醫(yī)學(xué)專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)課件-19

1、The Cancer KillerYao QiangRenal Division, Renji Hospital, SSMU2005.51Words in the shortTreatment with drugs that kill cancer cells. Chemotherapy The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors . Radiotherapy Radiation may c

2、ome from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiotherapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclona

3、l antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiation therapy. Treatment using more than one anticancer drug. Chemical combination (combination chemotherapy) 2Words in the shortCancer that starts in blood-forming tissue such as the bone marrow, and causes large numbers of blood cell

4、s to be produced and enter the bloodstream. Leukemia Abnormal cells that are confined to the ducts or lobules in the breast. Breast cancer A malignant disease of the lymphatic system that is characterized by painless enlargement of lymph nodes, the spleen, or other lymphatic tissue. Other symptoms m

5、ay include fever, weight loss, fatigue, or night sweats. Also called Hodgkins lymphoma. Hodgkin diseaseThyroid cancer Skin cancer3Words in the shortIn medicine, an improvement related to treatment Response 有反應(yīng)The return of signs and symptoms of cancer after a period of improvement. Relapse 復(fù)發(fā)A decre

6、ase in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. Remission 緩解In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although cancer still may be in the body. A cell from which other typ

7、es of cells develop. Blood cells develop from blood-forming stem cells. Stem cells 干細(xì)胞Bone marrow transplantation 骨髓移植Breakthrough 突破Life threatening 威脅生命4Words in the shortCancer that does not respond to treatment. Drug resistant 抗藥物性Any change in the DNA of a cell. Mutation 突變 Mutations may be cau

8、sed by mistakes during cell division, or they may be caused by exposure to DNA-damaging agents in the environment. Mutations can be harmful, beneficial, or have no effect. If they occur in cells that make eggs or sperm, they can be inherited; if mutations occur in other types of cells, they are not

9、inherited. Certain mutations may lead to cancer or other diseases. A doctor who specializes in treating cancer. Oncologist 腫瘤學(xué)家 Some oncologists specialize in a particular type of cancer treatment. For example, a radiation oncologist specializes in treating cancer with radiation Donor 捐者Interferon 干

10、擾素Interleukin 白介素5The questions for the shortWhat is the meaning of cancer killer?Where was the word “cancer” from?How many therapies to the cancer?6Vincent T DeVita, Jr, MD Dr DeVita earned his BSc at the College of William and Mary in 1957 and his MD degree at George Washington University School o

11、f Medicine in 1961. Dr DeVita was instrumental in developing combination chemotherapy programs such as the four-drug combination known by the acronym MOPP, which led to the effective regimen of potentially curative chemotherapy for Hodgkins disease and diffuse large-cell lymphomas. is the first appo

12、intee to the post of The Amy and Joseph Perella Professor of Medicine at Yale University, in recognition of his outstanding contributions to cancer research and treatment. Dr DeVita and his colleagues played a major role in developing similar treatments for other lymphomas and for ovarian and breast

13、 cancers.7The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterThe Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center is a world leader in research to understand, treat and prevent cancer and other life-threatening diseases. 8Who is Fred Hutchinson ?The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center was founded by Dr. William Hut

14、chinson in honor of his brother, Fred, a former major league baseball player and manager, who died of lung cancer at age 45. The Hutch Award is presented annually to a major league baseball player who exemplifies the fighting spirit and competitive desire of Fred Hutchinson. 9Nobel laureates in the

15、centerNobel Prize in physiology or medicine (2004)Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine (2001)Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine (1990)10Medical Breakthroughs and Research Firsts Transplantation Bone-marrow transplantation, which has provided a cure to thousands of leukemia patients worldwide and

16、 boosted survival rates from nearly zero to as high as 80 percent. Mini-transplantation, a less toxic form of stem-cell transplantation that offers lifesaving treatment to older people and those unable to tolerate the rigors of high-dose treatment regimens. Application of stem-cell transplantation t

17、o a variety of cancers and genetic and immune disorders such as multiple sclerosis, scleroderma and lymphoma. 11Medical Breakthroughs and Research FirstsWorld-wide ImpactFred Hutchinson trains physicians from many countries in bone-marrow and stem-cell transplantation, which makes these lifesaving t

18、herapies available to tens of thousands of patients each year. More than 300 graduate and postdoctoral students are also trained at the center each year. The center treats patients from all over the world. More than 8,000 bone-marrow and stem-cell transplants have been performed at Fred Hutchinson a

19、nd its treatment partnership, the Seattle Cancer Care Alliance. More than 1 million people worldwide have participated in public-health studies led by Fred Hutchinson researchers. The center cancer prevention research program is a model for other institutions around the globe. Fred Hutchinson is the

20、 coordinating site for many national and international research studies, such as the Women Health Initiative, the most far-reaching study ever devoted to women health, and the HIV Vaccine Trials Network, a global effort to develop and test successful HIV vaccines. Center researchers took part in a s

21、tudy that found that a single dose of an inexpensive drug can significantly reduce transmission of HIV from Ugandan mothers to their infants. 12Medical Breakthroughs and Research FirstsTargeted Cell Treatments The monoclonal antibody that led to Mylotarg: the first FDA-approved, antibody-targeted ch

22、emotherapy. The drug is a less toxic and more effective form of cancer treatment than standard chemotherapy. A technique, developed in collaboration with UW, to deliver radiation directly to cancer cells using radiolabeled antibodies, which spares healthy tissue. A new treatment for non-Hodgkins lym

23、phoma based on antibody-targeted therapy, an approach now used to treat thousands of people annually. A promising treatment for patients with deadly metastatic melanoma, which uses an infusion of immune-system cells to target the cancer. 13Medical Breakthroughs and Research FirstsImproved Detection

24、A method of monitoring cancer risk and onset in patients with the precancerous condition Barrett esophagus. The technique has boosted survival rates for esophageal cancer from 5 percent to more than 80 percent. A protein marker in the blood, discovered with partners at the Pacific Northwest Research Institute, that may allow for more accurate early detection of ovarian cancer. A diagnostic test that indicates whether a woman with breast cancer would benefit from aggressive chemother