從迷茫的瑪爾特的悲劇看女性存在的社會價值

1、從迷茫的瑪爾特的悲劇看女性存在的社會價值abstratinthenvelredandblak,theherineathlideisdeeplyinfluenedbyfrenhrevlutin,hihbrughtherself-aarenessasaan.hever,sheuldntfindutarightaytertifyhersialvaluefexistene,hihatlastausedthetragedyfherlveandallfherlife.athildestragedyindiatesthatensself-aarenessuldbekilledunderthepatriarh

2、yulture.thispaperpintsutthatasindependentindividualsinsiety,enhavetheirnsialvalues.theyareequalitheninthegenderrld.thrughtheanalysisfthetragedyfathlide,andthestateentabutentraditinalvalueshiheffetntheirsialvaluesfexistene,thispapertriestexplainhenfinduttheirsialvaluesfexistene.keyrdstragedy;fealeval

3、ue;self-aareness;existene;patriarhy摘要小說?紅與黑?中，女主人翁瑪爾特受法國革命的影響，有了朦朧的女性自我意識，但她卻找不到證實自我存在的正確道路，最終導致了她的愛情乃至一生的悲劇?，敔柼氐谋瘎☆A示著在父權的世界里，女性自我意識的出現(xiàn)最終會被扼殺在父權這個宏大的陰影下。本論文的觀點是女性作為一個獨立的社會人，她們有其自身的社會價值，并且應該同男性一樣平等地生活在這個兩性的世界里。論文通過對瑪爾特的悲劇性的分析，對女性傳統(tǒng)價值對其社會價值影響的陳述，試圖說明女性怎樣尋找其社會存在價值。關鍵詞悲劇性；女性價值；自我意識；存在；父權intrdutinthefren

4、hrevlutinbrkeutinthe18thentury.itsaiasteedutfeudalis.inrdertrealizethisintentin,frenhnasentburgeisiesdelared:“l(fā)iberty,equality,andfraternity.butthatslganexludeden.atthattie,lypedeguge,afrenhanleaderpublishedherfausdelaratinntherightffealeitizensin1791,hihisregardedasthebeginningfenveent.frthenn,enha

5、vebeenfightingfrtheirrightsagainandagainallvertherld.hever,ensself-aarenessuldntbeaeptedinburbnrestratintie.in1804,thefrenhivildedelaredinthe213ite:“ahusbandshuldprtethisife,andhisifeshuldbeyherhusband,andinthe225ite“hattie,fealeasntadittedtbeequalithenintheirstatusan

6、henvelredandblak,theherineathilde,aarquissdaughter,livedinburbnrestratintiehenensthughtserettallyntrlledbyreliginandpatriarhy.hever,sheasdeeplyinfluenedbyseenleadersinthe18thfrenhrevlutin.justasshesaid:“ifthereisarevlutin,hyshuldntjuliensrelplaythepa

7、rtfrland,andithatfrs.rland?ipreferherrletrs.destaels:iralndutillhldyubakinurentury.(sitangda,2002,366).henvel,athlidessialvaluenlyaefrjulienslvefrher.but,thelveaslstatlast.iteansavitryfthepatriarhy.thispaperilltrytexplainanddisussthe

8、ensialvaluefexistenefrthefllingthreeaspets.first,thepaperistanalyzethetragedyfathlide.send,itisabutseeffetsfenstraditinalvaluesntheirsialvaluefexistene.thethirdpartisabuthenintheirsialvalue.i.analysisfthetragedyfathilda.seeffetsftheensthughtsffrenhrevlutinnathlidethefrenhriter,saint-realhassaid,“anv

9、elisairrryuturnthisayandthatasyugdnapath.(sitangda,2002,23).thateansdifferentpeplehavedifferentviesabutasaenvel.beausefthis,peplealaysliketfindarret“irrrfranvel.antraditryhuannaturefaanisrepresentedinthenvelredandblakandanypepleknabutit,hileaaninanagnyfsulfathildeinitisignred.athildeisthedaughterfar

10、quisfdelale.itseesthatshehaseverything,butatuallysheisatragian.nthenehand,sheantstfinduthersialvaluefexistenethatistnjulienslve.nthetherhand,shedesnthavers.derenals“feininedeliaydefinedbyen.shehasanbsureansself-aarenesshihakesherbeanindependentindividualratherthanaanssubsidiarysstuff.livinginthe19th

11、entury,athildeasdeeplyinfluenedbythefrenhrevlutininthe18thentury,inhihsheishedtlivebeausepepleuldfightfrsethingthattheyantedatthattie.asshesaid:“thearsfleagueerefranesheriage,atthattieeverynefughttgetthepartiularthingheanted,takehispartytriuph,andntjusttinabringlasslikeinthetiefyureperr.yuustagreeth

12、atthereaslessegisandpetty-indedness,ilvethatentury.(sitangda,2002,772)thefrenhrevlutinfightsfrhuanrights.natterhattheirsiallassesare,bthenandenhavedevtedttherevlutin.allfthetakepartintherits.njune14th1789,henpeplebrkethrughthekiribatihell,nefthefausenleadersranintthekiribatihell.thatisthefrenhensfir

13、stlarge-saleapaign,hiheansensaaking.in1798,thedelaratinfrightsftheitizensasenated.itlearlyadvates“l(fā)iberty,equalityandfraternity,butenhavenrightstenjythe.sinethenenhavebeguntfrightfrtheirrights.athildesidl,thefeinistrs.rlandlivedin18thentury.sheheldensnstitutinalunilanddeandedtaddensvterightstthensti

14、heend,sheenttguilltine.“ifthereisarevlutin,hyshuldntjuliensrelplaythepartfrland,andithatfrs.rland?ipreferherrletrs.destaels:iralndutillhldyubakinurentury(sitangda,2002,366).inthenvel,athildespersnalityisshnverylearly.livinginburbnrestratin,sheprefersrs.rlandanevilaninenseyestrs.destaelahara

15、terinthenvelhns“feininedeliaythatenenjy.ensself-aarenesshassprutedinher.athildeasdifferentfrtherenhbedientlysubitintheburbnrestratin.sheappreiatesensthughtsfnaplenstie.“neday,hereyesshinningiththepleasurehihdentessinerity,shetldjulienadiringlyabutaanhlivedinnaplensentury:findingherhusbandunfaithful,

16、shehadstabbedhitdeath.(sitangda,2002,890).thatakesherbeapartiularan.astherdritteninthenvelsays,athideslively,trenhantandpituresqueayflkingatthingsruinedherstyle,asyuansee.ftennefherexpressinasfelttbeabltbyherexquisitelyplitefriends.theyuldalsthaveadittedttheselves,ifshehadbeenlessinfashin,thatherspe

17、ehasjustabittlrfulfrfeininedeliay(sitangda,2002,777)sineenerentalledthaverightsandthughtsin19thentury,herthughtsfensaarenessuldntbeaepted.in1793,thefrenhngressdelared:“en,aden,he19thentury,burbnrestratinaddedsererulesthatrejetedensrights.in1804,thefrenhivildedelar

18、edinthe213ite:“ahusbandshuldprtethisife,andhisifeshuldbeyherhusband,andinthe225ite“aanustsubitherhusbandandhurh.evenathildestherpletelypliediththseregulatins.asitsaysinthenvel,herruleseretadirehateverentertainsherhusband.b.athlidesvaluefexisteneathildestragedydesntefrherlstlvefrjulien.infat,hersadne

19、ssisthatsheishesthavejulienslvetertifyhersialvalue.hever,herarrgantthughtsandbsureensself-aarenessakejulienunabletlveher.althughbthjulienandathildeishtliveinnaplenstie,thekeyprbleiseveninnaplenstie,enssialvalueserestillntrlledbypatriarhy.inhapter11atthebeginningtheauthrqutesasentenebyeriee:“iadirehe

20、rbeauty,butiliveinfearfherind.(sitangda,2002,773).thatillustratesjuliensfeelingfrathilde.asapriestinthe19thentury,hever,julienreallybelievedinnaplen,vltaireandthusseaufrtheirfreeidelgy.buteitherthehurhrpepleiththatidelgyhadansenselikethisfealeasntadittedtequalithenintheirstatusandthughts.thenflitbet

21、eenjulienstraditinalvaluesandathlidesntraditryensaareness.russeausaysinhisnveleile:“bthenandenexistfreahther,buttheirinter-dependeneisdifferent.iftherearenen,enstillexist.butiftherearenen,ensexisteneillbeeaprble.enrelynensfeelingsandtheiraards.(sitangda,2002,74)thatisrusseausstandardsabuten,hihisens

22、t.julienhasaverystrngpride,butitanntsayhealshasthesaestrngpersnality.nthentrary,heiseakerthanathilde.henathildesself-aarenessappears,hebeessared.heneedsallenergiestkeephiselffrsinkingintdespairhenhefaestathlide.thatisverydiffiultthi.hisidealanshuldbers.derenalhsubitsensper.butitisapitythatathildeisn

23、tthiskindfen,sheisantraditrylady.nthenehand,shelngsfrningherself-aarenessandindependenebeauseftheaffetsffrenhrevlutin.nthetherhand,shehishessheuldbeunderntrlfjulien.inhapter9,afterhavinganderfulnightithjulien,sheisatherindsayingtjulienhenjulienleaves:“thisishatyurservantssendyu,itsthesignfeternalbed

24、iene.ireurthesefyreasn,beyaster.(sitangda,2002,665)hileinhapter20:thejapanesevase,thisntraditryladysthinkingisverydifferent,athidesheartisaashithglatingpride,sshehasbeenabletbreakitffirrevablyfrever!triuphingsttallyversuhaperattrativeuldakeherperfetlyhappy.asthingsare,thislittlegentleanillunderstand

25、neandfrallthathedesnthaveeverhadanyhldvere.(sitangda,2002,912).thatisathildsntraditin,andthestsadnessfherissheuldntfindutarightaytertifyhersialvaluefexistene.ppsitetit,shehpesthieastrngerpatriarhytntrlher.“ivegtyselfaaster!saidathildetherself,“hehasatreendushldvere,sinehereignsthrughterrrandaninflit

26、adreadfulpunishentneifipushhitfar!(sitangda,2002,673).butjulineanteetherneeds,hatheandisbakingtrs.derenalsar.athildestragedyisalsfealestragedy.henfealesself-aarenessppsesagainsttheirtraditinalvaluedefinedbyale,therearenlytaysfrthetg.thatistbliteratetheirself-aarenessrteettalesvaluestandards.ii.analy

27、sisftheeffetfenstraditinalvaluesntheirsialvaluesfexisteneaenstraditinalvaluesrs.derenalnsjulienslvehileathildelsesit.thateansavitryfthepatriarhy.thrughtheages,enalaysliveinastrangesituatin.theiriagesarepraisedinanyliteraryrks,butinfattheyarentalledtberitteninthistryandarentpaidattentinsseriuslybysie

28、ty.inreallife,hentheirparentsfrethetputnaring,theybeetheirhusbandsprperty.andtheirsialexisteneshsenssialpsitin.enarensideredasanythingexepttheselves.theybelngten,livingunderthepatriarhyandarentadittedtntheirself-aareness.asitisentinedbefre,athildelstjulienslvebeausefherself-aarenessnflitsithpatriarh

29、y.patriarhyisabslutelyagainstathildesself-aareness,justassindebeavvir,afrenhfeinistriter,says,sheastaughtthatsheustpleasethers;sheusttransfrtheselvesint“bjets.therefre,sheshuldgiveupherspntaneusnature.thatpepletreatherlikealivingdll.sheisntfree,thusitbeesviiusirle:thereshedidntuseherfreedtlearnandap

30、turetherldarundher,therseshedepletedherspiritanduldntdefiniteherself-assertivepersn.(beavvir,1987,261)thatisenstraditinalvalue.frentstudyinsietyistlearnhtpleaseen.hattheyhavelearnedinsietyishtbeenssubstitutes.therefre,intheirthughtsandstatus,enanntbeequalithen.b.thedisriinatininensrkandlivingnditins

31、athildestragedyisatragedyfthehleenhistry.itistruethatenspsitintdayishigherthanthseensundertheldregie.frexaple,nenhavevterightsandeplyentrights.butitanntbethughtthatenarereallyequalithen.beavvirsaysinhernvelthesendsex,“ishallbetldallthisisutpianfany,beauseananntbetransfredunlesssietyhasfirstadeherrea

32、dytheequalfan.(beavvir,1987,124).thereissedisriinatinstillinensrkandlivingnditinsinsiety.1.genderdisriinatininrkntsurprisingly,ensadvaygrupsaretdayishingrepealtheserestritivepliies,thusputtingpressurenpliyakertjustifytheexlusinfen.thesepliiesakerissinstudyafterstudytduenttheelusivedifferenesbeteenen

33、anden,explringeverythingfrensupperbdystrength,ttheirralinintegratedbatunits,ttheirfeininityinrdertjustifyexludingthefrbatspeialties.anairfreaptainhasasubjetinastudy-evaluatinganinpilttrainingshlsaidthisfherinstrutin.“itasatestprgra;theyantedtnitrhtheenereding.thefirstlasshaditbad,hihausesbadfeelings

34、beteentheenandenbeausetheeneretreatedspeial.headquartersnitredeverythingtheydid.itasalstliketheyeretreateddifferentstheyhadtatdifferent.(illia,1989,64).this“searhfrdifferenebeliestheilitarysfundaentalunillingnesstaeptenintitsranks.ntnefthesestudieshasfundthatenasagrupareeitherinapabler“substandardpa

35、redtenasagrup.yetthedisriinatinpliiesreain.thedisriinatininrkalsrefletsinenssalaries.stenintherldarerkinginlerjbs,suhasaaidservant,anurseandsn,hiharealled“pinkslu.theyrkfrlngertiethanenbuthavelersalaries.instpartsftherld,thesalariesfareerenare30%-40%lerthanthatfareerennaverage.theratefenseplyentisnl

36、y34.5%intherld.thateansitislikelyfrentsufferdisriinatinandbeaughtinpvertyinanytiebeausefnindependeneine.2.genderdisriinatininlivinghereisahatfrasianfailiesattitudetfeales.thedisriinatinintheirlivingnditinsisebdiedintheirhighdeathratehentheyarebrn.untriesrreginstheatualperentageexpetperentageensfigur

37、es(illin)theperentagefenissingissingenhina1:0.661:010548.75.329.1india1:0.771:020406.35.622.8pakistan1:1.051:02540.07.83.1egypt1:0.471:020basednthebrnrateanddeathrateinastableppulatinlevel.sure:ansleyjale:tanydeathsinenandgenderbalaneintheppulatin“theestiatednuberfissinen.ppulatinanddevelp

38、entrevie.searhingfrtheauseftheenstraditinenstraditinalvalueshavesuhagreatinfluenentheirsialvalues.ttraebaktentraditinalsialvalue,religinsplayaveryiprtantrleinenhistry.generallyspeaking,religiusbeliefsaretheausesinthefrfhuanbeliefs,values,anddefbehavirs.andsexisaniprtantpartinreliginsthelgy,ulturalva

39、lue,andereny.searhingfrtherlesfsexinthereligins,eillunderstandthertfthesex/gendersyste.takeanexaplefpuritansattitudesabuten.puritansfundatinvieabutenisnthebasisftheldtestaentandhebrespatriarhyvalue.theythinkfealeslivingpurpseistbeaaleshelpateandbearltsfbabies.fealesshuldsubittheirhusbandsandtheirhus

40、bandsshuldbetheauthrffealesral.ensbearingpainisnsideredasapunishentbeausefevestreahery.“iillgreatlyultiplythesrrandthyneptin,insrrhulshaltbringfrthhildren(kelaini,2022,375).puritansfindutrearnstprveenshuldsubittheirhusbandinthenetestaent,“fundaentallyspeaking,endidntefren,butenerereatedfren.theifesh

41、uldbeytheirhusbandasdidbeyasters.justlikejesushrististheheadfthehurh.justlikejesushrististheheadfthehurh.anistheheadfen.(kelaini,2022,384).intheirind,eveshuldbeasernfallfen.enustunderalesntrl,ifenletthealng,enillberietlureen,andenillfllthesaelddisastrusrad.thehiefviefreliginistsuppressensself-aarene

42、ss.ittellsenthattheirrespnsibilitiesinsietyaretbegdivesandthers,hatsre,theyshuldkeeptheirtraditinalvalueespeiallytheirdestandurteusbediently.iii.theaytinsialvaluesa.rejetinftheunfairiagesreliginexpandstheinequalityiagesten.atthesaetieitsupprtsenttreatthseeninunfairays,hrssedtheirgenderrifledesignate

43、dbyen.thereliginexpandspatriarhyanddeniestensself-aareness,reandreenthinkitisneessarytertifythesethughtsinreliginsaredisriinatinintheirsialpsitins.in1848,therepresentativesfseneafallnferenejudgedunequaltreatedfreninhurh,hihnsideredasthebeginningfaerianensveents.reandreenfeelthehangefthegendersituati

44、ninthehurhisveryiprtant.theythinktheajrityffealepriestsshstrngerfeinistperspetive.freninthehurh,reandreevidenestestifyseeffetsnthengregatinsfthefealepriestsaredifferentfralepriests.aiddle-agedfealeathlissaysinherletterbeausethepriestisafeale,herrshipbeesdifferent.shethinkssheandhatthefealepriestd.in

45、herlife,thisisthefirsttieshefeelsshealsanlearnthseprayers,studylaanddrship.beingaarefthisfat,shefeelsbetternthership,andanfusnthehrist.b.independeneinenysindebeauvirthinksifenanttnanequalpsitin,theyusthaveajbandknledge,frthese,theyanbeeindependent.butsietyusesvariusaystprveennttsuittindependent,eanh

46、ile,itrestritsenntheirfreed.itantstprvethatenustdependnensenyandspiritual.thustheseenhareinsuhpsitinsantthangeitandsurvivetheselves,firsttheyuststrivetextriatethefrenydependene.nlyaessingttheequalenistatus,enanreallybeethesubjetratherthanjusttheensexistenebjet.eanhile,arxisttheryalsnsiderstheenyisav

47、eryiprtantdeisivepartfhuanlife.itthinksthatenifundaentalshaveadeisiverlefrthesuperstruture.althughenyandulturaldevelpenthaveanibalanepressinthedevelpentfthestate,enyplaysafinaldeisinrle.lfinhernvelarfnesnhusebelievesifaanantstrite,sheustnahuseandenughneytaintainherlife.thereisndubledthatenyindepende

48、neisveryiprtantfren.enshuldhavejbstearnneytrealizetheirindependeneineny.thestiprtantqualifiatinfrtheeanipatinfenisallfthebakttheirjbs.theayfrtheenhanttbeindependentistntheirjbs,eanhile,theirhusehlddutiesnlyapturetheirlittletie.hereisaninterestingthingfrentday.anekindfpst-feinistiseergingthatuldhavet

49、hesuffragettesturningintheirgraves.theyarehighlyeduated,haveassiveearningptentialanderebrughtuptbelievethatsexualequalityastheirright.butthene-nservativehuseifehasgivenupherhigh-statusjb,grnutherperbbandstaysatheiththehildrenandthevauuleaner.anaerianriter,daniellerittenden,isahapinfrthisreinventedbr

50、eedfheakerinhernebkaadabrighthe.rittendensnvelstartedasahugelyppularfitinallunintheallstreetjurnal.theprtagnistaanda,asassy,iddle-lassashingtntherhhasgivenupherjbtlkafterhertyunghildren,strukahrdiththusandsinthesaepsitin.aandaissesthestatusandthebeigesuitsthatentithherjbandstruggleshatially,likeagrn

51、-upbridgetjnes,ithshppingandhusehldhres.ultiately,hever,ritttendenstherynstayinghehasputheratthetpfthefeinistshatelist.bettyfriedansaysrittendenisananti-an.settingutinaadabrightherittendenrites“hergrandthersrldartgeneratinhadebraedtherhdandrejetedareers,hertherspstargeneratinrejetedtherhdandebraedar

52、eers.andaandas?thisisaadasbeilderent,alsisalldernensperplexity.rittendenhelpsaadahsebakthe.butardingtareentpllnthesiteshedthatnlyafeenfavredbakthebutalargeinrityuldliketrk.freedfthughtshenenanrejettheunfairiaginesgivenbyreligintrktgettheirindependeneineny,theyareablethavetheirthughtsfree.disussingen

53、ssialvalue,eshuldnernabut,underthentrlfpatriarhy,thefreedthughtsfensarealsntrlled.enarefredtthinkintheayfensvalue.thestdifferentbeteenhuanbeingsandanialsishuanbeingsanthink.beausefhuanthughts,eannthesientifi,artistiandulturesahieveents.freedthughtsarethestessentialipulsetthedevelpentfhuanivilizatin.

54、thestbrutalpunishentthuanbeingsarentthrninttheprisn,butfrbidpepletthinkiththeirninds.in1791,frenhburgeisieannuneddelaratinfrightsftheitizens.theelevenitefthisdelaratinhadlearlyruled:freelynveyideasandpininsisnefhuankindsstpreiusrights.therefre,freedthughtsanntandshuldntbegivenup.henapersngivesuphis/

55、herfreedfthughts,hihalseanshe/shegivesuphis/hervalueandthedignity.ensthughtsshuldntalayssubittheirhusbandandtheirkidsrhtpleasetheen.enshuldknhattheyreallyanttd.iftheyanttrite,justgahead.hytheyustsarifieuhftietareabuttheirhusbandsandkids?hytheyustfeelsrryhentheyusesetietdtheirnthings?d.gettingridfpat

56、riarhysindebeauvirhassaid:“enarentinnate,butturned.ensesseneisfredbypatriarhy.enanntandshuldntbedefinedbyen.adenstrutinffeinist,elizabethgrsesays:“ehadtherden,atthesaetie,ehadantherrd:an.buttheirprbleisntnlytheirrdsdifferenes.beteenthe,theyhaveagreatidegap.(grse,1989,121).n,anyenhaveknntheydntneedli

57、vebythevaluestandardsgivenbyen.theyanttfinduttheselvessialvalue.theythinktheyshuldntberegardedastheevidenesfensexistene.arxisttherynsidersthattheainthingsfrftherldishuanbeingsandnature.huansexistenentnlyneedsbeengagedinprdutiveativities,butalsneedsvariussialativitiesandspiritualativities.feinistaref

58、ightingfrthese,suheffrtsanensureentgetridftheiagesthatsetbyen.enandepitthetrueiagefherselfbyhernexperieneflife.nthetherhand,theseeffrtsanhelpenabandntheterribleinferirityhihipsebyenandakethenlngerasreprdutiveahineryandtlsinensdailylife,nlngertbeeptyreferringinalesartile.butasarealpersn,equallyliveithenandntheirfreedthughtsinthegenderrld.thisisrealreasnfrenssialvalue:asarealpersn,ntlivingbyansvalue.in1791,frenhenleaderlypedegugespublishedthefausdelaratinntherightffealeitizen,hihaakedensself-aareness.butunder