Module5 教案外研版高一英語必修三

1、Module5GreatPeopleandGreatInventionofAncientChina教學(xué)設(shè)計說明話題介紹本模塊主題是GreatPeopleandGreatInventionofAncientChina，介紹了中國古代哲人孔子、孟子和墨子的生平及其思想主旨。大思想家、大教育家孔子孔子（公元前551年公元前479年），名丘，字仲尼，魯國人。孟子(約公元前372公元前289)，名軻，鄒(今山東鄒縣)人。戰(zhàn)國時期偉大的思想家，儒家的主要代表之一。墨子，姓墨，名翟，魯國人，后代習(xí)慣上尊稱為墨子。大約生活在公元前468年至388年間。Period1ReadingINTRODUCTIONVoc

2、abularyandspeaking和READINGANDVOCABULARY合并為第一課時閱讀課。課文PhilosophersofAncientChina前兩篇屬說明文體，介紹了中國古代哲人孔子、孟子和墨子的生平及其思想主旨。Period2GrammarPeriod3FUNCTIONPeriod4SpeakingPeriod5Writing課本43和47頁合并為第二課時語法課，學(xué)習(xí)Relativeclauses:ofwhom,inwhich。課本27頁為功能課，學(xué)習(xí)如何Givingreasons。課本46頁Speaking為口語課，學(xué)習(xí)howtoDiscusstheimportanceofi

3、nvention。課本47頁是寫作課，閱讀有關(guān)advantagesanddisadvantages方面的文章，然后學(xué)習(xí)寫作Theadvantagesanddisadvantagesoftelevision。Period6CULTURAL課本49頁的CULTURECORNER是文化閱讀課，TheIndustrialCORNERRevolution，介紹了工業(yè)革命，又稱產(chǎn)業(yè)革命。工業(yè)革命指資本主義工業(yè)化的早期歷程，即資本主義生產(chǎn)完成了從工場手工業(yè)向機(jī)器大工業(yè)過渡的階段。是以機(jī)器取代人力，以大規(guī)模工廠化生產(chǎn)取代個體工場手工生產(chǎn)的一場生產(chǎn)與科技革命。Period7TASK課本50頁的TASK是任務(wù)課，

4、學(xué)習(xí)用英文WritingaboutafamouspersonfromancientChina。PartOneTeachingDesign第一部分教學(xué)設(shè)計Period1ReadingPhilosophersofAncientChinaGoalsTolearntoreadpassageswithdefiningrelativeclausesaboutPhilosophersofAncientChinaTolearntoreadwithstrategiesProceduresStep1:WarmingupbydefiningphilosopherAphilosopherisapersondevote

5、dtostudyingandproducingresultsinphilosophy.Theword,philosopher,literallymeansloverofwisdom.WarmingupbydiscussingsomephilosophicalsentencesfromtheAnalectsofConfucius子曰：學(xué)而時習(xí)之，不亦說乎？有朋自遠(yuǎn)方來，不亦樂乎？人不知而不慍，不亦君子乎？TheMastersaid:Isitnotpleasanttolearnwithaconstantperseverance(堅定不移)andapplication?Isitnotdelightf

6、ultohavefriendscomingfromdistantquarters?Ishenotamanofcompletevirtue,whofeelsnodiscomposure(心亂,狼狽,不安)thoughmenmaytakenonoteofhim?子曰：溫故而知新，可以為師矣。TheMastersaid:Ifamankeepscherishing(懷念；懷有（感情）；抱有（希望）)hisoldknowledge,soascontinuallytobeacquiringnew,hemaybeateacherofothers.知之為知之，不知為不知。Whenyouknowathing,t

7、oholdthatyouknowit;andwhenyoudonotknowathing,toallowthatyoudonotknowit.子曰：學(xué)而不思則罔，思而不學(xué)則殆。TheMastersaid,Learningwithoutthoughtislaborlost;thoughtwithoutlearningisperilous(危險的).WarmingupbylearningaboutConfucianismScholarlytraditionandwayoflifepropagated(繁殖,傳播,宣傳)byConfuciusinthe6th5thcenturyBCandfollow

8、edbytheChineseformorethantwomillennia(太平盛世,千年)(millennium的復(fù)數(shù)).Thoughnotorganizedasareligion,ithasdeeplyinfluencedEastAsianspiritualandpoliticallifeinacomparablemanner.Thecoreideaisren(humaneness(),benevolence(),signifyingexcellentcharacterinaccordwithli(ritualnorms),zhong(loyaltytoonestruenature),sh

9、u(reciprocity(互惠),andxiao(filialpiety).Togethertheseconstitutede(virtue).Mencius,Xunzi,andotherssustainedConfucianism,butitwasnotinfluentialuntilDongZhongshuemergedinthe2ndcenturyBC.ConfucianismwasthenrecognizedastheHanstatecult(禮拜,祭儀,一群信徒,禮拜式),andtheFiveClassicsbecamethecoreofeducation.Inspiteofthe

10、influenceofDaoismandBuddhism,ConfucianethicshavehadthestrongestinfluenceonthemoralfabricofChinesesociety.ArevivalofConfucianthoughtinthe11thcenturyproducedNeo-Confucianism,amajorinfluenceinKoreaduringtheChosondynasty(朝鮮王朝(13921910)andinJapanduringtheTokugawa(德川(創(chuàng)建日本德川幕府的德川家族)period.Step2:Beforeyoure

11、adPleasegooverthewordlistforthismodule,payingattentiontothepronunciationoftheword,therelationshipbetweenitspronunciationanditsspelling.Step3:Whileyouread1.TypeofwritingandsummariesofPhilosophersofAncientChinaPhilosophersofAncientChina(anexpositionwriting)ConfuciusMenciusMoziConfucius(551BC479BC)Menc

12、iuswasathinkerwhoseMoziwasanotherteacherwhoisthephilosopherwhoseteachingswereverysimilartowasveryinfluential.influencehasbeenthegreatest.thatofConfucius.2.AdiagramofSandstormsinAsiaConfuciusstressedtheimportanceofkindness,dutyandorderinsociety.PhilosophersofAncientChinaMenciusbelievedthatthereasonwh

13、ymanisdifferentfromanimalsisthatmanisgood.Mozitaughtthatweshouldloveallhumanbeingsandlookafterthosewhoareweakerthanourselves.3.CompletethearticlewithonewordineachblankInancientChinastateswereoftenat_1_witheachother.ButancientChinahasalsoproducedmanygreatphilosophers.Confuciusstressedthe_2_ofkindness

14、,dutyandorderinsociety.Chinesesocietywasinfluencedbythese_3_formorethan2,000years.Menciuswasathinkerwhoseteachingswereverysimilarto_4_ofConfucius.Menciusbelievedthatthereasonwhymanisdifferentfromanimalsisthatmanis_5_.Hetaughtthatifthegovernmentwaskind,thenpeoplewouldbegood.Hebelievedthatpeople_6_mor

15、eimportantthanrulers,andhatedthestatewhenittreatedpeoplebadly.Mozifoundedthe_7_calledMohism.Insomeways,hisbeliefsweresimilartothoseofConfucius.Mozi_8_thatallmenwereequal.Hehatedtheideaofwar.Keys:1war2importance3ideas4that5good6were7philosophy8believed4.Answerthereadingcomprehensionquestionsaccording

16、tothetext1._(551BC479BC)isthephilosopherwhoseinfluencehasbeenthegreatest.A.MenciusB.MoziC.ConfuciusD.Laozi2._wasathinkerwhoseteachingswereverysimilartothatof_.A.Confucius,LaoziB.Mencius,ConfuciusC.Mencius,MoziD.Mozi,Confucius3.WhydidMenciusresign?A.Becausetherulerwasnotfollowinghisadvice.B.Becausehe

17、waspreparingabookofhisteachingscalledTheBookofMencius.C.Becausehebecameanadvisertoanotherruler.D.Becausehehatedthestate.4.Mozibecamefamousfor_hisunusualclothesandbehaviour.A.hisoldageB.hisunusualclothesandbehaviourC.MohismD.behaviourKeys:1-4CBABStep4:Afteryouread1.Copyalltheusefulexpressionsintoyour

18、ExpressionBook.Ifpossible,makeyourownsentenceswiththeseexpressions.UsefulexpressionsfromPhilosophersofAncientChinaancientChina,atwarwith,stresstheimportanceof,insociety,formorethan2,000years,beverysimilarto,bebornin,bebroughtupby,Confuciusideas,begivenanimportantposition,inthegovernmentofastate,foll

19、owonesadvice,teachtheprinciplesof,spendoneslastyearspreparingabookofonesteachings,treatpeoplebadly,comefromafamilyof,unusualclothesandbehavior,findthephilosophy,insomeways,onesideaoflove,lookafter...8.SentencesmadewithexpressionsfromModule51.AncientChinaisagreatcountry.2.Japanwasatwarw

20、ithChinathen.3.MyteacherstressestheimportanceofreadingaloudinlearningEnglish.4.Therearealwayssomethingsbadinsociety.5.Formorethan2,000yearsthiscountrywasruledunderaforeignruler.6.Paulisverysimilarinappearancetohisbrother.7.Hewasbornin500BC.8.Shewasbroughtupbyhergrandmother.arepresen9.Confuciusideasu

21、sefultoChinastdevelopment.10.Hewantstobegivenanimportantpositionintheschool.11.Therearesomegoodworkersinthegovernmentofthisstate.12.Ifyoufollowmyadvice,youwillbesuccessfulinyourEnglishlearning.13.Mr.Wangteachestheprinciplesofgoverninganation.14.Ispentanhouratthestationwaitingforthetrain.15.Thegovern

22、menttreatsitspeoplebadly.16.Hecamefromafamilyofeightpeople.17.Hisunusualclothesandbehaviormadeitdifficultforhimtogetmarried.18.WefindthephilosophyoftheEastisinsomewayssimilartothatoftheWest.9.0.19.Ibelieveinhisideaoflove.re20.Lookafteryourselfwhileyouaway.2.ReadtotransferinformationYouarenexttodrawa

23、diagramofthetext.Youmayretellthetextwiththehelpofthediagram.Para.1ConfuciusPara.2Para.3(551BC479BC)istheMencius(bornin372BC)wasMozi(bornin476BC)wasphilosopherwhoseinfluenceathinkerwhoseteachingsanotherteacherwhowasveryhasbeenthegreatest.wereverysimilartothatofinfluential.Confucius.Period2Grammar-Def

24、iningrelativeclausesGoalsTolearnaboutdefiningrelativeclausesProceduresStep1:UnderstandingrelativeclauseAsubordinateclausewhichisintroducedbyarelativepronounisoftenreferredtoasarelativeclause.DefiningrelativeclausesWhenarelativeclausehasthefunctionofdefiningoridentifyingtheobjectbeingreferredto,thecl

25、auseisnotplacedbetweencommas.Suchaclausecanbecalledadefiningorlimitingrelativeclause.(限定性定語從句一般緊跟在先行詞的后面修飾、限定先行詞，它與先行詞之間沒有逗號，去掉后會影響全句意思的完整性。)Step2:GivingexamplesofrelativeclausesThepeoplethatwerehereyesterdaywillreturninamonth.Thenewspaperthatwasonthestepsbelongstoourneighbor.Thebooks(that)weboughta

26、reheavy.Thetown(that)thisroadleadstoisfivemilesaway.Thesuitcasewhichwepurchasedlastweekisverystrong.Thechildwhorunsthefastestwillreceiveaprize.Theboywhomwevisitedishernephew.Thegirltowhomyousoldyourskislivesinthenextblock.Thewomanwhosehousewassoldwillretiretothecountry.Theboy(whom)/(that)wesawisherb

27、rother.Thehat(which)/(that)youarewearingisratherlarge.Theboytowhomwesentthemessagewasexcited.Theroomtowhichyouwillbeconductedhasbeautifulfurniture.Theroomthatyouwillbeconductedtohasbeautifulfurniture.Resources1.Studentsmaywanttoknowmoreclearlyabouttheusageofrelativepronouns.Atablecanbeusedtoexplaina

28、sbelow:RelativepronounsusedinattributiveclausesAntecedentSubjectObjectPossessiveNotepersonswho/thatwhom/who/thatwhoseArelativepronouncanbeomittedwhenitisusedasthingswhich/thatwhich/thatwhose/ofwhichtheobjectinanattributiveclause2.Tounderstandattributiveclausesbetterandusethemcorrectly,studentsshould

29、beabletoidentifywhichwordistheantecedentandknowwhatitfunctionsasinanattributiveclause,sotheycanuseaproperrelativepronountointroduceanattributiveclause.Herearemoreexamples:Thegirlwho/thatisstandingnexttoourteacherisherdaughter.Thegirl(whom/who/that)ourteacheristalkingwithisherdaughter.Thegirlwhosemot

30、herisfromBritaincanspeakEnglishverywell.Icantfindthebookwhich/thatisborrowedfromthelibrary.Icantfindthebook(which/that)youlenttome.Haveyoureadthebookwhoseauthor/theauthorofwhichisahighschoolstudent?Iusedtostudyinaclassroomwhosewindows/thewindowsofwhichwereallbroken.Sometimestheantecedentcanbeapronou

31、n,suchassomeone/sb.,anyone/anybody,everyone/everybody,noone/nobody,sth.,anything,everything,nothing,all,those,etc.Step3:AbsorbinformationconcerningNationalCollegeEntranceExamination1.Women_drinkmorethantwocupsofcoffeeadayhaveagreaterchanceofhavingheartdiseasethanthose_dont.(2006北京)A.who;/B./;whoC.wh

32、o;whoD./;/2.Theplace_thebridgeissupposedtobebuiltshouldbe_thecross-rivertrafficistheheaviest.(2005江蘇)A.which;whereB.atwhich;whichC.atwhich;whereD.which;inwhich3.Thereismuchchance_Billwillrecoverfromhisinjuryintimefortherace.(2006天津)A.thatB.whichC.untilD.if4.Inanhour,wecantraveltoplaces_wouldhavetake

33、nourancestorsdaystoreach.(2006上海)A.whereB.whenC.whichD.what5.Lookout!Dontgettooclosetothehouse_roofisunderrepair.(2006福建)A.whoseB.whichC.ofwhichD.that6.Doyouhaveanythingtosayforyourselves?(2006江西)Yes,theresonepoint_wemustinsiston.A.whyB.whereC.howD./7.Werejusttryingtoreachapoint_bothsideswillsitdown

34、togetherandtalk.(2006山東)A.whereB.thatC.whenD.which8.Wearelivinginanage_manythingsaredoneoncomputer.A.whichB.thatC.whoseD.when9.Franksdreamwastohavehisownshop_toproducetheworkingsofhisownhands.(2005湖南)A.thatB.inwhichC.bywhichD.how10.Doyoustillrememberthechickenfarm_wevisitedthreemonthsago?(2005北京春)A.

35、whereB.whenC.thatD.whatKeys:1-5CCACA6-10DADBCPeriod3FunctionGivingreasonsGoalsTolearntogivereasonsProceduresStep1:Understandingthedifferenceinusebetweenbecause,as,sinceandforBecauseisusedwhenthereasonisthemostimportantpartofthesentenceorutterance.Thebecauseclauseusuallycomesattheend:IwenttoChinalast

36、weekbecauseIwantedtolearnChinese.Asandsinceareusedwhenthereasonisalreadywellknownandisthereforeusuallylessimportant.Theasorsinceclauseisusuallyplacedatthebeginningofthesentence:Asthelessonhadalreadystarted,wewentdowntothebackoftheroomandoccupiedsomeemptyseatsthere.SinceJohnhadalreadyeaten,Imadedowit

37、hapieceofbread.Forsuggeststhatthereasonisgivenasanafterthought.Itisneverplacedatthebeginningofthesentenceandismorecharacteristicofwritten,ratherthanspokenEnglish:IdecidedtostopreadingforitwasverylateandIwantedtogotosleep.高考鏈接1.Hefounditincreasinglydifficulttoread,_hiseyesightwasbeginningtofail.(2006

38、北京)A.andB.forC.butD.or2.JennywasverysadoverthelossofthephotosshehadshotatCanada,_thiswasamemorysheespeciallytreasured.(2006廣東)A.whenB.whereC.asD.if3.Amancannotsmilelikeachild,_achildsmileswithhiseyes,whileamansmileswithhislipsalone.(2006湖南)A.soB.butC.andD.for答案：1-3BCDStep2:Understandingtheuseofwhere

39、,whyandwhenrelativeclausesandprepositionuseWhere,referringtoaplace,why,referringtoareason,andwhen,referringtoatime,canbeusedinsteadofarelativepronounafteranoun：Idliketoknowthereason(why)hedecidednottocome.Februaryisthemonth(when)manyofmycolleaguestakeskiingholidays.BUT!Shealwayshadwantedtogotoaplace

40、whereshecouldspeakhernativetongue.When,whereandwhyarenotomittedinnon-definingrelativeclauses：Icomefromtheuniversitiesarea,wheremanysuccessfuluniversitiessuchasBeidaandQinghuaarelocated,andIoftengohomeduringthesummer.Helikesshoppingbetweenoneandthree,whenmostpeopleareathome,becauseoftherelativecalm.S

41、tep3:Givingreasonsusing“thereasonwhy”and“because”Ididntgo,becauseIwasafraid.Wemustnotidleaboutbecauseitishot.Amountainisnotfamousbecauseitishigh.IwalktoschoolbecauseIliveclosetoit.Donttellmewelostbecausewearetookind.DonthatemebecauseImwrong.Chloediedbecauseweallfailedher.Youbenefitfromtheseofferings

42、justbecauseyoubelongtoourschool.Shouldthisschoolbeshutdownbecauseitencouragestraditionalwaysoflearning?Thephonestillexistsbecauseitsavaluabletool.IvotebecauseIcare.Thelawtreatskidsdifferentlybecausekidsaredifferent.Heintendednottofastbecausehewasgoingtotravelthenextweek.Itissobecauseitisso.Readthisp

43、agejustbecauseitisfun!IloveyoubecausewithyouinmylifeImneveralone.Cananemployerdenyaworkerajobbecauseitisprettysurethatthejobwillbeaseriousdangertohim?Thereasonwhyheisillisthatheworkstoohard.ThereasonwhyIlikeEnglishisthatitmakesitpossibleformetotravelaroundtheworld.IbelievethatthereasonwhyEnglishisdi

44、fficulttolearnisthatitispronounceddifferentlyfromChinese.Period4SpeakingDiscussingtheimportanceofinventionGoalsTodiscusstheimportanceofinventionTotalkaboutphilosophersofancientChinaProceduresStep1:ListingtopteninventionsoftheworldHerearethemostpopularinventionsresearchedbyourreaders.1)TheTelephoneIn

45、1875,AlexanderGrahamBellbuiltthefirsttelephonethattransmittedelectricallythehumanvoice.2)TheHistoryofComputersIn1936KonradZusebuiltthefirstfreelyprogrammablecomputer.3)TelevisionIn1884,PaulNipkowsentimagesoverwiresusingarotatingmetaldisktechnologywith18linesofresolution.4)TheAutomobileIn1769,thevery

46、firstself-propelledroadvehiclewasinventedbyFrenchmechanic,NicolasJosephCugnot.5)TheCottonGinEliWhitneypatentedthecottonginonMarch14,1794.6)TheCameraLouis-Jacques-MandDaguerreisconsideredtheinventorofthefirstpracticalprocessofphotographyin1837.7)TheSteamEngineJamesWattimprovedNewcomensdesignandinvent

47、edwhatisconsideredthefirstmodernsteamenginein1765.8)TheSewingMachineThefirstfunctionalsewingmachinewasinventedbytheFrenchtailor,BarthelemyThimonnier,in1830.9)TheLightBulbIn1879,ThomasAlvaEdisoninventedacarbonfilamentthatburnedforfortyhours.10)PenicillinPenicillinwasdiscoveredbyAlexanderFlemingin1928

48、.InventionsoftheMillennium,aTopTenList10TheTelescope.(1608);9TheMicroscope.(1590sorearly1600s);8ThePETscan.(Improvedovermanyyearsfrom1938-1975);7TheLaser(1960);6TheComputer.(1822);5TheTransistors(BellLabs,1947);4TheWorldWideWeb(Berners-Lee1991);3TheSteamEngine(Savery,1698;Newcomen,1712;Watt,1765);2T

49、hemechanicalclock(13thCentury);1TheGregorianCalendar(1582)TransportationInventionsTheLocomotive(1804);TheCar(1885);TheAirplane(1903);Radar(1935)CommunicationInventionsRadio(1896);Motionpictures(1891);MovableTypePrinting(1450);TV(1923)MedicineVaccination(1796);Anesthetics(1844,1846);Syringe(1646);Ste

50、thoscope(1816)Farming,FoodandDailyLifeCottonGin(1793);ElectricLight(1878);Telephone(1876);FaxMachine(1902,1913);AirConditioning(1902);ElectricHairDryer(1902)Step2:DiscussingtheimportanceofeachoftheinventionIthinkpenicillinismoreusefulthanthelightbulbbecausepenicillinsaveslives.Ithinkthelightbulbismo

51、reusefulthantheSewingMachinebecausethelightbulbgiveslighttotheworld.IthinktheSewingMachineismoreusefulthantheSteamEnginebecausetheSewingMachinemakesclothingwhichdressesman.IthinktheSteamEngineismoreusefulthantheCamerabecausetheSteamEnginemakestheshipsgoaroundtheworld.IthinktheCameraismoreusefulthant

52、heCottonGinbecausetheCameratakespicturesofallthatareintheworld.IthinktheCottonGinismoreusefulthantheAutomobilebecausetheCottonGinmakesclothoutofcotton.Ithinktheautomobileismoreusefulthantelevisionbecausetheautomobiletakespeopleandthingstoalltheplacestheyareexpectedtogo.Ithinktelevisionismoreusefulth

53、ancomputersbecausetelevisionbringswhatishappeningintheworldtoyouathome.Ithinkcomputerismoreusefulthanthetelephonebecausecomputermakesitpossibleformantodoalmostanythinghewantstodo.Step3:TalkingaboutphilosophersofancientChinaA:IamConfucius.Iwasbornin551BCanddiedin479BC.B:IamMencius.Iwasbornin372BC.C:A

54、ndIamMozi,anotherteacherwhoissaidtobeinfluential,too.Iwasbornin476BC.A:PeoplesaythatmyphilosopherhasexercisedthegreatestinfluencetowardsChinesecivilization.B:Iamathinker,andmyteachingsareverysimilartothatofConfucius.C:IfoundedthephilosophycalledMohism.Insomeways,mybeliefsweresimilartothoseofConfuciu

55、s.A:Ithinktheimportanceofkindness,dutyandorderinsocietycanneverbestressedenough.B:Ibelievedthatthereasonwhymanisdifferentfromanimalsisthatmanisgood.C:MyideaofloveisdifferentfromtheConfucianideaofkindness.Iteachthatweshouldloveallhumanbeingsandlookafterthosewhoareweakerthanourselves.A:PeoplesaythatCh

56、inesesocietyhasbeeninfluencedbymyideasformorethan2,000years.B:Ibelievedthatpeopleweremoreimportantthanrulers,andhatedthestatewhenittreatedpeoplebadly.C:Ibelievedthatallmenwereequal.Ihatedtheideaofwar.Idiedin390BC.Period5WritingTheadvantagesanddisadvantagesoftelevisionGoalsToreadtheessayTheAdvantages

57、andDisadvantagesofCarsTowriteanessayTheadvantagesanddisadvantagesoftelevisionProceduresStep1:ReadingtheessayTheAdvantagesandDisadvantagesofCarsYouaretoreadtheshortessayTheAdvantagesandDisadvantagesofCars,andfindoutitsorganization.werefirstusedatTodayhavegreatadvantagesButhavegreatdisadvantagesInconc

58、lusion,IthinkStep2:WritinganessaySampleessay1:TheadvantagesanddisadvantagesoftelevisionIn1930,CharlesJenkinsbroadcaststhefirstTVcommercial.Inthesameyear,theBBCbeginsregularTVtransmissions.In1933IowaStateUniversitystartsbroadcastingtwiceweeklytelevisionprogramsincooperationwithradiostationWSUI.Televi

59、sionshavethreegreatadvantages:1.Mostpeoplewatchtelevision.2.Apictureisworthathousandwords.3.Eventscanbeshownastheyreallyhappen.Buttelevisionshavegreatdisadvantages.ItcostlotsofmoneytobuytheTVset,andalsolotsofmoneytopayforthewatching.WatchingTVtakesmuchtime.ManystudentsspendsomuchtimewatchingTVthatth

60、eirschoolingisaffected.Inconclusion,Ithinkthattelevisionsareusefulbecausekeepingpacewiththeworldhappeningissoeasywithatelevisionset.ButthetimespentonwatchingTVistoomuchtocausetroublestoourstudiesandcommunicationamongfamilymembers.Sampleessay2:AdvantagesanddisadvantagesofwatchingTVTelevisionisverypop