 boats: uncoordinated More boats resulted to over-fishing SEWA cancelled the order of over 2,000 canoes LessonsConsiderations of context-specific needs Complex effect of replacements: marine ecosystem, economySignifies the importance of consultation and coordination A Tool for Building Back betteA T

13、ool for Building Back better9Case 6: Flexi Vouchers, MALAWIBackgroundProvision of “Shelter Packs” of seeds and fertilizers traditionally practiced Beneficiaries feedbacks, and modifications madeWhat is Unique? Vouchers made flexibleProcessVouchers can be exchanged for cash or seeds NGO & Government

14、partnered in the provision of flexi vouchers LessonsUse of vouchers when most needed Flexibility: season-sensitive vouchers A Tool for Building Back betteSeeds Farming Tools/kenya/finding-peace-post-conflict/Seeds Farming Toolshttp:/crs.11REPLACING PRODUCTIVE ASSETSICreate Temporary Income Earning O

15、pportunitiesExamples of Option 2 11REPLACING PRODUCTIVE ASSETSIA Tool for Building Back better12Case 7: Cash for Work (second incarnation), INDIABackground2005 Floods, Kheda, Gujarat Income for affected communities?What is Unique?Use of CFW approach in constructing new drainage systemProcessAIDMI CF

16、W programPro-actively included poorest households based on AIDMI experience in South India LessonsPro-actively engaged poorest people Consideration: CFW can undermine essential livelihoods activities Special arrangements based on capacities of individuals (e.g. women)AIDMI has long experience of CFW

17、 approach A Tool for Building Back betteA Tool for Building Back better13Case 8: Road Construction, NIAS, INDONESIA Background2004 Tsunami Infrastructure reconstruction approach?What is Unique? Employment-intensive reconstruction of 200 km rural roads ProcessPartnership: Government, BRR, local gover

18、nment, ILO, Multi donors ToT: capacity building programs for district public works and facilitators Over 400,000 workers generated Evaluation: superior quality, cheaper, build back better LessonsLabor-based over equipment-based approach Contractors with ToT increased value & recognition Transparency

19、: engaging more actors Utilization of local products, services, and materials A Tool for Building Back betteA Tool for Building Back better14Case 9: Employment Centers, ACEH, INDONESIABackground2004 Tsunami Unemployed: 600,000What is Unique? ILO aligned job-seekers with employers through local cente

20、rsProcessPartnership: Government & ILO Funds: UNDP + Government of AustraliaCenters: existing vocation training centers at local governments Database of skilled people in AcehLessonsDatabase can be powerful tool for job matching As existing structure, it can provide counseling and referrals It can i

21、nform recovery-related recovery policies It can provide appropriate training A Tool for Building Back betteEmployment centers /photo/1416814018075656272fLVvWlEmployment centers http:/good16REPLACING PRODUCTIVE ASSETSIProcure Local Goods / Services Examples of Option 3 16REPLACING PRODUCTIVE ASSETSIA

22、 Tool for Building Back better17Case 10: Housing Reconstruction, Yogyakarta, INDONESIABackground2006 Earthquake USD600 Million for community & owner-driven reconstruction What is Unique? Training program for homeowners and local skilled people for permanent housing reconstruction. ProcessSkills trai

23、ning Revitalization of micro & small enterprises (unemployment dropped) LessonsHuge cash injection can boast local economy Community & owner driven approach ensure that housing meets specific livelihood needsTraining program improved capacity & quality A Tool for Building Back bette18REPLACING PRODU

24、CTIVE ASSETSIUse of Market Chain AnalysisExamples of Option 4 18REPLACING PRODUCTIVE ASSETSIA Tool for Building Back better19Case 11: Market Chain Analysis for Livelihood Intervention, HAITIBackground2004 FloodMarket functioning severely damaged What is Unique? Market chain analysis conducted to rec

25、overy normal market functioningProcessAssessment of supply chain (Figure 1)Affected poorest: CFW & Food Voucher programsMadam Sares: vouchers for trade & livestocks Middlemen: vouchers for trade Suppliers: no assistance LessonsAnalysis helped tailored type of assistance Analysis inform how to restor

26、e economic activities A Tool for Building Back betteConditions Post Floods and LandslidesTransport and Storage Facility Destroyed Left with debt to payLost Pack Animal for transports and stockLost Pack Animal for transports and stockPurchasing power reducedUnaffectedFigure 1 Market Chain AnalysisCon

27、ditions Post Floods and LanA Tool for Building Back better21Case 12: Market Chain Analysis for Targeted Loans, HAITI Background2004 Key suppliers run out of stocks Causes: (a) cash flow crisis, repayment problems: (b) fuel prices-transportation insecurityConsumers severely affectedWhat is Unique? Us

28、e of market chain analysis to appraise the situationProcessPartnership: Fonkoze & Concern Worldwide Loans: targeted to 16 suppliers Criteria: put in place for suppliers LessonsOrganization with long history of working in the field can easily spot the problem Tailored loans reinvigorated market flow

29、A Tool for Building Back bette22IMPROVING LIVELIHOOD PROMOTIONIIEngage Development Actors Examples of Option 1 22IMPROVING LIVELIHOOD PROMOTIA Tool for Building Back better23Case 13: Local NGO taking on livelihood recovery, INDIABackground2004 Tsunami; some remote areas in Tamil Nadu received less a

30、ttention What is Unique?Peoples Action for Development (PAD) reinforces existing community self-help groups (SHG)ProcessPAD partners with District Government Recovery assistance on fishing; boats, gears, nets, etc. SHG paid gifted boats Village Development Committees (VDC)Micro-finance & micro-insur

31、ance schemes LessonsSpecific attention on range of livelihoods Participatory approach Well-established and committed NGO A Tool for Building Back betteA Tool for Building Back better24Case 14: Engaging University and Private Sectors, INDONESIA Background2006 Earthquake; craft industry severely affec

32、ted Problem: no order, no buyer, no incomeWhat is Unique? Facilitated “order-based” program for silvercraft ProcessCollaboration: GMU & Exxon Mobil + local government Two-year “order-based” program to be sustainable after UGM facilitated order Exxon Mobil markets & funding Local government assistanc

33、e in production / program LessonsCollaboration draws expertise and resources of wide range of stakeholders Technical support provided by academic institutions A Tool for Building Back betteExhibition TexCraft 2008 Preliminary Survey for targeting the beneficiaries collaborated with Heritage District

34、 Management Organization /The DesignsUniversity Visit to affected CraftersWebsite: Exhibition TexCraft 2008 Prel26IMPROVING LIVELIHOOD PROMOTIONIIBuild/Strengthen Micro-Finance InstitutionsExamples of Option 2 26IMPROVING LIVELIHOOD PROMOTIA Tool for Building Back better27Case 15: Tailoring Loans fo

35、r Poor Farmers, BANGLADESHBackgroundRecurrent floods & cyclones Farmers often severely affected, yet excluded from borrowingsWhat is Unique? Introduction of new approach of financing services to poor farmers ProcessPartnership: PKSF (micro-finance institution) & IFAD New Financial Service: grace per

36、iod, extending payments, seasonal loans Capacity building: farming techniques, crop diversification, animal husbandryLessonsTailored loans beneficial to poor farmers Approach frees farmers from long-term debt A Tool for Building Back betteA Tool for Building Back better28Case 16: Insurance to Poores

37、t Population, GUJARAT, INDIABackground2001 Earthquake Livelihoods of poorest women affected What is Unique? Integrated microfinance package linking with insurance and savings ProcessSEWA combines savings, credit, and insurance Insurance premium options: lump sum or saving for it monthly If woman can

38、not pay by end of year, it will be treated as loan LessonsThe program mitigate damage and recovery livelihoods immediatelyBuffers immediate impacts of disaster to livelihoods A Tool for Building Back bette29IMPROVING LIVELIHOOD PROMOTIONIIIntervene in MarketsExamples of Option 3 29IMPROVING LIVELIHO

39、OD PROMOTIA Tool for Building Back better30Case 17: RESTART: Business Development Services, THAILANDBackground2004 Tsunami SMEs of two provinces severely affected (Phuket & Phang-Nga)What is Unique? Re-establishment of SMEs through credit & training on business management and development planning Pr

40、ocessRESTART Business Centers in partnership with Ministry of IndustryStaff of centers: Ministry staff + local business consultantsApproach: consultation, planning, setting up, loan, linkage with local banks LessonsValue of qualified consultants Link to start up loans MoI backing improves credit wor

41、thiness A Tool for Building Back betteA Tool for Building Back better31Case 18: Creating Commodity Associations, ZIMBABWEBackgroundWhile farmers increase capacity to produce, markets for products became problematic Lack of vital information on market, an advantage to middlemen What is Unique? Formation of commodity associations to intervene in market ProcessFormation facilitated by Practical Action Southern Africa 7 commodities: honey, cotton, grains, oil seeds, horticulture, livestock, tobacco in 27 wards to