非限定動(dòng)詞與獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)市公開(kāi)課獲獎(jiǎng)?wù)n件

1、非限定動(dòng)詞與獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)Non-Finite Verb & the Absolute Construction第1頁(yè)第1頁(yè)非限定動(dòng)詞（Non-Finite Verb）指在句子中不是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，即動(dòng)詞非謂語(yǔ)形式。非限定動(dòng)詞除了不能獨(dú)立作謂語(yǔ)外，能夠承擔(dān)句子任何成份。 三種形式：不定式（the Infinitive ）Ing-分詞（ing - Participle）過(guò)去分詞（the Participle ）第2頁(yè)第2頁(yè)不定式the Infinitive第3頁(yè)第3頁(yè)不定式（the Infinitive ）I. 形式積極形式被動(dòng)形式普通式to doto be done完畢式to have doneto ha

2、ve been done進(jìn)行式to be doing完畢進(jìn)行式to have been doing第4頁(yè)第4頁(yè)II. 不定式使用辦法不定式不能單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ)，沒(méi)有些人稱和數(shù)改變，含有名詞、形容詞和副詞特性，并且還保留著動(dòng)詞特性，因而能夠有狀語(yǔ)修飾，假如是及物動(dòng)詞，還能夠帶賓語(yǔ)，從而構(gòu)成不定式短語(yǔ)。不定式或不定式短語(yǔ)在句中能夠作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。前面能夠加一些疑問(wèn)代詞，如what、who、which，或疑問(wèn)副詞，如when、where、how、why等，構(gòu)成特殊不定式短語(yǔ)，如 what to do next, how to get there等。 第5頁(yè)第5頁(yè)II

3、I. 不定式時(shí)態(tài)與語(yǔ)態(tài)做好我們未來(lái)規(guī)劃非常主要。To make a plan for our future is important. /It is important to make a plan for the future. 我沒(méi)想到后面尚有個(gè)聚會(huì)。I didnt expect there to be a party ahead.看到媽媽回家了，他假裝在做作業(yè)When he saw his mother back, he pretended to be doing his homework. / Seeing his mother come back, he 第6頁(yè)第6頁(yè)能夠結(jié)識(shí)她是我榮

4、幸。To have known her is my great honor. / It is my great honor to have known her. 對(duì)不起，讓你久等了!I am sorry to have kept you waiting.聽(tīng)說(shuō)John始終研究了一個(gè)晚上。John is said to have been studying for a whole night. /It was said that John had been studying for a whole night.第7頁(yè)第7頁(yè)得到別人尊重是他發(fā)自心扉愿望。To be respected by othe

5、rs is the desire from the bottom of his heart.我希望能夠得到諒解。I wish to be excused.明天舉辦會(huì)議很主要。The meeting to be held tomorrow is of great importance.給他這樣一個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)，他很開(kāi)心。He was very pleased to have been given such an opportunity. 第8頁(yè)第8頁(yè)他別無(wú)選擇，只能等待。He could do nothing but / except wait. / He had no choice but to wa

6、it.(之一: but / except前有do某種形式）他只想洗洗手。What he wanted to do was （to） wash his hands. 現(xiàn)在要做就是清除這些亂七八糟東西。The thing to do now is (to) clear up the mess. （之二：SVC句型中主語(yǔ)部分有do某種形式）有do無(wú)to兩種情況第9頁(yè)第9頁(yè)我有許多衣服要洗。I have many clothes to wash. (自己洗)我在洗衣服。你有衣服我要洗嗎？Im washing clothes. Do you have anything to be washed. (你衣

7、服被我洗。)你要去北京。你有什么東西要帶過(guò)去嗎？You are going to Bj. Do you have anything to take?我要去北京。你有什么東西要帶過(guò)去嗎？Im going to Bj. Do you have anything to be taken?n.+不定式：積極還是被動(dòng)？第10頁(yè)第10頁(yè)是目還是結(jié)果？She decided to work harder to catch up with the others. 他匆忙趕到車站，結(jié)果卻發(fā)覺(jué)車已經(jīng)走了。He hurried to the station, only to find the train had a

8、lready left.He lifted a rock only to drop it on his own feet. （不定式作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)：出人意料結(jié)果）He broke the light carelessly, making it dark all around.（分詞作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)：自然而然結(jié)果）第11頁(yè)第11頁(yè)-ing分詞與過(guò)去分詞-ing Participle & the Past Participle第12頁(yè)第12頁(yè)I. 分詞構(gòu)成與形式形式：-ing分詞（V+ing）& 過(guò)去分詞（V+ed）兩者主要區(qū)別：V+ing 表示積極意義或正在進(jìn)行動(dòng)作；V+ed 表示被動(dòng)意義或已經(jīng)完畢了動(dòng)作

9、。Eg：燃燒森林a burning forest（森林自己燃燒）燒傷皮膚burned skin（皮膚被火燒傷）發(fā)展中 / 發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家developing / developed countries第13頁(yè)第13頁(yè)II. -ing分詞形式積極形式被動(dòng)形式普通式doing(積極或進(jìn)行)being done(正在被)完畢式having done(先于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作)having been done(先于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作且是被動(dòng))第14頁(yè)第14頁(yè)坐在后面同窗請(qǐng)朝前面來(lái)一點(diǎn)。Those sitting at the back move a bit forward please.正在建工程是一個(gè)游樂(lè)場(chǎng)。The proje

10、ct being built is an amusement park. 沒(méi)見(jiàn)到他，我不好告訴你他長(zhǎng)什么樣子。Not having met him, I cant tell you what he is like. 得到了這樣好機(jī)會(huì)，她怎能放棄呢？Having been given such a good chance, how could she give it up ? 第15頁(yè)第15頁(yè)III. 過(guò)去分詞形式由于本身就表示被動(dòng)或完畢意義，因此只有一個(gè)形式 done。IV.分詞使用辦法 -ing分詞和過(guò)去分詞（done）主要起形容詞和副詞作用，在句中可作定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)和賓補(bǔ)。第

11、16頁(yè)第16頁(yè)Tell the boy playing there not to make so much noise. We can only see the part of the moon lighted by the sunlight. The story of his life sounds interesting.He felt satisfied with our performance. (類似詞: exciting / excited; disappointing / disappointed; astonishing / astonished; annoying / ann

12、oyed; irritating / irritated : -ing 分詞構(gòu)成形容詞表示事物性質(zhì)； -ed 分詞構(gòu)成形容詞表示人情感態(tài)度。)第17頁(yè)第17頁(yè)Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy. Given better attention, the trees could grow better. The machine will be kept running for two days.Our views have to be made known to them all. You should keep her informed of w

13、hat is going on here. I heard someone knocking at the door. (see, feel, hear, watch, notice后賓補(bǔ)能夠是do 表示動(dòng)作全過(guò)程； 也可是 doing，表示動(dòng)作在進(jìn)行。)但: 我看到小偷在偷一個(gè)女錢包。第18頁(yè)第18頁(yè)動(dòng)名詞 （V-ing）The Gerund第19頁(yè)第19頁(yè)I . 動(dòng)名詞形式(與現(xiàn)在分詞 v + ing 相同)積極形式被動(dòng)形式普通式doingbeing done完畢式having donehaving been done第20頁(yè)第20頁(yè)吸煙有害健康。Smoking is harm for y

14、our health.我為未能遵守諾言到期。I apologize for not having kept my promise. 他兒子不介意一人呆在家里。His son didnt mind (his / him) being left alone at home.After having been interviewed, he was offered the job. He prided himself on having never been beaten in chess.第21頁(yè)第21頁(yè)II. 動(dòng)名詞使用辦法含有動(dòng)詞特性，可帶有自己賓語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)，構(gòu)成動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)；含有名詞特性，能夠有

15、自己邏輯主語(yǔ)；在句中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)。E.g. 第22頁(yè)第22頁(yè)眼見(jiàn)為實(shí)！ Seeing is believing. / To see is to believe. 他來(lái)遲了，讓我們很不高興。His coming late made us unhappy.It is no use crying over spilt milk. What he likes is playing chess after supper.He may be in the reading room.一聽(tīng)說(shuō)TOM過(guò)了考試，我立刻打電話給他。On hearing that Tom had passed his e

16、xamination, I rang him up.介意我抽煙嗎？ Would you mind my / me smoking here ?第23頁(yè)第23頁(yè)III. 慣用動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞/短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞allow, permit, mind, enjoy, finish, abandon，avoid, deny, miss, escape, consider, admit, risk, complete, cant help, give up, leave off, put off, keep on第24頁(yè)第24頁(yè)IV. 動(dòng)名詞與現(xiàn)在分詞做定語(yǔ)比較動(dòng)名詞和它所修飾名詞沒(méi)有邏輯上主謂關(guān)系，它多表示被

17、修飾名詞功效、用途；現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)，它與所修飾名詞在邏輯上有主謂關(guān)系，分詞動(dòng)作是由被修飾名詞發(fā)出。如：第25頁(yè)第25頁(yè)動(dòng)名詞作、現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)區(qū)別 動(dòng)名詞(功效、用途)現(xiàn)在分詞(與所修飾名詞有邏輯主謂關(guān)系)sleeping-car臥車sleeping child酣睡孩子working method工作辦法working people勞感人民singing practice歌詠練習(xí)singing girl歌女第26頁(yè)第26頁(yè)既可接不定式又可接動(dòng)名詞做賓語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞意義基本相同： like, start, begin to do / doing 意義不同：Go on to do / doingStop

18、to / doingTry to do / doingMean to do / doingRemember to do / doing Forget to do / doingRegret to / doing第27頁(yè)第27頁(yè)常見(jiàn)不定式或分詞結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語(yǔ)誠(chéng)實(shí)/坦白說(shuō)，說(shuō)實(shí)話to be honest / frank; to tell the truth普通/嚴(yán)格/坦白說(shuō)來(lái)generally / strictly / frankly speaking與比較而言，考慮到/鑒于，compared with / to; considering / given 依據(jù)判斷 judging from / by假

19、定/假如 suppose/supposing/supposed; providing/provided; granted/granting (that)第28頁(yè)第28頁(yè)非限定從屬結(jié)構(gòu)（獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)）(the Absolute Construction)獨(dú)立(主格)結(jié)構(gòu)是帶有自己邏輯主語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)，功效多樣，位置靈活，可位于句首、句中或句尾。獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)行文簡(jiǎn)樸明了，用詞精煉，結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，常見(jiàn)于正式語(yǔ)體，尤其是文學(xué)體裁，使描寫(xiě)生動(dòng)，形象詳細(xì)。第29頁(yè)第29頁(yè)I.名詞 / 主格結(jié)構(gòu) 非限定動(dòng)詞(to do / doing / done)這是前兩卷，第三卷下星期出來(lái)。 Here are the first two

20、volumes, the third one to come out next week.雙方就基本原則達(dá)成了一致意見(jiàn)，細(xì)節(jié)問(wèn)題以后擬定。 The two parties have reached an agreement on basic principle, the details to be worked out later. 第30頁(yè)第30頁(yè)他媽媽病了，他只好留在家照看她。 His mother being ill, he had to stay at home to look after her.最后一班車已經(jīng)走了，他只好步行回家。 The last bus having gone,

21、 he had to walk home.計(jì)劃已經(jīng)定出來(lái)了，主要是付諸實(shí)踐。 The plan having been made, what is important is to put it into practice.第31頁(yè)第31頁(yè)任務(wù)完畢了，他休了三個(gè)月假。 The duty completed, he had three months leave.錢包沒(méi)找到，我們?nèi)フ揖臁?The purse not yet found, we went to the police.第32頁(yè)第32頁(yè)II.名詞 / 主格代詞 無(wú)動(dòng)詞分句(adj./prep./adv./n.(phrase)她期待地看著

22、他，眼里滿是興奮與好奇。 She looked at him expectantly, her eyes full of excitement and curiosity.老師走進(jìn)教室，一手拿粉筆，一手拿書(shū)。 The teacher entered the classroom, chalk in one hand, a textbook in the other.下課了，所有學(xué)生都從教室出來(lái)了。 Class over, all the students went out from the classroom.第33頁(yè)第33頁(yè)她有三個(gè)兒子，其中兩個(gè)是律師。 She has three sons,

23、 two of them lawyers.注意：以上獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)都可當(dāng)作是帶being分詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)省略形式。加入being就變成了分詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu), 如：Here are the first two volumes, the third one (being) to come out next week.He entered the room, his nose (being) red with cold.第34頁(yè)第34頁(yè)III.with / without+ to do / doing / done / adj. / prep. /adv. (phrase)我們到了車站，最后一班火車尚有5分鐘離開(kāi)。

24、 With five minutes to go before the last train left, we arrived at the station.有老人帶路，他們兩朝著大山出發(fā)。 With the old man leading the way, the two started towards the mountains.第35頁(yè)第35頁(yè)所有眼睛都盯著她看，她感到緊張。She felt nervous, with all eyes fixed on her.冬天不要開(kāi)窗睡覺(jué)。Never sleep with the window open in the winter.他妻子下樓了，

25、抱著2歲兒子。His wife came down the stairs, with her two-year-old son in her arms.John走了，我們有了更大空間。With John away, weve got more room.第36頁(yè)第36頁(yè)VI. “There being +名詞” 結(jié)構(gòu)沒(méi)錢了，我們只好改變計(jì)劃。There being no money left, we have to change our plan.沒(méi)有多出零件，這個(gè)裝置不能立馬修好。There being no spare parts, the equipment could not be r

26、epaired at once. 第37頁(yè)第37頁(yè)獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)句法功效獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)在句中多作狀語(yǔ)，表示時(shí)間、條件、原因、方式、伴隨或補(bǔ)充闡明，偶然也作定語(yǔ)或主語(yǔ)，如：The bell ringing, all the pupils went into the classroom. Weather permitting，the football match will be played next Sunday. The question being rather difficult, we must take time to consider it carefully. 第38頁(yè)第38頁(yè)The brav

27、e man fought the man-eating tiger, a stick his only weapon. How can I work with you making all that noise? The war was over, without a shot being fired. A little boy with two of his front teeth missing ran into the room. Jenny in trouble was the reason for my rushing there. 第39頁(yè)第39頁(yè)歷年真題1. What a nic

28、e day! How about the three of us _ a walk in the park nearby? （）A. to take B. take C. taking D. to be taking2. Linda was _the experiment a month ago, but she changed her mind at the last minute. ()A. to start B. to have startedC. to be starting D. to have been starting3. The research requires more m

29、oney than _. () A. have been put in B. has been put inC. being put in D. to be put in第40頁(yè)第40頁(yè)4. It is not uncommon for there _problems of communication between the old and the young. () A. beingB. would be C. be D. to be5. _at in his way, the situation does not seem so desperate. () A. Looking B. Lo

30、okedC. Being looked D. To look6. There are only ten apples left in the baskets, _ the spoilt ones. ()A. not counting B. not to count C. dont count D. having not counted第41頁(yè)第41頁(yè)7. Whats the chance of _ a general election this year? () A. there being B. there to beC. there be D. there going to be8. Th

31、e meeting was put off because we _ a meeting without John. () A. objected having B. were objected to havingC. objected to have D. objected to having9. The Minister of Finance is believed _ of imposing new taxes to raise extra revenue. () A. that he is thinking B. to be thinkingC. that he is to think D. to think