高考英語語法《句子成分》備考知識(shí)點(diǎn)全方位

1、專題5句子成分一、句子成分概覽（-）句子成分的定義:構(gòu)成句子的各個(gè)局部叫做句子成分.句子成分有主要成分和次 要成分;主要成分有主語和謂語;次要成分有表語、賓語、定語、狀語、補(bǔ)足語、同位語和 插入語.句型一:主語+系動(dòng)詞+表語謂語動(dòng)詞的特點(diǎn)該句型的謂語動(dòng)詞是系動(dòng)詞（linking verb）（如be或其他系動(dòng)詞）.系動(dòng)詞，又叫連系動(dòng)詞， 顧名思義,這種動(dòng)詞并沒有具體的動(dòng)作,而只是起連接主語和后面成分的作用.這種動(dòng)詞后面 所接的成分用來說明主語的特點(diǎn),說明主語的性質(zhì)特征，因此被稱為主語補(bǔ)足語或表語（能表 示主語特征的成分），這就是讀者熟悉的“主系表”句型.1）狀態(tài)系動(dòng)詞用來表示主語狀態(tài),只有be

2、一詞,例如： He is a teacher.2）持續(xù)系動(dòng)詞用來表示主語繼續(xù)或保持一種狀況或態(tài)度,主要有keep, remain, stay, lie, stand,例如：He always kept silent at the meeting.3）表像系動(dòng)詞“看起來像”主要有seem, appear, look,例如：He seems （to be） very sad.4）感官系動(dòng)詞主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, look例如： This kind of cloth feels very soft.5）變化系動(dòng)詞表示主語變成什么樣,主要有become, grow,

3、 turn, fall, get, go, come.例如：Our country is becoming richer and richer.6）結(jié)果是;證明是prove, turn out,例如：The rumor proved （to be） false.His plan turned out （to be） a success.句型二:主語+謂語謂語動(dòng)詞的特點(diǎn)該句型的謂語動(dòng)詞是不及物動(dòng)詞（intransitive verb）,所表示的動(dòng)作沒有作用對(duì)象,其本 身意思完整,其后不需帶賓語. The egg hatched.The little eagle grew up.It clucke

4、d and cackled.句型三:主語+謂語+賓語謂語動(dòng)詞的特點(diǎn)該句型的謂語動(dòng)詞是及物動(dòng)詞(transitive verb),這種動(dòng)詞告訴我們由主語發(fā)出的動(dòng) 作所作用的對(duì)象是什么，這個(gè)“所作用的對(duì)象”就是通常所說的賓語,即賓語是主語動(dòng)作的 承受對(duì)象.因此,這類動(dòng)詞是帶有賓語的.英文中絕大多數(shù)動(dòng)詞都是及物動(dòng)詞.They are looking for one-minute solutions to everything.Just like instant coffee, they want instant happiness.句型四:主語+謂語+間接賓語+直接賓語謂語動(dòng)詞的特點(diǎn)該句型的謂語動(dòng)詞

5、是雙賓動(dòng)詞(dative verb),這種動(dòng)詞后面所接的成分有人又有物. 一般來講,這里的“人”表示動(dòng)作的接受者,稱作間接賓語(indirect object); “物”表示 動(dòng)作作用的對(duì)象，是動(dòng)作的承受者,稱作直接賓語(direct object) .間接賓語和直接賓語合 起來稱為雙賓語.He showed the guard(間接賓語)his passport (直接賓語).I am going to buy her a gift. =1 am going to buy a gift for her.這里的her是間接賓語,a gift是直接賓語.改寫后的句子用了介詞for.選擇介詞for

6、還是to,取決于謂語動(dòng)詞.具體詳述如下：.同Show 一樣,當(dāng)間接賓語后移時(shí),間接賓語前需帶介詞to,表示間接賓語是動(dòng)作的 接受者.這樣的動(dòng)詞有:assign, award, bring, deliver, deny, feed, give, grant, hand, lend, offer, owe, pa ss, pay, promise, post, read, recommend, sell, send, show, take 和 write 等等.同buy 一樣,當(dāng)間接賓語后移時(shí),間接賓語前需帶介詞for.這樣的動(dòng)詞有:book(預(yù)訂)，buy, build, change, cho

7、ose, cook, fetch, find, get, keep, make, order, prepare 和 sing等等.有個(gè)別動(dòng)詞只用于“主語+動(dòng)詞+間接賓語(+直接賓語)”的結(jié)構(gòu)，而不用介詞來替 換.這樣的動(dòng)詞有:charge, cost和bet等等.比方：句型五:主語+謂語+賓語+賓語補(bǔ)足語謂語動(dòng)詞的特點(diǎn)該句型的謂語動(dòng)詞是賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)詞(factitive verb),這種動(dòng)詞后面接賓語,而此賓語后又 接補(bǔ)充說明賓語的補(bǔ)足語(object complement).賓語和賓語補(bǔ)足語合起來稱為復(fù)合賓語.常見的帶復(fù)合賓語的動(dòng)詞有:appoint, believe, call, choose,

8、 consider, declare, elect, feel, find, keep, leave, let ,make, name, nominate, prove, see, suppose 和 vote 等等.區(qū)分雙賓語和復(fù)合賓語區(qū)分雙賓語和復(fù)合賓語,尤其是當(dāng)兩者都是“動(dòng)詞+人+物”這樣的結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí).其實(shí),區(qū)分 這兩種賓語的方法很簡(jiǎn)單,就是在賓語后面加上be動(dòng)詞,假設(shè)能構(gòu)成一個(gè)語義通順的句 子,即是補(bǔ)足語.因?yàn)橘e語與賓語補(bǔ)足語的語義關(guān)系就相當(dāng)于主語與主語補(bǔ)足語的關(guān)系, 即類似一個(gè)主系表結(jié)構(gòu),所以,在賓語后面添上一個(gè)be動(dòng)詞，自然應(yīng)該能構(gòu)成一個(gè)邏輯 語義通順的句子.而間接賓語與直接賓語二者之

9、間就沒有這樣的語義關(guān)系,所以,添上 be之后，自然不能構(gòu)成一個(gè)語義通順的句子.請(qǐng)比擬：I made John our chairman.I made John a cake.妙語點(diǎn)睛 在例句1）中,在賓語John后面添加is,即“John is our chairman. w .這 說得通,所以例句1）中的our chairman是賓語補(bǔ)足語.然而在例句2）中,在賓語John 后面添加is,即“John is a cake. * （約翰是一塊蛋糕這顯然講不通，所以例句 2）是一個(gè)雙賓語結(jié)構(gòu),a cake是直接賓語一、主語在句子中,主語是執(zhí)行句子的行為或動(dòng)作的主體.主語一般位于句子開頭,且不能省

10、略. 但在某些特定的句式里,如:疑問句、倒裝句、祈使句、感嘆句等，句子主語也可以“下臺(tái)”而位于謂語動(dòng)詞之后或省略.能夠充當(dāng)主語的主要有名詞（短語）、代詞、數(shù) 詞、動(dòng)名詞（短語）、動(dòng)詞不定式（短語）和從句等.My classmates and I took part in a picking activity last weekend, which impressed me deeply.（名詞短語作主語）To let China go to the world and let the world understand China is my first aim.（不定式短語作主語）It see

11、ms to me that the traditional Chinese dress will make the occasion very Chinese and inviting to the British students.（代詞 it 充當(dāng)形式主 語,that引導(dǎo)的主語從句作真正的主語）名師指津當(dāng)從句作主語時(shí),為防止頭重腳輕,可用it作形式主語.二、謂語謂語用來描述主語的行為動(dòng)作、狀態(tài)或特征,常位于主語之后.謂語可由動(dòng)詞和動(dòng)詞短 語、系表結(jié)構(gòu)以及“助動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+實(shí)義動(dòng)詞”充當(dāng)，有時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)和語氣的變化, 同時(shí)又受到主語人稱和數(shù)的制約.判斷的依據(jù)是看主語和動(dòng)詞之間的關(guān)系,如果兩者

12、之 間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系就用主動(dòng)語態(tài),如果是被動(dòng)關(guān)系就用被動(dòng)語態(tài).謂語的構(gòu)成如下：.簡(jiǎn)單謂語:由一個(gè)實(shí)義動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語構(gòu)成.He practices running every morning.The plane took off at ten o clock.If so, we will be waiting for you in Room 106 of the Art Center.Great changes have taken place in Tianjin in the last few years.復(fù)合謂語：（1）由情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或其他助動(dòng)詞加動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成；（2）由系動(dòng)詞加表語構(gòu)成.Throu

13、gh my introduction and efforts I can strengthen the friendship between China and Britain.After a day of picking, I felt completely exhausted.三、賓語賓語表示謂語動(dòng)作的對(duì)象,一般位于及物動(dòng)詞和介詞的后面,受到主語的限制和制約. 賓語一般由名詞（短語）、賓格代詞、數(shù)詞、動(dòng)名詞（短語）、動(dòng)詞不定式或賓語從句充 當(dāng)，根據(jù)需要也可用it作形式賓語.賓語在被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中才會(huì)“翻身農(nóng)奴把歌唱”.雙賓語（間接賓語+直接賓語）I am writing to invite yo

14、u to offer us some guidance, （us 為間接賓語，some guidance為直接賓語）Lend me your dictionary, please, （me 為間接賓語,dictionary 為直接賓語）.復(fù)合賓語（賓語+賓語補(bǔ)足語）I would like you to give us your guidance and encouragement, （you 為賓語；to give us your guidance and encouragement 為賓語補(bǔ)足語）They elected him their monitor, （him 為賓語；their

15、monitor 為賓語補(bǔ)足語）四、表語表語一般位于系動(dòng)詞（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后，用以 說明主語這個(gè)“主子”的身份、特征和狀態(tài)等，一般由名詞、名詞性物主代詞、形容 詞、分詞、數(shù)詞、不定式（短語）、動(dòng)名詞、介詞短語、副詞及表語從句等充當(dāng).So fortunate am I to have such a teacher.（形容詞作表語）Tang Poetry is what we are going to learn the next class.（從句作表語）五、定語修飾或限定名詞或代詞的詞、短語或從句被稱為定語.定語服務(wù)于它所修

16、飾或限定的 名詞或代詞,可由形容詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞性物主代詞、介詞短語、非謂語動(dòng)詞或定語 從句等充當(dāng).定語有前置和后置兩種情況,如短語結(jié)構(gòu)、從句等作定語時(shí),常置于被修 飾詞之后.In the future, I will be a primary school teacher to help those children in rural areas who are eager for knowledge.（介詞短語和從句作定語）My dream to be admitted into my favorite university will come true.（非謂語 動(dòng)詞作后置定語）Our

17、English teacher is an American.（名詞）Is it yours?（代詞）The weather has turned cold.（形容詞）The speech is exciting.（分詞）Three times seven is twenty one?（數(shù)詞）1）狀態(tài)系動(dòng)詞用來表示主語狀態(tài),只有be 一詞,例如： He is a teacher.2）持續(xù)系動(dòng)詞用來表示主語繼續(xù)或保持一種狀況或態(tài)度,主要有keep, remain, stay, lie, stand,例如：He always kept silent at the meeting.3）表像系動(dòng)詞看起

18、來像主要有seem, appear, look,例如：He seems （to be） very sad.4）感官系動(dòng)詞主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, look例如：This kind of cloth feels very soft.5）變化系動(dòng)詞表示主語變成什么樣,主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come.例如：Our country is becoming richer and richer.6）結(jié)果是;證明是prove, turn out,例如：The rumor proved （to be） false.His

19、plan turned out （to be） a success.六、狀語修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或整個(gè)句子,說明動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分叫作狀語.一般 表示行為發(fā)生的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、目的、原因、條件、讓步、方式、程度等意義,狀語可 由副詞、介詞短語、動(dòng)詞不定式、分詞、狀語從句等充當(dāng).狀語在句子中的位置很靈活，所以說它“行蹤飄忽不定”.常見情況為:通常在句子基 本結(jié)構(gòu)后,強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)放在句首;修飾形容詞或副詞時(shí),通常位于被修飾詞之前;表示時(shí)間、 地點(diǎn)、目的的狀語一般位于句子兩頭,強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)放在句首,地點(diǎn)狀語一般放在時(shí)間狀語之 前;一些表示頻度的副詞（如often, almost等）作狀語通常位于be動(dòng)詞、助

20、動(dòng)詞、情 態(tài)動(dòng)詞之后、實(shí)義動(dòng)詞之前.高考中一般考查副詞修飾動(dòng)詞的用法,故說它對(duì)動(dòng)詞“情有獨(dú)鐘”.Light travels most quickly.（副詞作狀語）He has lived in the city for ten years.（介詞短語作狀語）To make our life colorful, we participated in a picking activity on a farm.（不定式作狀語）We are training very hard these days.（副詞作狀語）The next day, we set off early in the morni

21、ng.（介詞短語作狀語）Although it was hot, everyone had a great time there.（從句作狀語）七、補(bǔ)語補(bǔ)語也叫補(bǔ)足語,主要起補(bǔ)充說明的作用,最常見的是賓語補(bǔ)足語和主語補(bǔ)足語,所以 說它寄人籬下，成不了 “主人”.補(bǔ)足語可由名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式（短語）、分 詞、介詞短語或從句充當(dāng).Lovely fruits, such as peaches and cherries, hung on the green branches, which made us really excited.（形容詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語）He was seen playing basketball on the playground yesterday.（現(xiàn)在分詞短語作 主語補(bǔ)足語）八、同位語對(duì)句子中的名詞（短語）或代詞作進(jìn)一步解釋、說明,與前面的成分在語法上處于同等 地位的句子成分叫作同位語.英語句子表達(dá)中一般情況下是沒有同位語的,所以說它愛 玩失蹤,如果要對(duì)前面的名詞的具體內(nèi)容作進(jìn)一步的說明,這時(shí)候就需要同位語,可謂 “顯露原形”.可以用作同位語的有:名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、介詞短語、不定式、動(dòng)名詞 和從句等.The most beloved and