2019高考英語(yǔ)復(fù)習(xí)第一板塊閱讀理解題型篇專題一第一講細(xì)節(jié)理解題-定位信息巧比對(duì)講義6764

1、2019高考英語(yǔ)復(fù)習(xí)第一板塊閱讀理解之題型篇專題一第一講細(xì)節(jié)理解題定位信息巧比對(duì)講義_67642019高考英語(yǔ)復(fù)習(xí)第一板塊閱讀理解之題型篇專題一第一講細(xì)節(jié)理解題定位信息巧比對(duì)講義_676412/122019高考英語(yǔ)復(fù)習(xí)第一板塊閱讀理解之題型篇專題一第一講細(xì)節(jié)理解題定位信息巧比對(duì)講義_6764專題一閱讀理解全國(guó)卷3年考情剖析題型細(xì)節(jié)理推理判與題量解題斷題卷別卷752018卷93卷93卷762017卷56卷66卷1032016卷75卷84要旨詞義考情剖析粗心猜想從統(tǒng)計(jì)表能夠看出，高考英語(yǔ)閱讀理題題解的題型設(shè)置以細(xì)節(jié)理解題和推理21判斷題為主，兼?zhèn)湟即中念}和詞義21猜想題。細(xì)節(jié)理解題相對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單，而其

2、21他三種題型相對(duì)較難。在近兩年的考11查趨勢(shì)上，細(xì)節(jié)理解題的答案更為隱2蔽，表達(dá)委婉，直接信息題會(huì)愈來(lái)愈21少，取而代之的將是事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題加入11很多推理、判斷、歸納等元素；推理12判斷題的難度會(huì)適合加大。本專題將12對(duì)這四種題型進(jìn)行遞進(jìn)式的指導(dǎo)。第一講細(xì)節(jié)理解題定位信息巧比對(duì)細(xì)節(jié)理解題在英語(yǔ)高考閱讀理解中占了較大的比重，并且此類題型相對(duì)照較簡(jiǎn)單，只要要依據(jù)題干中的重點(diǎn)詞，回到原訂婚位信息區(qū)間，略加比對(duì)，就能得出正確答案。所以，對(duì)于這種題目要力求讀得快、找得準(zhǔn)、答得對(duì)，力求不丟分，保住基安分才能得高分。但有些細(xì)節(jié)理解題因?yàn)槊}人成心設(shè)置阻礙，把實(shí)用信息分別在文章不一樣地點(diǎn)，有時(shí)又有轉(zhuǎn)折、否定等

3、，所以有些題目需要認(rèn)真地思慮、對(duì)照、計(jì)算、對(duì)上下文重點(diǎn)信息掌握和剖析。只管細(xì)節(jié)理解題相對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單，但不行不以為然。細(xì)節(jié)理解題常有的考察題型有：直接信息題、間接信息題、歸納細(xì)節(jié)理解題和正誤判斷題。一、題型特點(diǎn)要了解(一)細(xì)節(jié)理解題常有設(shè)問(wèn)方式1特別疑問(wèn)句形式。以when,where,what,which,who,howmuch/many等疑問(wèn)詞引出的問(wèn)題。2判斷是非形式。含有TRUE/FALSE,NOTtrue或EXCEPT等的判斷是非的問(wèn)題。此時(shí)要注意題干中能否含有否認(rèn)詞，如not,never等。3以“Accordingto.”開(kāi)頭的發(fā)問(wèn)形式。4填空形式。如Thebiggestchallengef

4、ormostmothersisfrom_.(二)細(xì)節(jié)理解題正確選項(xiàng)特點(diǎn)指對(duì)原詞句子中的重點(diǎn)詞進(jìn)行同義替代。如把loseonesjob換成了beoutof同義替代work。有些細(xì)節(jié)理解題把原文中的一些詞變換一下詞性，如把important變換成ofimportance；改變?cè)闹芯渥拥恼Z(yǔ)態(tài)，如主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)與被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的變換。信息歸納用精華的語(yǔ)言來(lái)歸納原文中比較分別或復(fù)雜的信息，設(shè)置為正確答案。正話反說(shuō)把原文中的意思反過(guò)來(lái)表達(dá)而成為正確選項(xiàng)。原文原詞利用原文原詞作為正確選項(xiàng)。(三)細(xì)節(jié)理解題擾亂選項(xiàng)特點(diǎn)張冠李戴是原文信息，但不是題目要求的內(nèi)容。惹是生非切合知識(shí)，但不是文章的內(nèi)容。誤解文意與原文的內(nèi)容極其

5、相像，不過(guò)在某個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)處有些改動(dòng)。顛倒黑白在乎思上與原文天壤之別甚至完整相反。正誤各半部分正確，部分錯(cuò)誤。二、方法技巧要用好直接信息題在解答直接信息題時(shí)，考生能夠采納“重點(diǎn)詞定位法”，即“帶著問(wèn)題找答案”的方法，經(jīng)過(guò)定位找題眼。先從題干中提取重點(diǎn)性詞語(yǔ)(題眼)，而后以此為線索，運(yùn)用略讀及尋讀的技巧迅速在文章中找尋與此重點(diǎn)詞有關(guān)的段落、語(yǔ)句，迅速定位該題與哪一段哪一句有關(guān)，而后認(rèn)真斟酌，認(rèn)真比較所給選項(xiàng)與文中細(xì)節(jié)的細(xì)微差別，在正確理解細(xì)節(jié)的前提下，最后確立答案。解題流程圖以下：例(2018全國(guó)卷閱讀D節(jié)選)Ifoundthepre-holidaysagoodtimetoencourageyoung

6、childrentodonateless-usedthings,anditworked.Becauseofourefforts,ourdaughterGeorgiadiddecidetodonatealargebagoftoystoalittlegirlwhosemotherwasunabletopayforherholidayduetoillness.Shechosetosellafewlargerobjectsthatwerelessoftenusedwhenwepromisedtoputthemoneyintoherschoolfund(基金)(ourkindergartendaught

7、erisseriousaboutbecomingadoctor)33WhatmadeGeorgiaagreetosellsomeofherobjects?ASavingupforherholiday.BRaisingmoneyforapoorgirl.CAddingthemoneytoherfund.DGivingthemoneytoasickmother.解題示范第一步：定信息區(qū)間抓重點(diǎn)題干中的重點(diǎn)詞：Georgia,sell,objects鎖信息定位：用Georgia，sell，objects尋讀，在文中找到信息源Shechosetosellafewlargerobjectsthatwer

8、elessoftenusedwhenwepromisedtoputthemoneyintoherschoolfund(基金)(ourdaughterisseriousaboutbecomingadoctor).kindergarten第二步：比對(duì)定答案選項(xiàng)選項(xiàng)意思定位A為她的假期積蓄。誤解文意B為一個(gè)貧窮女孩募捐。誤解文意C把錢(qián)放入她的基金。同義替代D把錢(qián)送給一個(gè)患病的媽媽。惹是生非剖析選C比對(duì)選項(xiàng)和信息句可知，女兒愿意賣(mài)幾件玩具，是因?yàn)槲覀冊(cè)S諾把錢(qián)放入她的修業(yè)基金；選項(xiàng)和原文中均出現(xiàn)fund一詞，故為直接細(xì)節(jié)理解題。應(yīng)選C。間接信息題間接信息題對(duì)比直接信息題，命題的隱蔽性更強(qiáng)，正確選項(xiàng)一般都

9、會(huì)在原文基礎(chǔ)長(zhǎng)進(jìn)行改造。此類題目需要考生將題目信息與原文有關(guān)信息進(jìn)行語(yǔ)義上的變換，有時(shí)還需要進(jìn)一步的加工或整理。例(2018全國(guó)卷閱讀B節(jié)選)Ofthecommonberries,strawberriesarehighestinvitaminC,although,becauseoftheirseeds,raspberriescontainalittlemoreprotein(蛋白質(zhì)),ironandzinc(notthatfruitshavemuchprotein).Blueberriesareparticularlyhighinantioxidants(抗氧化物質(zhì)).Theyellowand

10、orangestonefruitssuchaspeachesarehighinthecarotenoidsweturnintovitaminAandwhichareantioxidants.Asforcherries(櫻桃),theyaresodeliciouswhocares?However,theyarerichinvitaminC.24Whatdoestheauthorseemtolikeaboutcherries?ATheycontainprotein.BTheyarehighinvitaminA.CTheyhaveapleasanttaste.DTheyarerichinantiox

11、idants.解題示范第一步：定信息區(qū)間抓重點(diǎn)題干中的重點(diǎn)詞：cherries鎖信息定位：用cherries尋讀，在文中找到信息源Asforcherriestheyaresodeliciouswhocares?However,theyarerichin(櫻桃),vitaminC.第二步：比對(duì)定答案選項(xiàng)選項(xiàng)意思定位A它們含有蛋白質(zhì)。張冠李戴B它們富含維生素A。張冠李戴C它們口味好。同義替代D它們含有豐富的抗氧化物質(zhì)。張冠李戴剖析選C依據(jù)該段最后一句“Asforcherries(櫻桃),theyaresodeliciouswhocares?However,theyarerichinvitaminC

12、”可知，原文中的theyaresodelicious被替代成選項(xiàng)中的Theyhaveapleasanttaste，為間接細(xì)節(jié)理解題。應(yīng)選C。歸納細(xì)節(jié)理解題歸納、歸納信息是指命題人用精華的語(yǔ)言來(lái)歸納原文中比較分別或復(fù)雜的信息，題人設(shè)計(jì)細(xì)節(jié)理解題的正確選項(xiàng)時(shí)常常使用的手段之一?？忌谝粦?yīng)依照題干指向，這是命找到文中相應(yīng)的信息區(qū)間，而后試試用自己的語(yǔ)言去歸納總結(jié)文中的信息或事實(shí)，而后再看選項(xiàng)，精選出和自己所歸納總結(jié)的信息最靠近的選項(xiàng)作為正確答案。例(2018全國(guó)卷閱讀C節(jié)選)Atpresent,theworldhasabout6,800languages.Thedistributionofthese

13、languagesishugelyuneven.Thegeneralruleisthatmildzoneshaverelativelyfewlanguages,oftenspokenbymanypeople,whilehot,wetzoneshavelots,oftenspokenbysmallnumbers.Europehasonlyaround200languages;theAmericasabout1,000;Africa2,400;andAsiaandthePacificperhaps3,200,ofwhichPapuaNewGuineaaloneaccountsforwellover

14、800.Themediannumber(中位數(shù))ofspeakersisamere6,000,whichmeansthathalftheworldslanguagesarespokenbyfewerpeoplethanthat.30Howmanylanguagesarespokenbylessthan6,000peopleatpresent?AAbout6,800.BAbout3,400.CAbout2,400.DAbout1,200.解題示范第一步：定信息區(qū)間抓重點(diǎn)題干中的重點(diǎn)詞：6,000定位：用6,000尋讀，在文中找到信息源Themediannumber(中位數(shù))of鎖信息speake

15、rsisamere6,000,whichmeansthathalftheworldslanguagesarespokenbyfewerpeoplethanthat.第二步：比對(duì)定答案選項(xiàng)選項(xiàng)意思原文意思定位A大概6800種。6800為此刻世界現(xiàn)存語(yǔ)言數(shù)目。張冠李戴B大概3400種。世界語(yǔ)言總量的一半即為3400。信息歸納C大概2400種。2400為非洲語(yǔ)言數(shù)目。張冠李戴D大概1200種。數(shù)字1200在原文中沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)，也沒(méi)法惹是生非做出有效歸納。剖析選B依據(jù)本段第一句“Atpresent,theworldhasabout6,800languages.”可知，當(dāng)前生界上有大概6800種語(yǔ)言；再依據(jù)

16、最后一句“Themediannumber(中位數(shù))ofspeakersisamere6,000,whichmeansthathalftheworldslanguagesarespokenbyfewerpeoplethanthat.”可知，當(dāng)前生界上一半的語(yǔ)言的使用人數(shù)少于6000，也就是說(shuō)有大概3400種語(yǔ)言的使用人數(shù)少于6000。依據(jù)以上數(shù)據(jù)的歸納歸納可知B項(xiàng)為正確選項(xiàng)。正誤判斷題正誤判斷題是細(xì)節(jié)理解題中解題比較繁瑣的題目，說(shuō)其繁瑣，因?yàn)槠湫畔⒉幌衿溆囝愵}目那樣集中在文章的某一句或某一段，而是分別在文章的各個(gè)角落。對(duì)于這種題目，考生要靜下心來(lái)，看清范圍，確立方向，找到每一個(gè)選項(xiàng)的對(duì)應(yīng)信息后，

17、慎重清除，綜合選優(yōu)。例(2015福建高考閱讀A節(jié)選)FoodfestivalsaroundtheworldStiltonCheeseRollingMayDayisatraditionaldayforcelebrations,butthe2,000EnglishvillagersofStiltonmustbetheonlypeopleintheworldwhoincludecheeserollingintheirannualplans.Teamsoffour,dressedinavarietyofstrangeandfunnyclothes,rollacompletecheesealonga50

18、-metrecourse.Ontheway,theymustnotkickorthrowtheircheese,orgointotheircompetitorslane(賽道)CompetitionisfierceandthechiefprizeisacompleteStiltoncheeseweighingaboutfourkilos(disappointingly,butunderstandablythecheesesusedintheracearewoodenones).Allthecompetitorsareservedwithbeerorportwine,thetraditional

19、accompanimentforStiltoncheese.FieryFoodsFestivalTheHottestFestivalonEarthEveryyearmorethan10,000peopleheadforthecityofAlbuquerque,NewMexico.TheycomefromasfarawayasAustralia,theCaribbeanandChina,buttheyallshareacommonaddictionfoodthatisnotjustspicy(辛辣),buthotenoughtomakeyourmouthburn,yourheadspinandy

20、oureyeswater.TheirdestinationistheFieryFoodandBBQFestivalwhichisheldoveraperiodofthreedayseveryMarch.Youmightliketotryachocolate-coveredhabaneropepperofficiallythehottestpepperintheworldoranyoneofthethousandsofproductsthatareonshow.Butonethingsforsureifyoudontlikethefeelingofaburningtongue,thisfesti

21、valisntforyou!LaTomatinaTheWorldsBiggestFoodFightOnthelastWednesdayofeveryAugust,theSpanishtownofBu?olhostsLaTomatinatheworldslargestfoodfight.Aweek-longcelebrationleadsuptoanexcitingtomatobattleasthehighlightoftheweeksevents.Theearlymorningseesthearrivaloflargetruckswithtomatoesofficialfight-starte

22、rsgetthingsgoingbycastingtomatoesatthecrowd.59WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaccordingtothepassage?AThechiefprizefortheStiltoncheeserollingcompetitionisbeerorportwine.BMorethan10,000ChinesetakepartintheFieryFoodandBBQFestival.CThousandsofspicyfoodsareonshowintheFieryFoodandBBQFestival.DAnexcitingtomatobat

23、tletakesplaceatthebeginningofLaTomatina.解題示范第一步：定信息區(qū)間選項(xiàng)選項(xiàng)重點(diǎn)詞信息區(qū)間ThechiefprizefortheStiltoncheeserollingAcompetition第一段第四句BMorethan10,000Chinese第二段第一、二句CThousandsofspicyfoodsareonshow第二段倒數(shù)第二句DAnexcitingtomatobattletakesplaceatthe第三段第二句beginning第二步：逐個(gè)比對(duì)定答案選項(xiàng)選項(xiàng)意思原文意思定位Stilton轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)奶酪競(jìng)賽的主要獎(jiǎng)品獎(jiǎng)品是acompleteStil

24、tonAcheese。張冠李戴是啤酒或波爾圖葡萄酒。一萬(wàn)多名中國(guó)人參加FieryFoodB參加者來(lái)自世界各地。誤解文意andBBQFestival。在FieryFoodandBBQFestivalC展出了不計(jì)其數(shù)種食品。同義替代上，不計(jì)其數(shù)種辛辣食品被展出。在LaTomatina節(jié)日的開(kāi)始，會(huì)舉D行一場(chǎng)激感人心的“西紅柿大“西紅柿大戰(zhàn)”發(fā)生在節(jié)日結(jié)尾，誤解文意戰(zhàn)”。而不是節(jié)日的開(kāi)始。答案C講堂應(yīng)用體驗(yàn).命題方式練請(qǐng)選擇以下設(shè)誤方式(張冠李戴、惹是生非、誤解文意、顛倒黑白、正誤各半)或正確選項(xiàng)特點(diǎn)(原文原詞、同義替代、信息歸納、正話反說(shuō))填入下表的“診療”一欄中。1(原文節(jié)選)Shortlyaf

25、terthewar,mybrotherandIwereinvitedtospendafewdayswithanunclewhohadjustreturnedfromabroad.Hehadrentedacottageinthecountry,althoughherarelyspentmuchtimethere.Weunderstoodthereasonforthisafterourarrival:thecottagehadnocomfortablefurnitureinit,manyofthewindowswerebrokenandtheroofleaked,makingthewholehou

26、sedamp.Whydidtheuncleseldomspendmuchtimeinthecountrycottage?選項(xiàng)診療ABecausetheroofofthecottagewasfalling.誤解文意BBecausethecottagewasinbadcondition.信息歸納CBecausehewasusedtolivingabroad.誤解文意DBecausetherewasnofurnitureinit.顛倒黑白2(原文節(jié)選)InbetweenrunningoneoftheworldslargestcharitableagenciesandactingasMicrosoft

27、stechnologyadvisor,BillGatesmanagestofindtimetoreadbooks,bothlongandshort.NowGateswhohasbeenlabeleda“greedy”readerhasreleasedalistofhisfavoritebooks.Allofthebooksarestandoutreads,accordingtothebillionaire,mostofwhicharefocusedonbusinessandeconomy.Thebooksmentionedinthetextareallabout_.選項(xiàng)診療Acharityin

28、theworld張冠李戴Bbusinessandeconomy原文原詞Cpovertyintheworld惹是生非DBillGateslife惹是生非experiences3(原文節(jié)選)Thehutwaswarmandquitecomfortableinside.Therewasastove,andsomebreadandbeeronashelf.Oneachsideofthehutwasaroundholelikeawindow,whichcouldbeclosedwithapieceofwood.Theseairholeswereusuallykeptopenwhenthestovewas

29、burning,becausetoomuchsmokeinasmall,airlesshutcouldkilltheshepherd.Thefunctionoftheroundholeswas_.選項(xiàng)診療Atoletthesunshinein惹是生非_Btowarmthehut誤解文意Ctokeepthesmokeout誤解文意_Dtoairthehut信息歸納.語(yǔ)篇綜合練AParkwayCentralLibraryEventsSummerThymeCooksNowthroughWednesday,May10SummerThymeCooksisaFREEcookingprogramfortee

30、nsenteringgrades712.Infourweeklyhands-onclasses,studentswilllearnthefundamentalsofcooking.Foodismeanttobeshared,soeveryclassendswithafamily-stylemeal.Studentsgohomeeachweekwithanewrecipeandagrocerybagfilledwithhealthy,freshingredients(原料)sotheycancookwiththeirfamilies!Questions？CallJamieat215-686-53

31、23.WetheDetectivesFamilyFunMonday,May15ThebestwayforyouthandfamiliestospotwhatsinsideourdoorsistoattendourFamilyEvent,takingplaceonMay15from10：30am.to12：30pm.Thisannualtraditionisamuch-belovedopportunityforfamiliestoexplorethebuilding.ThisyearsFamilyEventwillfeature(以為特點(diǎn))uniqueandinterestingbrunchfo

32、ods,andadetectivestorytimewithourlibrarians.Cost:$50Adult；$25Child(ages316);Freeforchildrenunder3Formoreinformation,pleasecall215-567-7710.TheArtofComicsNowthroughSaturday,May20215-686-5403Anexhibitionofbooksshowsthehistoryofpictorialstorytelling.Theartofseveralpioneersinthemediumisondisplay,includi

33、ngworksbyHokusai,RodolpheT?pffer,andWilhelmBusch.SundayLiteracyProgramSunday,May21215-686-5369Thisprogramoffersdrop-inassistancetostudentsstrugglingtoreadinthe1stthrough3rdgrades.Bothofthetwosessionswillincludethefollowingparts:ReadAloud,IndependentReading,LiteracyGamesandWriting.Participantsneedtor

34、egisterontheirfirstvisit.語(yǔ)篇解讀：本文是一篇應(yīng)用文。文章是對(duì)美國(guó)一家圖書(shū)室的活動(dòng)介紹。1Whatareparticipantsrequiredtodoatthecookingprogram?ASharefood.BBringrecipes.CCookwiththeirfamilies.DLearnbasiccookingskills.分析：選D細(xì)節(jié)理解題。題干的重點(diǎn)信息為cookingprogram，對(duì)應(yīng)第一項(xiàng)活動(dòng)SummerThymeCooks。由該活動(dòng)介紹中的“Infourweeklyhands-onclasses,studentswilllearnthefund

35、amentalsofcooking.”可知，參加該活動(dòng)的人將會(huì)學(xué)習(xí)基本的烹調(diào)技巧。2Whencanyoulookaroundthelibrary?AOnMay10.BOnMay15.COnMay20.DOnMay21.分析：選B細(xì)節(jié)理解題。通覽四項(xiàng)活動(dòng)可知，只有第二項(xiàng)活動(dòng)中提到“traditionisamuch-belovedopportunityforfamiliestoexplorethebuilding.由此活動(dòng)的時(shí)間Monday,May15可知答案。Thisannual”，3HowdoestheSundayLiteracyProgramdifferfromtheothers?AItsf

36、reeofcharge.BItsfamily-friendly.CItrequiresregistration.DItisintendedforadults.分析：選C推理判斷題。依據(jù)文章最后一段可知，第一次參加SundayLiteracyProgram需要注冊(cè)，而其余三項(xiàng)活動(dòng)并未說(shuō)起此點(diǎn)，應(yīng)選C項(xiàng)。BChinesemovietheatersareneverrunningshortofyouthfilms.Youth(芳華),directedbyFengXiaogang,wasreleasedinDecember,2017andhitthescreen.Butthisoneisdifferen

37、t:Itisdedicatedtotheyouthofourparentsgeneration.Setinthe1970s,thestorybeginsinamilitaryarttroupe(演出團(tuán)),inwhichthesoldiersdutiesaretosing,danceandpromoteculture.HeXiaoping,anewcomer,isatalenteddancer.Withapainfulchildhood,shewantstomakeafreshstartinthetroupe,yetherfamilybackgroundmakesherthelaughingst

38、ock(笑柄)amongthegirls.TheonlypersonwhoisnicetoherisLiuFeng,akindandunselfishman.Inmostyouthfilms,thecharacterslifepathsareonlyinfluencedbytheirownchoices.However,theyoungpeopleinYoutharealsoapartof“thewhirlwind(旋風(fēng))ofhistoricalchanges”，asfilmcriticJustinChangwroteintheLosAngelesTimes.Inaperiodofmoreth

39、an30years,theyhavetoexperiencethe“culturalrevolution”(19661976)andtheSino-VietnameseWar,duringwhichLiuFenglosesonearmandHeXiaopingsuffersfromamentalillness.Thedisbandment(解散)ofthetroupealsotearsthemawayfromthelifeandpeopletheyaresofamiliarwith,throwingthemintoanewlifetheyknownothingabout.Theyallhave

40、tolearn“tomakepeacewiththepastandmakethemostofthepresent”，wroteGiovannaFulvionthewebsiteTIFF.Buttheresstillsomethingthatneverchangesaboutyouth.Nomatterwhattimeofhistoryitis,peoplesharethesamelongingforloveandbeauty.Sunshine,laughterandswimmingpoolsthesetypicalimagesofyouthareallwellkeptinMr.Fengsnewfilm.A,Youthisactuallyanostalgic(懷舊的)andp