臨床心理學英文課件chapter5defineandmeasurestressII

1、臨床心理學英文課件chapter5defineandmeasurestressII臨床心理學英文課件chapter5defineandmeasContents:Measurement of stressSources of stressCoping with stressContents:Measurement of stress1Methods of measurementTwo broad categories:Physiological measures: stress is a biological response that can be measured much as any o

2、ther biological response.Self-reports: measure either life events or daily hassles.1Methods of measurementTwo brPhysiological measureone method of measuring stress uses various physiological and biochemical measures, including blood pressure, heart rate, galvanic skin response, respiration rate.Poly

3、graphs: “l(fā)ie detectors”Physiological measureone metho臨床心理學英文課件chapter5defineandmeasurestressII臨床心理學英文課件chapter5defineandmeasurestressIIPhysiological measureA more common approach to the physiological measurement of stress is through its association with the release of hormones.Usually by testing hor

4、mones in blood or urine.Epinephrine and norepinephrineCortisolPhysiological measureA more coDisadvantage and advantage of Physiological measureDisadvantage: The mechanical and electrical hardware and clinical setting that are frequently used may themselves produce stress.Advantage: being direct, hig

5、hly reliable and easily quantified.Disadvantage and advantage of Self-report measuresLife-events scalesEveryday hassles scalesReliability and validity of stress measuresSelf-report measuresLife-eventLife-events scalesSelf-report instruments: 1950s-1960sSRRS: social readjustment rating scale, develop

6、ed by Thomas H. Holmes and Richard Rahe in 1967.Total scores: 300 pointsLife-events scalesSelf-report 臨床心理學英文課件chapter5defineandmeasurestressIIOther stress inventoriesUndergraduate stress questionnaire (USQ): within 2 weeks.The perceived stress scale (PSS): 14 items, including daily hassles, major e

7、vents, and changes in coping resourcesduring the past monthOther stress inventoriesUndergEveryday hassles scalesLazarus and his associates pioneered an approach to stress measurement that looks at daily hassles rather than life events.“daily hassles”: experiences and conditions of daily living that

8、have been appraised as salient and harmful or threatening to the endorsers well-being.Everyday hassles scalesLazarusHassles scalesLazarus(1981): Hassles scale: 117 itemsUplift scale: 138 itemsRevised hassles and uplift scales(1988)Hassles scale: 53 itemsUplift scale: 53 itemsMuch short and better pr

9、edictive powerHassles scalesLazarus(1981): Reliability and validity of stress measuresReliability: the consistency with which an instrument measures whatever it measures.Validity: the extent to which it measures what it is supposed to measure.Overreporting or underreporting problemsReliability and v

10、alidity of st2Sources of stressCataclysmic eventsLife eventsDaily hassles2Sources of stressCataclysmicCataclysmic eventsCataclysmic events: “sudden, unique, and powerful single life-events requiring major adaptive responses from population groups sharing the experience.”Unintentional events: such as

11、 natural disasters as hurricanes, typhoons, fires, tornadoes, floods, earthquakesIntentional events: such as kill large numbers of people and create stress, grief, and fear among survivors.Cataclysmic eventsCataclysmic Intentional acts seem to produce more widespread stress than do natural disasters

12、.Intentional acts seem to produLife eventsLife events: when people are required to make some sort of change or readjustment, they feel stressed.Life events usually evolve more slowly.Life eventsLife events: when pDaily hasslesThe stress brought on by daily hassles can originate from both the physica

13、l and the psychosocial environment.Urban press: the crowding, noise, pollution, fear of crime, personal alienation.DiscriminationDaily hasslesThe stress broughPopulation density: a physical condition in which a large population occupies a limited space.Crowding: a psychological condition that arises

14、 from a persons perception of the high-density environment in which that person in confined.Population density: a physicalDaily hassles and psychosocial environmentThe stressors originate in the everyday social environment from sources such as community, workplace, and family interactions.Discrimina

15、tion.High demand and low control in workplace.Multiple rolesDaily hassles and psychosocial3Coping with stressCoping: strategies that individuals use to manage the distressing problems and emotions in their lives.Personal resources that influence copingPersonal coping strategies3Coping with stressCop

16、ing: stPersonal resources that influence copingHealth and energyPositive beliefProblem solving skillsMaterial resourcesSocial skillsPersonal resources that influeSocial supportSocial support refers to a variety of material and emotional supports a person receives from others.Social contacts and soci

17、al networkSocial isolation: refers to an absence of specific, meaningful interpersonal relations.Social supportSocial support rStress-buffering hypothesisSocial support lessens or eliminates the harmful effects of stress and therefore protects against disease and death.Stress-buffering hypothesisSoc

18、Personal controlPersonal control: confidence that they have some control over the events that shape their lives.Julian Rotter: locus of controlInternal locus of control: people who believe that they control their own lives .External locus of control: people who believe that luck, fate, or the acts o

19、f others determine their lives.Personal controlPersonal contrPersonal hardinessKobasa and Maddi(1977): The hardy personality model: authentic, psychologically healthy people do not passively accept their fate, but rather seize and maintain control of their life.Personal hardinessKobasa and MPersonal coping strategiesProblem