2022高考英語試題分項(xiàng)版解析專題16科普類說明文含解析

1、2021高考英語試題分項(xiàng)版解析專題16科普類說明文（含解析）PAGE PAGE 166專題16 科普類說明文2018高考題D【2018全國(guó)I】We may think were a culture that gets rid of our worn technology at the first sight of something shiny and new, but a new study shows that we keep using our old devices(裝置) well after they go out of style. Thats bad news for the

2、environment and our wallets as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things.To figure out how much power these devices are using, Callie Babbitt and her colleagues at the Rochester Institute of Technology in New York tracked the environmental costs for

3、each product throughout its life from when its minerals are mined to when we stop using the device. This method provided a readout for how home energy use has evolved since the early 1990s. Devices were grouped by generation Desktop computers, basic mobile phones, and box-set TVs defined 1992. Digit

4、al cameras arrived on the scene in 1997. And MP3 players, smart phones, and LCD TVs entered homes in 2002, before tablets and e-readers showed up in 2007.As we accumulated more devices, however, we didnt throw out our old ones. The living-room television is replaced and gets planted in the kids room

5、, and suddenly one day, you have a TV in every room of the house, said one researcher. The average number of electronic devices rose from four per household in 1992 to 13 in 2007. Were not just keeping these old devices we continue to use them. According to the analysis of Babbitts team, old desktop

6、 monitors and box TVs with cathode ray tubes are the worst devices with their energy consumption and contribution to greenhouse gas emissions（排放）more than doubling during the 1992 to 2007 window.So whats the solution（解決方案）? The teams data only went up to 2007, but the researchers also explored what

7、would happen if consumers replaced old products with new electronics that serve more than one function, such as a tablet for word processing and TV viewing. They found that more on-demand entertainment viewing on tablets instead of TVs and desktop computers could cut energy consumption by 44%.32. Wh

8、at does the author think of new devices?A. They are environment-friendly. B. They are no better than the old.C. They cost more to use at home. D. They go out of style quickly.33. Why did Babbitts team conduct the research?A. To reduce the cost of minerals.B. To test the life cycle of a product.C. To

9、 update consumers on new technology.D. To find out electricity consumption of the devices.34. Which of the following uses the least energy?A. The box-set TV. B. The tablet.C. The LCD TV. D. The desktop computer.35. What does the text suggest people do about old electronic devices?A. Stop using them.

10、 B. Take them apart.C. Upgrade them. D. Recycle them.【答案】32. A 33. D 34. B 35. A【解析】本文是一篇科普說明文。文章講述了新舊電子設(shè)備的差別，舊電子設(shè)備耗能高，不環(huán)保。所以作者主張使用新電子設(shè)備。33. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段中的To figure out how much power these devices are using, Callie Babbitt and her colleagues at the Rochester Institute of Technology in New York tra

11、cked the environmental costs for each product throughout its life 可知，Babbitts team研究的目的是弄清楚這些設(shè)備用了多少電。故選D。34. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章最后一段中的They found that more on-demand entertainment viewing on tablets instead of TVs and desktop computers could cut energy consumption by 44%.可知，平板電腦是耗能最少的電子設(shè)備，可以降低44%的耗能。故選B。35. 推

12、理判斷題。根據(jù)文章的整體內(nèi)容可知，因?yàn)榕f的電子設(shè)備耗能高，不環(huán)保。所以作者建議停止使用舊的電子設(shè)備。故選A。點(diǎn)睛：熟悉比較句型是徹底理解本文的關(guān)鍵，也是解題的關(guān)鍵。本文中的比較句型：1. Thats bad news for the environment and our wallets as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the news ones that do the same things做同樣的事，舊的過時(shí)的裝置比新裝置消耗更多能源，對(duì)環(huán)境有害，浪費(fèi)錢財(cái)。2. According to the analysi

13、s of Babbitts team, old desktop monitors and box TVs with cathode ray tubes are the worst devices with their energy consumption and contribution to greenhouse gas emissions (排放) more than doubling during the 1992 to 2007 window.根據(jù)Babbitt團(tuán)隊(duì)的分析，舊的桌面監(jiān)視器和陰極射線管箱式電視機(jī)是最差的電子設(shè)備，它們的耗能和溫室氣體的排放是1992到2007window的

14、兩倍還多。3. They found that more on-demand entertainment viewing on tablets instead of TVs and desktop computers could cut energy consumption by 44%.他們發(fā)現(xiàn)在平板電腦上看的隨需變化的娛樂節(jié)目比在電視和電腦上看耗能減少了44%。 B【2018浙江】 Steven Stein likes to follow garbage trucks. His strange habit makes sense when you consider that hes an

15、environmental scientist who studies how to reduce litter, including things that fall off garbage trucks as they drive down the road. What is even more interesting is that one ofSteins jobs is defending an industry behind the plastic shopping bags. Americans use more than 100 billion thin film plasti

16、c bags every year. So many end up in tree branches or along highways that a growing number of cities do not allow them at checkouts(收銀臺(tái)) . The bags are prohibited in some 90 cities in California, including Los Angeles. Eyeing these headwinds, plastic-bag makers are hiring scientists likeSteintomake

17、the case that their products are not as bad for the planet as most people assume. Among the bag makers argument: many cities with bans still allow shopperstopurchase paper bags, which are easily recycled but require more energytoproduce and transport. And while plastic bags may be uglytolook at, the

18、y represent a small percentage of allgarbageon the ground today The industry has also taken aim at the product that has appeared as its replacement: reusable shopping bags. The stronger a reusable bag is, the longer its life and the more plastic-bag use it cancels out. However, longer-lasting reusab

19、le bags often require more energytomake. One study found that a cotton bag must be used at least 131 times to be better for the planet than plastic. Environmentalists dont dispute（質(zhì)疑） these points. They hope paper bags will be banned someday too and want shopperstouse the same reusable bags for year

20、s.24. What has Steven Stein been hired to do?A. Help increase grocery sales.B. Recycle the waste material.C. Stop things falling off trucks.D. Argue for the use of plastic bags.25. What does the word “headwinds”in paragraph 2 refer to?A. Bans on plastic bags.B. Effects of city development.C. Headach

21、es caused by garbage.D. Plastic bags hung in trees.26. What is a disadvantage of reusable bags according to plastic-bag makers?A. They are quite expensive.B. Replacing them can be difficult.C. They are less strong than plastic bags.D. Producing them requires more energy.27. What is the best title fo

22、r the text?A. Plastic, Paper or NeitherB. Industry, Pollution and EnvironmentC. Recycle or Throw AwayD. Garbage Collection and Waste Control【答案】24. D 25. A 26. D 27. A【解析】文章分析了幾種購物袋的使用情況，塑料袋造成了環(huán)境問題，盡管紙袋容易回收，但生產(chǎn)和運(yùn)輸需要更多的能源，希望消費(fèi)者使用耐用可重復(fù)使用的袋子。24. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段one ofSteins jobs is defending an industry beh

23、ind the plastic shopping bags.和第二段plastic-bag makers are hiring scientists likeSteintomake the case that their products are not as bad for the planet as most people assume.可知塑料袋生產(chǎn)商雇用Steven Stein是為了證明他們的產(chǎn)品并不像大多數(shù)人想象的那樣對(duì)地球有害，是對(duì)塑料袋被禁用的解釋和爭(zhēng)論。故選D。25. 詞義猜測(cè)題。上文介紹在許多美國(guó)大城市塑料袋被禁用，看到這種現(xiàn)狀，塑料袋生產(chǎn)商雇用Steven Stein等科學(xué)

24、家是為了證明他們的產(chǎn)品并不像大多數(shù)人想象的那樣對(duì)地球有害。headwinds“逆風(fēng)”，此處指塑料袋被禁用的現(xiàn)狀，即Bans on plastic bags，故選A。26. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段However, longer-lasting reusable bags often require more energytomake.可知塑料袋生產(chǎn)商認(rèn)為生產(chǎn)耐用且能重復(fù)使用的袋子需要更多的能量，故選D。27. 標(biāo)題歸納題。文章講述了使用塑料袋造成的環(huán)境問題，紙袋容易回收，但生產(chǎn)和運(yùn)輸需要更多的能源，希望消費(fèi)者使用耐用可重復(fù)使用的袋子。對(duì)這三種方式進(jìn)行了對(duì)比，Plastic, Paper or N

25、either既能概括全文，又能吸引讀者，最適合作為標(biāo)題。故選A?！军c(diǎn)睛】概括主旨的方法是：先看首尾或各段開頭再看全文找主題句，若無明顯主題句，就通過關(guān)鍵詞句來概括(如議論文中尋找表達(dá)作者觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度的詞句，要看懂全文的主要內(nèi)容，明白了主要內(nèi)容就能準(zhǔn)確概括文章標(biāo)題。小題4要求概括標(biāo)題，本文講述了使用塑料袋造成的環(huán)境問題，紙袋容易回收，但生產(chǎn)和運(yùn)輸需要更多的能源，希望消費(fèi)者使用耐用可重復(fù)使用的袋子。對(duì)這三種方式進(jìn)行了對(duì)比，Plastic, Paper or Neither既能概括全文，又能吸引讀者，適合作為標(biāo)題。C【2018天津卷】Theres a new frontier in 3D printin

26、g thats beginning to come into focus: food. Recent development has made possible machines that print, cook, and serve foods on a mass scale. And the industry isnt stopping there.Food productionWith a 3D printer, a cook can print complicated chocolate sculptures and beautiful pieces for decoration on

27、 a wedding cake. Not everybody can do that it takes years of experience, but a printer makes it easy. A restaurant in Spain uses a Foodini to “re-create forms and pieces” of food that are “exactly the same,” freeing cooks to complete other tasks. In another restaurant, all of the dishes and desserts

28、 it serves are 3D-printed,rather than farm to table.Sustainability(可持續(xù)性）The global population is expected to grow to 9.6 billion by 2050, and some analysts estimate that food production will need to be raised by 50 percent to maintain current levels. Sustainability is becoming a necessity. 3D food p

29、rinting could probably contribute to the solution. Some experts believe printers could use hydrocolloids (水解膠體) from plentiful renewables like algae(藻類) and grass to replace the familiar ingredients(烹飪?cè)?. 3D printing can reduce fuel use and emissions. Grocery stores of the future might stock food t

30、hat lasts years on end, freeing up shelf space and reducing transportation and storage requirements.NutritionFuture 3D food printers could make processed food healthier. Hod Lipson, a professor at Columbia University, said, “Food printing could allow consumers to print food with customized nutrition

31、al content, like vitamins. So instead of eating a piece of yesterdays bread from the supermarket, youd eat something baked just for you on demand.”ChallengesDespite recent advancements in 3D food printing, the industry has many challenges to overcome. Currently, most ingredients must be changed to a

32、 paste(糊狀物) before a printer can use them, and the printing process is quite time-consuming, because ingredients interact with each other in very complex ways. On top of that, most of the 3D food printers now are restricted to dry ingredients, because meat and milk products may easily go bad. Some e

33、xperts are skeptical about 3D food printers, believing they are better suited for fast food restaurants than homes and high-end restaurants.46. What benefit does 3D printing bring to food production?A. It helps cooks to create new dishes.B. It saves time and effort in cooking.C. It improves the cook

34、ing conditions.D. It contributes to restaurant decorations.47. What can we learn about 3D food printing from Paragraphs 3?A. It solves food shortages easily.B. It quickens the transportation of food.C. It needs no space for the storage of food.D. It uses renewable materials as sources of food.48. Ac

35、cording to Paragraph 4, 3D-printed food _.A. is more available to consumersB. can meet individual nutritional needsC. is more tasty than food in supermarketsD. can keep all the nutrition in raw materials49. What is the main factor that prevents 3D food printing from spreading widely?A. The printing

36、process is complicated.B. 3D food printers are too expensive.C. Food materials have to be dry.D. Some experts doubt 3D food printing.50. What could be the best title of the passage?A. 3D Food Printing: Delicious New TechnologyB. A New Way to Improve 3D Food PrintingC. The Challenges for 3D Food Prod

37、uctionD. 3D Food Printing: From Farm to Table【答案】46. B 47. D 48. B 49. C 50. A【解析】本文是一篇科普類短文閱讀。文章主要介紹了3D打印技術(shù)在食物上的應(yīng)用取得了進(jìn)展，但目前仍面臨著許多方面的挑戰(zhàn)。46. 推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章Food production中敘述了沒有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的人可以用3D打印機(jī)做出復(fù)雜的巧克力雕塑和美麗的婚禮蛋糕，以及餐廳能夠用3D打印出所有的菜肴和甜點(diǎn)，從而可以推斷出3D打印的優(yōu)勢(shì)是節(jié)省了做飯的時(shí)間和精力。故選B。48. 推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第四段Food printing could allow con

38、sumers to print food with customized nutritional content, like vitamins.（食品打印可以讓消費(fèi)者打印定制營(yíng)養(yǎng)的食物），從而可以推斷出3D打印出來的食物可以滿足個(gè)人營(yíng)養(yǎng)需求。故選B。49. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章最后一段most of the 3D food printers now are restricted to dry ingredients, because meat and milk products may easily go bad.可知，阻止3D打印食物進(jìn)一步廣泛使用的原因是原料必須是干的，含水多的肉和牛奶不能

39、應(yīng)用于3D打印因?yàn)楹苋菀讐?。故選C。50. 主旨大意題。文章主要介紹了3D打印技術(shù)在食物上的應(yīng)用取得了進(jìn)展，但目前仍面臨著許多方面的挑戰(zhàn)。所以用標(biāo)題3D Food Printing: Delicious New Technology，故選A。 點(diǎn)睛：科普類說明文歷來是高考閱讀理解命題的重點(diǎn)。本文是一篇3D打印技術(shù)在食物方面的應(yīng)用，文章運(yùn)用一些小標(biāo)題和對(duì)一些專業(yè)詞匯作了多處中文注釋，降低了考生的閱讀難度。文章邏輯性強(qiáng)，條理清楚，主要考查學(xué)生對(duì)語篇的整體把握和領(lǐng)悟能力以及對(duì)特定細(xì)節(jié)的認(rèn)讀和處理能力。最后一小題考查主旨大意，為文章選擇出最好的標(biāo)題?？忌龃祟}時(shí)一定要注意選擇項(xiàng)必須要能概括整個(gè)文章的內(nèi)

40、容，不能以偏概全。如B、C、D選擇項(xiàng)在文章中都有所涉及，但不足以概括全文，所以需要考生正確概括全文的主旨大意。C2018北京卷Plastic-Eating WormsHumans produce more than 300 million tons of plastic every year. Almost half of that winds up in landfills(垃圾填埋場(chǎng)), and up to 12 million tons pollute the oceans. So far there is no effective way to get rid of it, but a

41、 new study suggests an answer may lie in the stomachs of some hungry worms. Researchers in Spain and England recently found that the worms of the greater wax moth can break down polyethylene, which accounts for 40% of plastics. The team left 100 wax worms on a commercial polyethylene shopping bag fo

42、r 12 hours, and the worms consumed and broke down about 92 milligrams, or almost 3% of it. To confirm that the worms chewing alone was not responsible for the polyethylene breakdown, the researchers made some worms into paste(糊狀物) and applied it to plastic films. 14 hours later the films had lost 13

43、% of their mass apparently broken down by enzymes (酶) from the worms stomachs. Their findings were published in Current Biology in 2017.Federica Bertocchini, co-author of the study, says the worms ability to break down their everyday food beeswax also allows them to break down plastic. Wax is a comp

44、lex mixture, but the basic bond in polyethylene, the carbon-carbon bond, is there as well, she explains, The wax worm evolved a method or system to break this bond. Jennifer DeBruyn, a microbiologist at the University of Tennessee, who was not involved in the study, says it is not surprising that su

45、ch worms can break down polyethylene. But compared with previous studies, she finds the speed of breaking down in this one exciting. The next step, DeBruyn says, will be to identify the cause of the breakdown. Is it an enzyme produced by the worm itself or by its gut microbes(腸道微生物)?Bertocchini agre

46、es and hopes her teams findings might one day help employ the enzyme to break down plastics in landfills. But she expects using the chemical in some kind of industrial process not simply millions of worms thrown on top of the plastic.43. What can we learn about the worms in the study?A. They take pl

47、astics as their everyday food.B. They are newly evolved creatures.C. They can consume plastics.D. They wind up in landfills.44. According to Jennifer DeBruyn, the next step of the study is to .A. identify other means of the breakdownB. find out the source of the enzymeC. confirm the research finding

48、sD. increase the breakdown speed45. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that the chemical might .A. help to raise wormsB. help make plastic bagsC. be used to clean the oceansD. be produced in factories in future46. What is the main purpose of the passage?A. To explain a study method on worms.

49、B. To introduce the diet of a special worm.C. To present a way to break down plastics.D. To propose new means to keep eco-balance.C【文章大意】 本文是一篇科普知識(shí)類文章。從環(huán)保理念出發(fā)，文章圍繞一種可以降解塑料的蟲子大蠟螟展開，描述了研究進(jìn)展及蟲子能降解塑料的原理，即使用其胃中的酶降解塑料，為塑料污染問題提供了新的思路。43. C細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段中的“The team left 100 wax worms on a commercial polyethy

50、lene shopping bag for 12 hours, and the worms consumed and broke down about 92 milligrams, or almost 3% of it.”可知，這些蟲子可以消耗聚乙烯購物袋，即塑料袋。故選C。44. B推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第二段中的“The next step, DeBruyn says, will be to identify the cause of the breakdown. Is it an enzyme produced by the worm itself or by its gut microb

51、es (腸道微生物)？”可知，下一步是探究酶的來源。故選C。45. D推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段“But she expects using the chemical in some kind of industrial process-not simply millions of worms thrown on top of the plastic”可知研究者希望那些化學(xué)物品可以批量生產(chǎn)，而不是將許多蟲子直接扔在垃圾堆里。故選D。46. C寫作意圖題。全文都在圍繞可以降解垃圾的蟲子展開，文章的目的就是向讀者呈現(xiàn)這種獨(dú)特的降解塑料的方式。故選A。2017高考題科普知識(shí)類 2017北京卷DHo

52、llywoods theory that machines with evil(邪惡的) minds will drive armies of killer robots is just silly. The real problem relates to the possibility that artificial intelligence(AI) may become extremely good at achieving something other than what we really want. In 1960 a wellknown mathematician Norbert

53、 Wiener, who founded the field of cybernetics(控制論), put it this way: “If we use, to achieve our purposes, a mechanical agency with whose operation we cannot effectively interfere(干預(yù)), we had better be quite sure that the purpose put into the machine is the purpose which we really desire.”A machine w

54、ith a specific purpose has another quality, one that we usually associate with living things: a wish to preserve its own existence. For the machine, this quality is not inborn, nor is it something introduced by humans; it is a logical consequence of the simple fact that the machine cannot achieve it

55、s original purpose if it is dead. So if we send out a robot with the single instruction of fetching coffee, it will have a strong desire to secure success by disabling its own off switch or even killing anyone who might interfere with its task. If we are not careful, then, we could face a kind of gl

56、obal chess match against very determined, super intelligent machines whose objectives conflict with our own, with the real world as the chessboard. The possibility of entering into and losing such a match should concentrate the minds of computer scientists. Some researchers argue that we can seal th

57、e machines inside a kind of firewall, using them to answer difficult questions but never allowing them to affect the real world. Unfortunately, that plan seems unlikely to work: we have yet to invent a firewall that is secure against ordinary humans, let alone super intelligent machines.Solving the

58、safety problem well enough to move forward in AI seems to be possible but not easy. There are probably decades in which to plan for the arrival of super intelligent machines. But the problem should not be dismissed out of hand, as it has been by some AI researchers. Some argue that humans and machin

59、es can coexist as long as they work in teamsyet that is not possible unless machines share the goals of humans. Others say we can just “switch them off” as if super intelligent machines are too stupid to think of that possibility. Still others think that super intelligent AI will never happen. On Se

60、ptember 11, 1933, famous physicist Ernest Rutherford stated, with confidence, “Anyone who expects a source of power in the transformation of these atoms is talking moonshine.” However, on September 12, 1933, physicist Leo Szilard invented the neutroninduced(中子誘導(dǎo)) nuclear chain reaction.67Paragraph 1