英文版國(guó)際貿(mào)易實(shí)務(wù)第一課導(dǎo)論

1、 Practice of International Trade Chapter 1.You Are Who You ArePerformance 30%Attendance 15%Exercises & homework 15%Final exam 70%.Starting from iPhone.ObjectivesTo master the procedure of International Trade practiceTo learn how to make required documentsTo master standard business terms and express

2、ions.目錄CONTENTSC1 Introduction to International Trade 國(guó)際貿(mào)易導(dǎo)論C2 Business Negotiation and Conclusion of the Contract 買(mǎi)賣(mài)磋商與合同訂立C3 Quality and Quantity of Goods 商品的質(zhì)量與數(shù)量C4 Packing and Marking 包裝與標(biāo)志C5 International Trade Terms 國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)C6 International Cargo Transport 國(guó)際貨物運(yùn)輸C7 Cargo Transport Insurance 貨物運(yùn)輸

3、保險(xiǎn)C8 International Payment 國(guó)際支付C9 Inspection/Claims/Force Majeure and Arbitration 檢驗(yàn)、索賠、不可抗力和仲裁C10 Performance of the Contract 進(jìn)出口合同的履行.1.1 What Is International Trade？Viewed from the international sphere, the exchanges of goods and services across international boundaries or territories are worldwi

4、de trade transactions, and also known as international trade or world trade. A. The definition of international trade 國(guó)際貿(mào)易International Trade是指不同國(guó)家和/或地域之間的商品和勞務(wù)的交換活動(dòng)。國(guó)際貿(mào)易是商品和勞務(wù)的國(guó)際轉(zhuǎn)移。國(guó)際貿(mào)易也叫世界貿(mào)易。國(guó)際貿(mào)易由進(jìn)口貿(mào)易Import Trade和出口貿(mào)易(Export Trade)兩部分組成，故有時(shí)也稱(chēng)為進(jìn)出口貿(mào)易。.Some concepts:Foreign Trade對(duì)外貿(mào)易: From the perspe

5、ctive of one country, international trade is also called foreign trade.Visible Trade(有形貿(mào)易: Trade in goods which can be actually seen passing through ports or airport, entering or leaving one country.Invisible Trade無(wú)形貿(mào)易: Trade in services and technologies.Tangible goods.Intangible services.Case Study

6、Suppose that an America-based multinational company set up two subsidiaries in China. The parent company signed a sales contract with the subsidiaries, which stipulated that the parent company would make the delivery to one of the subsidiaries in Shanghai, which should forward some of the goods to a

7、nother subsidiary at Chengdu. Question: Is the transaction between the parent company and the two subsidiaries an international trade?.國(guó)際性的判別規(guī)范買(mǎi)賣(mài)雙方當(dāng)事人的營(yíng)業(yè)地處于不同國(guó)家當(dāng)事人具有不同的國(guó)籍訂立合同的行為完成于不同國(guó)家貨物須由一國(guó)運(yùn)往另一國(guó).1.2 Why International Trade？Why do countries trade? Shouldnt a strong country such as the United States

8、produce all of the computers, television sets, automobiles and cameras it wants rather than import such products from Japan? Why do the Japanese and other countries buy wheat, corn, chemical products, aircraft, manufactured goods, and informational services from the United States?.1.2 Why Internatio

9、nal Trade？1Resources reasons Climate conditions and terrain Agricultural produce Colombia and BrazilCoffee beans coffee A big wheat exporter The US Great Plains states 北美中部大平原.1.2 Why International Trade？1Resources reasons (2) Natural resourcesMiddle East : 70% worlds total oil reserve 40% world tot

10、al outputOver 2/3 of the oil that Western Europe and Japan consume .1.2 Why International Trade？1Resources reasons(3) Technologies and laborImporting advanced equipment from the US, Japan (4) Capital resourcesThe lack of capital- developing countries are unable to modernize their industries and econ

11、omies with advanced machinery, equipment, and plant they are not yet able to manufacture.1.2 Why International Trade？1Resources reasons(5) Geographical location and transport costsUS VS CanadaEU.1.2 Why International Trade？1Resources reasons(6) Insufficient productionOnly 1.2% labor - in food produc

12、tion Importing US$25 billion annually .1.2 Why International Trade？2Economic reasons1Opportunity CostDefinition: The loss of potential gain from other alternatives when one alternative is chosen. (New Oxford American Dictionary )Opportunity cost is a key concept in economics, and has been described

13、as expressing the basic relationship between scarcity and choice為了得到某種東西而所要放棄另一些東西的最大價(jià)值；也可以了解為在面臨多方案擇一決策時(shí)，被舍棄的選項(xiàng)中的最高價(jià)值者是本次決策的時(shí)機(jī)本錢(qián)；還指廠(chǎng)商把一樣的消費(fèi)要素投入到其他行業(yè)當(dāng)中去可以獲得的最高收益。.1.2 Why International Trade？2Economic reasons1Opportunity CostGiven a choice of producing one product or another, it is more efficient to

14、 produce the product with the lower opportunity cost, using the increased production of that product to trade for the product with the higher opportunity cost.So you should carefully calculate your cost and benefit and make a wiser choice! Think of your opportunity cost of studying here?.1.2 Why Int

15、ernational Trade？2Economic reasons2The principle of absolute advantage 絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)Adam Smith(1723-1790) The Wealth of Nations .1.2 Why International Trade？2Economic reasons2The principle of absolute advantage 絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì) countrycommodity FranceEnglandWine (L/H)61Cloth (Y/H)45L: literH: hourY: yard. countrycommodi

16、ty FranceEnglandWine (L/H)61Cloth (Y/H)45In France: Cost of Wine: 1 unit = 1/6 hourCost of Cloth: 1 unit = 1/4 hourIn England:Cost of Wine: 1 unit = 1 hourCost of Cloth: 1 unit = 1/5 hour.1.2 Why International Trade？2Economic reasonsYou and your friends decided to help with fundraising for a local c

17、harity group by printing t-shirts and making birdhouses.Scenario 1: One of your friends, Gina, can print 5 t-shirts or build 3 birdhouses an hour. Your other friend, Mike, can print 3 t-shirts an hour or build 2 birdhouses an hour. Because your friend Gina is more productive at printing t-shirts and

18、 building birdhouses compared to Mike, she has an absolute advantage in both printing t-shirts and building birdhouses.當(dāng)兩個(gè)國(guó)家消費(fèi)兩種商品，運(yùn)用一種消費(fèi)要素勞動(dòng)時(shí)，假設(shè)剛好A國(guó)家在一種商品上勞動(dòng)消費(fèi)率高，B國(guó)家在這種商品上勞動(dòng)消費(fèi)率低，那么A國(guó)該商品消費(fèi)上具有絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)。兩國(guó)按各自的絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)進(jìn)展專(zhuān)業(yè)消費(fèi)分工并參與貿(mào)易，那么兩國(guó)都能從貿(mào)易中得到利益。這種貿(mào)易利益來(lái)自專(zhuān)業(yè)化分工促進(jìn)勞動(dòng)消費(fèi)率的提高。.1.2 Why International Trade？2Economic re

19、asons3The principle of comparative advantage 比較優(yōu)勢(shì)On the Principles of Political Economy and TaxationDavid Ricardo.1.2 Why International Trade？2Economic reasons2The principle of comparative advantage 比較優(yōu)勢(shì)Born to win 天生我材必有用理財(cái) 他我 1分營(yíng)銷(xiāo) 他我 3分我們的分工協(xié)作關(guān)系是建立在比較優(yōu)勢(shì)之上，而不是絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)之上。由于他的時(shí)間精神是有限的。雖然他什么都比我行，但他不能什么都本人

20、做。當(dāng)然他可以選擇什么都本人做，但那樣他得到的收益會(huì)少于和我協(xié)作他所得的份額。.比較優(yōu)勢(shì)實(shí)際Theory of Comparative Advantage)可以表述為：每個(gè)人都消費(fèi)本國(guó)和世界各國(guó)許多其他人所消費(fèi)的物品或者勞務(wù)，一個(gè)可以用較少投入消費(fèi)該物品的人被稱(chēng)為在消費(fèi)該物品上具有絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)，消費(fèi)該物品的時(shí)機(jī)本錢(qián)比較小的人稱(chēng)為具有比較優(yōu)勢(shì)，而貿(mào)易的益處那么是基于比較優(yōu)勢(shì)，而不是絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)，貿(mào)易可以使得每個(gè)人的情況變得更好，由于它使得人們可以專(zhuān)門(mén)從事本人具有比較優(yōu)勢(shì)的活動(dòng)，但這個(gè)原理并不僅僅適用于個(gè)人。在兩國(guó)間，勞動(dòng)消費(fèi)率的差距并不是在任何商品上都是相等。對(duì)于處于絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)的國(guó)家， 應(yīng)集中力量消費(fèi)優(yōu)勢(shì)

21、較大的商品，處于絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)的國(guó)家，應(yīng)集中力量消費(fèi)優(yōu)勢(shì)較小的商品，然后經(jīng)過(guò)國(guó)際貿(mào)易，相互交換，彼此都節(jié)省了勞動(dòng)，都得到了益處。2The principle of comparative advantage 比較優(yōu)勢(shì).1.2 Why International Trade？2Economic reasons要留意區(qū)分“絕對(duì)與“比較絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)是本人的某種商品跟他人的一個(gè)比較，即處于絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)或優(yōu)勢(shì)；比較優(yōu)勢(shì)是本人多種商品之間的一個(gè)比較，選擇消費(fèi)絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)最大的商品或絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)最小的商品，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)利益最大化。亞當(dāng)斯密以為社會(huì)各經(jīng)濟(jì)主體( 各國(guó)) 按照本人的專(zhuān)長(zhǎng)實(shí)行分工, 進(jìn)展專(zhuān)業(yè)化消費(fèi), 然后經(jīng)過(guò)國(guó)際市場(chǎng)進(jìn)展貿(mào)

22、易, 從而實(shí)現(xiàn)各自的絕對(duì)利益；而李嘉圖以為對(duì)于處于絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)的國(guó)家，應(yīng)集中力量消費(fèi)優(yōu)勢(shì)較大的商品，處于絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)的國(guó)家，應(yīng)集中力量消費(fèi)優(yōu)勢(shì)較小的商品，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)相對(duì)即比較利益。有絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)一定有比較優(yōu)勢(shì)，有比較優(yōu)勢(shì)不一定有絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)。絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)是同一產(chǎn)品一國(guó)對(duì)另一國(guó)的優(yōu)勢(shì)，是內(nèi)生的，而比較優(yōu)勢(shì)實(shí)際是同一國(guó)一產(chǎn)品對(duì)另一種產(chǎn)品的優(yōu)勢(shì)，是外生性的.The suppliers come from U.S. ,Japan, France, Canada, Italy, Australia, South Korea, United KingdomEven the Boeing 777 Isnt All America

23、nSo it is increasingly difficult to say what is a “U.S. product; what is “Japanese product. .1.3 Benefits of International Trade(2) Goods or services of greater variety A chance to obtain a wider variety of products Living standards of the people is improved Goods or services at a lower price Compar

24、ative advantages The same quality at lower prices Trade is beneficial to all the participants Competition makes prices even lower. 一個(gè)牛肉與土豆的例子。假設(shè)世界上只需兩個(gè)人：養(yǎng)牛的人和種土豆的人。假設(shè)兩個(gè)人“老死不相往來(lái)，那么，在吃了幾個(gè)月烤牛肉、煮牛肉、炸牛肉和燒牛肉之后，養(yǎng)牛人一定覺(jué)得本人并不怎樣愜意；同樣，不斷吃土豆泥、炸土豆、烤土豆和用貝殼烘土豆的農(nóng)民一定也有同感。假設(shè)牛肉和土豆之間展開(kāi)貿(mào)易，這時(shí)每個(gè)人就都可以有漢堡包和炸薯?xiàng)l了。貿(mào)易可以讓生活變得更愉快.

25、1.3 Benefits of International Trade3Promotion of economic growth Market is expanded Development of economies of scale Economies of scale are the financial advantages that a company gains when it produces large quantities of products. 規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)，是指由于消費(fèi)專(zhuān)業(yè)化程度的提高等緣由，使企業(yè)的單位本錢(qián)下降，從而構(gòu)成企業(yè)的長(zhǎng)期平均本錢(qián)隨著產(chǎn)量的添加而遞減的經(jīng)濟(jì)。即

26、擴(kuò)展運(yùn)營(yíng)規(guī)模可以降低平均本錢(qián)，從而提高利潤(rùn)程度。.1.3 Benefits of International Trade Creating jobs Enhancing domestic competitiveness Diversifying/reducing dependence onexisting markets Extending the life cycle of existing products Stabilizing seasonal market fluctuations Selling excess capacity Gaining information about f

27、oreigncompetition.1.4 Barriers to International TradeTo make up for a deficit on the balance of payment.To guarantee national security.To protect their national industries.1.4.1 Reasons for trade restrictions.1.4 Barriers to International Trade.1.4 Barriers to International Trade魅族3， 美國(guó)亞馬遜 價(jià)錢(qián)593刀，留意

28、。這是黑色星期五打折后逗我價(jià)錢(qián)。3600對(duì)比國(guó)內(nèi)的2300可謂天上地下由星巴克價(jià)錢(qián)門(mén)引出的國(guó)內(nèi)外多種商品間的價(jià)錢(qián)比拼.1.4 Barriers to International TradeA. Tariffs 關(guān)稅壁壘1.4.2 Methods of restrictionsA tariff is a duty or fee levied on goods being imported into a country.1.4 Barriers to International Tradea. Types of tariffs According to the time of collection

29、 import duty export dutyAccording to the methods in which tariffs are collected specific duty 從量稅 ad valorem duty 從價(jià)稅 mixed or compound duty 混合關(guān)稅All the duties are not independent of each other, i.e. a duty can be an import, a protective, and a compound duty at the same time.A. Tariffs 關(guān)稅壁壘According

30、 to the purpose of collection revenue tariff protection tariff.1.4 Barriers to International TradeB. Non-tariffs Barriers NTBs非關(guān)稅壁壘 1.4.2 Methods of restrictionsNTBs as defined by the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) allow an importing country to introduce measures which are necessary t

31、o protect human, animal or plant life or health.1.4 Barriers to International Tradea. Quota 配額制 (the most important)This is a quantitative restriction or upper limit in terms of physical quantity or value. B. Non-tariffs Barriers NTBs非關(guān)稅壁壘 b. Voluntary Export Restrains (VERs) 自動(dòng)出口限制Voluntary export

32、restrains enable one country to force onto another country through bilateral agreement a low rate of increase in export volume. “自動(dòng)出口限制在方式上表現(xiàn)為自愿性，但在本質(zhì)上卻具有強(qiáng)迫的性質(zhì)：進(jìn)口國(guó)往往以商品大量進(jìn)口使其有關(guān)工業(yè)遭到嚴(yán)重?fù)p害，呵斥“市場(chǎng)混亂為理由，要求出口國(guó)實(shí)行有次序的增長(zhǎng)，自動(dòng)限制商品出口。因此，“自動(dòng)出口限制往往是出口國(guó)在面臨進(jìn)口國(guó)采取報(bào)仇性貿(mào)易措施的要挾時(shí)所作出的一種選擇。.1.4 Barriers to International Tradec

33、. Anti-dumping 反傾銷(xiāo)Anti-dumping is a kind of trade remedies; the premise of such practice is that the country must show that its domestic industry has suffered “material injury by dumped or subsidized imports. 傾銷(xiāo)，是指一國(guó)地域的消費(fèi)商或出口商以低于其國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)價(jià)錢(qián)或低于本錢(qián)價(jià)錢(qián)將其商品拋售到另一國(guó)地域市場(chǎng)的行為。B. Non-tariffs Barriers NTBs非關(guān)稅壁壘 d. Ex

34、port Subsidies 出口補(bǔ)貼Export subsidies are direct payments or the granting of tax relief and subsidized loans to the nations exporters or potential exporter or low-interest loans to foreign buyers so as to stimulate the nations exports. 一國(guó)政府為了降低出口商品的價(jià)錢(qián)，添加其在國(guó)際市場(chǎng)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力，在出口某商品時(shí)給予出口商的現(xiàn)金補(bǔ)貼或財(cái)政上的優(yōu)惠待遇 。.1.4 Barr

35、iers to International Tradee. Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT)技術(shù)壁壘TBT refers to unjustified technical regulations and standards applied to imported products as well as complicated certification and conformity assessment procedure. B. Non-tariffs Barriers NTBs非關(guān)稅壁壘 f. International Cartels 國(guó)際卡特爾列寧指出

36、：“資本主義早已呵斥了世界市場(chǎng)。所以隨著資本輸出的添加，隨著最大壟斷同盟的國(guó)外聯(lián)絡(luò)和殖民地聯(lián)絡(luò)以及權(quán)利范圍的擴(kuò)張，自然就使得這些壟斷同盟之間達(dá)成全世界的協(xié)定，構(gòu)成國(guó)際卡特爾第2卷，第788頁(yè)。.Trade barriers tariffs non-tariffsSocio-cultural barriers Language Religion Customs and mannersEconomic barriers exchange rate extra costTo think globally, but to act locally1.4 Barriers to International

37、 Trade中國(guó)人砍價(jià).1.6 Organizations/ Laws and Regulations in International TradeA. GATT VS WTO1.6.1 International Organizations 世界貿(mào)易組織是根據(jù)烏拉圭回合多邊貿(mào)易談判達(dá)成的建立世界貿(mào)易組織協(xié)議Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization) 于1995年1月1日建立的，取代1947年的關(guān)說(shuō)與貿(mào)易總協(xié)定。GATT: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade關(guān)稅及貿(mào)易總協(xié)定1947年10月3

38、0日在日內(nèi)瓦簽署. WTOThe World Trade Organization (WTO) is the only international organization dealing with the global rules of trade between nations. Its main function is to ensure that trade flows as smoothly, predictably and freely as possible. The organization officially commenced on January 1, 1995 , replacing the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which commenced in 1948. .The WTO has 159 members WTO founde