土木工程材料英文版

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上專心-專注-專業(yè)專心-專注-專業(yè)精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上專心-專注-專業(yè)Civil engineering materials郭亞龍 Abstract:Structural engineering depends on the knowledge of materials and their properties, in order to understand how different materials support and resist loads.Key word: , : , : , : , : Other structural

2、 materials:, , , , , 1.Iron is a with the symbol Fe and 26. It is a in the . It is the most common element (by mass) forming the planet Earth as a whole, forming much of Earths and . It is the fourth most common . Irons very common presence in like is due to its abundant production as a result of in

3、 high-mass , where the production of (which decays to the most common isotope of iron) is the last that is . This causes to become the last element to be produced before collapse of a leads to the explosive events that scatter this of iron abundantly into space.Like other , iron exists in a wide ran

4、ge of , 2 to +6, although +2 and +3 are the most common. Elemental iron occurs in and other low environments, but is reactive to oxygen and . Fresh iron surfaces appear lustrous silvery-gray, but in normal air to give , commonly known as . Unlike many other metals which form oxide layers, iron oxide

5、s occupy more volume than iron metal, and thus iron oxides flake off and expose fresh surfaces for corrosion.Iron metal has been used since ancient times, though , which have lower melting temperatures, were used first in history. Pure iron is soft (softer than ), but is unobtainable by . The materi

6、al is significantly hardened and strengthened by impurities, such as , from the smelting process. A certain proportion of carbon (between 0.002% and 2.1%) produces , which may be up to 1000times harder than pure iron. Crude iron metal is produced in , where ore is reduced by to , which has a high ca

7、rbon content. Further refinement with oxygen reduces the carbon content to the correct proportion to make . Steels and low carbon iron along with other metals () are by far the most common metals in industrial use, due to their great range of desirable properties and the abundance of iron.Iron chemi

8、cal compounds, which include ferrous and ferric compounds, have many uses. Iron oxide mixed with aluminium powder can be ignited to create a , used in welding and purifying ores. It forms binary compounds with the and the . Among its organometallic compounds is , the first discovered., forming compl

9、exes with molecular oxygen in and ; these two compounds are common proteins in vertebrates. Iron is also the metal used at the active site of many important dealing with and in plants and animals.2.Concrete is a material composed of coarse granular material (the or filler) embedded in a hard matrix

10、of material (the or binder) that fills the space among the aggregate particles and glues them together. Concrete is widely used for making , , brick/ walls, , bridges/, highways, runways, structures, , pools/, pipes, for gates, and and even .Famous concrete structures include the , the and the Roman

11、 .Concrete technology was known by the and was widely used in the the was built largely of concrete and the concrete dome of the Pantheon is the worlds largest. After the Empire was destroyed, use of concrete became scarce until the technology was re-pioneered in the mid-18th century.3.Alloy is a or

12、 composed of a and another element. An alloy contains one or more of the three: a solid solution of the elements (a single phase); a mixture of metallic phases (two or more solutions); an intermetallic compound with no distinct boundary between the phases. Solid solution alloys give a single solid ,

13、 while partial solutions exhibit two or more phases that may or may not be in distribution, depending on the thermal (heat treatment) history of the material. An inter-metallic compound has one other alloy or pure metal embedded within another pure metal.Alloys are used in some applications, where t

14、heir properties are superior to those of the pure component for a given application. Examples of alloys are , , , and an .The alloy constituents are usually measured by mass. Alloys are usually classified as substitutional or interstitial alloys, depending on the arrangement that forms the alloy. Th

15、ey can be further classified as homogeneous (consisting of a single phase), or heterogeneous (consisting of two or more phases) or intermetallic (where there is no distinct boundary between phases).4.Masonry is the building of structures from individual units laid in and bound together by ; the term

16、 masonry can also refer to the units themselves. The common materials of masonry construction are , , , , , , , , block, , , and . Masonry is generally a highly durable form of construction. However, the materials used, the quality of the mortar and workmanship, and the pattern in which the units ar

17、e assembled can significantly affect the durability of the overall masonry construction.5.Lumber (American English) or timber (British English) is a collective term for harvested wood that has been manufactured into boards and planks. This process is part of something called . Lumber is predominantl

18、y used for structural purposes but has many other uses as well. Lumber is classified as hardwood or softwood.Lumber is supplied either rough or finished. Besides , rough lumber is the raw material for -making and other items requiring additional cutting and shaping. It is available in many species,

19、usually , but it is also readily available in softwoods such as and because of their low cost. Finished lumber is supplied in standard sizes, mostly for the construction industry, primarily from species including , and (collectively known as ), , and , but also some hardwood, for high-grade flooring

20、.6.Aluminium (or aluminum) is a in the with symbolAl and 13. It is a silvery white, soft, ductile . Aluminium is (after and ), and the , in the s . It makes up about 8% by weight of the Earths solid surface. Aluminium metal is so chemically reactive that are rare and limited to extreme environments.

21、 Instead, it is found combined in over 270 different . The chief of aluminium is .Aluminium is remarkable for the metals low and for its ability to resist due to the phenomenon of . Structural components made from aluminium and its are vital to the industry and are important in other areas of and st

22、ructural materials. The most useful compounds of aluminium, at least on a weight basis, are the and .Despite its prevalence in the environment, aluminium are not known to be used by any form of life. In keeping with its pervasiveness, aluminium is well tolerated by plants and animals. Owing to their

23、 prevalence, potential beneficial (or otherwise) biological roles of aluminium compounds are of continuing interest.7.Composite materials (also called composition materials or shortened to composites) are made from two or more constituent materials with significantly different or , that when combine

24、d, produce a material with characteristics different from the individual components. The individual components remain separate and distinct within the finished structure. The new material may be preferred for many reasons: common examples include materials which are stronger, lighter or less expensi

25、ve when compared to traditional materials.Typical composite materials include:Composite building such as , Reinforced plastics such as CompositesCeramic Composites ()Composite materials are generally used for , bridges and structures such as boat hulls, swimming pool panels, race car bodies, stalls, , storage tanks, imitation and and counter t