2010年職稱英語(yǔ)等級(jí)考試綜合類A級(jí)真題閱讀文章翻譯2015年職稱英語(yǔ)真題備考

1、 HYPERLINK http:/www.study/kecheng/english/zhicheng/ 2015年職稱英語(yǔ)真題備考精品盡在 HYPERLINK http:/www.study/english/zhicheng/ 學(xué)派網(wǎng)!2010年職稱英語(yǔ)等級(jí)考試真題（綜合類A級(jí)）第2部分：閱讀判斷The Writings on the Wall?Is it art or is it just vandalism（野蠻行為）? Well, its still a crime, but graffiti（涂鴉）has changed since the days of spraying your

2、 name on a wall to mark your territory. Street art has become much more sophisticated since a 17-year-old called Demetrius started spraying his “tag”, TAKI 183, all over the New York underground in 1971, and hip-hop culture was born. Hip-hop is a mixture of art, music and dancing, poetry, language a

3、nd fashion. It came from young inner-city people, who felt left out by their richer classmates and who were desperate to express themselves in any way they could.An experiment to control the spread of graffiti in Rochdale, Greater Manchester, has been so successful that plans have been made by local

4、 street artists for an international convention in June. “Were planning to get people together from different countries like France and Germany for a week,” says Liam, one of the organizers. The scheme started in 2000, and has attracted people of all age groups and both sexes. “We all share a common

5、 interest and get on really well with each other.” The first site to be very good chosen was a subway. “Before we began, people were afraid to use the subway. We had it cleaned up and now, with all the artists hanging out down there, people are using it again. People can relate to graffiti much more

6、 now. ” By providing places to display their talents legally, there has been a fall in the amount of “tagging” on peoples private property.Street artist Temper developed his drawing skills at a young age. In art classes at school he was really frustrated because the Art teacher didnt spend time with

7、 him. They thought he was already very good at art and so spent more time with other students. So, at 12 years old, Temper started painting with all these guys hed hooked up with who were about 22 years old. He looked up to them and loved what they were doing on the streets of Wolvehampton, England.

8、 “The whole hip-hop scene was built up of different things and I did a bit of everything. But it was always the graffiti I was best at,” he says.墻上的文字是藝術(shù)行為還是野蠻行為？好吧，它還是一種犯罪行為。然而，自從人們把名字噴涂在墻壁上以標(biāo)記自己的領(lǐng)地以來(lái)，涂鴉就已經(jīng)發(fā)生了變化。1971年，17歲的年輕人狄米特律斯開(kāi)始在紐約地鐵噴涂他的標(biāo)簽TAKI 183，街頭藝術(shù)從此變得更加復(fù)雜，嘻哈文化由此應(yīng)運(yùn)而生。嘻哈音樂(lè)是一種音樂(lè)、舞蹈、詩(shī)歌、語(yǔ)言和時(shí)尚混合

9、的藝術(shù)。它誕生于年輕的城市人中，他們感受到富裕同學(xué)的冷落，想要不顧一切地以任何可以使用的方式表達(dá)自己的想法。 大曼徹斯特地區(qū)洛奇戴爾的一項(xiàng)旨在控制涂鴉傳播的實(shí)驗(yàn)相當(dāng)成功，當(dāng)?shù)氐慕诸^藝術(shù)家制定了一項(xiàng)計(jì)劃，打算在六月份舉辦一次國(guó)際會(huì)議。我們打算讓不同的國(guó)家如法國(guó)和德國(guó)的藝術(shù)家們?cè)诖讼嗑垡粋€(gè)星期，主辦人之一萊姆建議。這項(xiàng)計(jì)劃開(kāi)始于2000年，吸引了各個(gè)年齡段的男女。我們有著共同的興趣，彼此相處的十分融洽。他們選擇涂鴉的第一個(gè)地點(diǎn)是地鐵。在我們開(kāi)始這一計(jì)劃之前，人們害怕使用地鐵。我們把它清理干凈，現(xiàn)在，所有的藝術(shù)家經(jīng)常聚集到那里，人們開(kāi)始搭乘地鐵。如今人們更能欣賞涂鴉了。提供場(chǎng)所讓人們合法地展示自己的

10、才華使得在居民的私人財(cái)產(chǎn)上噴涂標(biāo)簽（涂鴉）的現(xiàn)象有所下降。 街頭藝術(shù)家泰普很小就開(kāi)始培養(yǎng)自己的繪畫能力。在學(xué)校的藝術(shù)課程中他非常沮喪，因?yàn)樗囆g(shù)老師沒(méi)有時(shí)間陪他訓(xùn)練，他們認(rèn)為他已經(jīng)很擅長(zhǎng)繪畫了，因此就花更多的時(shí)間指導(dǎo)其他同學(xué)。所以，在12歲時(shí)，泰普開(kāi)始和那些22歲左右的人們一起繪畫。他敬佩他們并喜歡上他們?cè)谟?guó)羅弗漢普頓大街上的作品。他說(shuō)：整個(gè)嘻哈文化由不同的內(nèi)容組成。我在每個(gè)方面都做了一點(diǎn)嘗試。但是，我還是最擅長(zhǎng)涂鴉。第3部分：概括大意和完成句子Waste Not, Want Not1Bob and Clara Darlington, who own and run a farm in the

11、 North of England, have always looked for new ways of making money out of the produce they grow. Their success began when they established a shop on their farm, so that people could come and buy fresh vegetables directly from them.2The business was an immediate success, and soon scored top marks in

12、a competition set up by the Farm Retail Association to find the best farm shop in the country. The Associations inspectors found the Darlingtons shop offered excellent service and value for money as well as quality fruit and vegetables.3Clara Darlington is a trained chef and, in addition to a range

13、of home-grown foods and other local produce, she began offering a variety of prepared meals which she had made herself in the farmhouse kitchen. A small cafe alongside the farm shop was soon added, with everything that visitors could taste on the menu also being for sale in the shop.4Clara admits th

14、at starting the business was expensive, and she has worked very hard, but maintains that if the product is good, the public recognize this and buy it. “I aim to offer the highest quality to our customers, whether they come in for a loaf of bread, or take a whole dinner-party menu. I take it as a com

15、pliment（恭維）if people take home one of my dishes to serve to their family and friends and get away with pretending they made it themselves. ”5So it was that the couple realized that they had a surplus of misshapen or damaged vegetables grown on the farm which were unsuitable for selling in the shop.

16、Clara, not wishing to see them get thrown away, decided to turn them into soup.6The soup met with the immediate approval of customers to the shop and Clara now produces ten different varieties. She spent much of the summer traveling up and down to London by rail, doing presentations of the soups. As

17、 a result, they are now served in first-class railway restaurant cars belonging to three companies as well as being stocked by a number of high-class London stores.儉以防匱Bob和Clara在英格蘭北部經(jīng)營(yíng)著一個(gè)農(nóng)場(chǎng)，他們一直在尋找從他們種植的植物中賺錢的方法。自從他們?cè)谵r(nóng)場(chǎng)開(kāi)設(shè)了一個(gè)商店后，人們能夠直接從這里購(gòu)買到新鮮的蔬菜，他們的成功也接踵而來(lái)。 經(jīng)營(yíng)很快取得成功。不久，在國(guó)家農(nóng)場(chǎng)零售協(xié)會(huì)評(píng)選最佳農(nóng)場(chǎng)商店的競(jìng)賽中，他們贏得了最高

18、分。協(xié)會(huì)的觀察員發(fā)現(xiàn)Clara的商店不僅提供質(zhì)優(yōu)價(jià)廉的水果和蔬菜，而且提供優(yōu)質(zhì)的服務(wù)。 Clara是一個(gè)訓(xùn)練有素的廚師，加之擁有種類眾多的自己農(nóng)場(chǎng)種植的產(chǎn)品和其他當(dāng)?shù)氐漠a(chǎn)品，她開(kāi)始在農(nóng)舍廚房里提供她自己烹調(diào)的各種菜肴。不久一個(gè)小咖啡館出現(xiàn)在農(nóng)場(chǎng)商店旁邊。游客在菜單中能夠看到的所有菜肴在商店里都有出售。 Clara承認(rèn)創(chuàng)業(yè)是昂貴的，而且她一直艱辛工作著。但是，如果產(chǎn)品好，公眾承認(rèn)并購(gòu)買那就能維持下去。無(wú)論他們是來(lái)買一片面包還是辦理整個(gè)宴會(huì)，我的目標(biāo)是給顧客提供最優(yōu)質(zhì)的服務(wù)。如果顧客把菜肴帶回去與家人和朋友分享，并當(dāng)作是自己烹制的，我會(huì)視此為對(duì)我工作的贊賞。 同時(shí)，這對(duì)夫婦意識(shí)到農(nóng)場(chǎng)的那些畸形的或

19、是碰傷的剩余蔬菜不適合在商店出售。Clara不愿意看到它們被浪費(fèi)掉，于是決定把它們做成湯。 這種湯很快受到客戶的青睞。Clara現(xiàn)在提供十種不同的湯。夏天的大部分時(shí)間，她乘坐火車沿著倫敦來(lái)回旅行以展示自己做的蔬菜湯。結(jié)果，現(xiàn)在這些湯已經(jīng)端上了三家公司旗下的一流鐵路餐廳的餐桌，一些倫敦高級(jí)商店也有它的存貨。第4部分：閱讀理解第一篇The Best Way to Reduce Your WeightYou hear this; “No wonder you are fat. All you ever do is eat.” You feel sad: “I skip my breakfast an

20、d supper. I run every morning and evening. What else can I do?” Basically you can do nothing. Your genes, not your life habits, determine your weight and your body constantly tries to maintain it.Albert Stunkard of the University of Pennsylvania found from experiments that, “80 percent of the childr

21、en of two obese（肥胖的）parents become obese, as compared with no more than 14 percent of the offspring of two parents of normal weight. ”How can obese people become normal or even thin through dieting? Well, dieting can be effective, but the health costs are tremendous. Jules Hirsch, a research physici

22、an at Rockefeller University, did a study of eight fat people. They were given a liquid formula providing 600 calories a day. After more than 10 weeks, the subjects lost 45kg on average. But after leaving the hospital, they all regained. The results were surprising; by metabolic（新陳代謝的）measurement, f

23、at people who lost large amounts of weight seemed like they were starving. They had psychiatric problems. They dreamed of food or breaking their diet. They were anxious and depressed; some were suicidal. They hid food in their rooms. Researchers warn that it is possible that weight reduction doesnt

24、result in normal weight, but in an abnormal state resembling that of starved non-obese people.Thin people, however, suffer from the opposite: They have to make a great effort to gain weight. Ethan Sims, of the University of Vermont, got prisoners to volunteer to gain weight. In four to six months, t

25、hey ate as much as they could. They succeeded in increasing their weight by 20 to 25 percent. But months after the study ended, they were back to normal weight and stayed there.This did not mean that people are completely without hope in controlling their weight. It means that those who tend to be f

26、at will have to constantly battle their genetic inheritance if they want to significantly lower their weight.The findings also provide evidence for something scientists thought was true each person has a comfortable weight range. The range might be as much as 9kg. Someone might weigh 60-69kg without

27、 too much effort. But going above or below the natural weight range is difficult. The body resists by feeling hungry or full and changing the metabolism to push the weight back to the range it seeks.減肥的最佳途徑看你，就知道吃，難怪你這么胖。聽(tīng)到這樣的話時(shí)，你會(huì)感到萬(wàn)分沮喪，心想：我不吃早餐也不吃晚飯，而且早晚跑步。我還能怎么辦呢？對(duì)此，你基本上無(wú)能為力。因?yàn)闆Q定你體重的是你的基因而不是你的生活習(xí)

28、慣，而且你的身體其實(shí)一直在努力維持著某個(gè)體重。 賓夕法尼亞大學(xué)的Albert Stunkard從實(shí)驗(yàn)中發(fā)現(xiàn)：如果父母肥胖，那他們的孩子有80%也會(huì)肥胖，相比之下，如果父母的體重正常，他們的子女體重超標(biāo)的可能性不超過(guò)14%。 那么，肥胖者如何才能通過(guò)節(jié)食使體重恢復(fù)正常甚至變瘦呢？自然，節(jié)食是有效的，但是，為此付出的健康代價(jià)卻是巨大的。洛克菲勒大學(xué)的醫(yī)學(xué)研究員Jules Hirsch曾經(jīng)做過(guò)一項(xiàng)針對(duì)8名肥胖者的實(shí)驗(yàn)。給予他們一種流食配方，每天給他們提供600卡的能量。十多周后，被調(diào)查對(duì)象平均減重45公斤。但離開(kāi)醫(yī)院以后，他們的體重又反彈了。實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果令人吃驚：通過(guò)干預(yù)身體的新陳代謝，減重的肥胖者過(guò)著

29、挨餓一般的生活。他們的精神狀態(tài)不佳，夢(mèng)想著食物或打破這種飲食規(guī)定。他們精神緊張、壓抑，有些人甚至有自殺傾向。他們把食物藏在自己的房間里。研究人員警告說(shuō)，體重的減輕有可能帶來(lái)不正常的體重，其結(jié)果可能類似于一個(gè)正常體重者挨餓之后的非正常身體狀況。 體重過(guò)輕的人則遭受著相反的痛苦：他們得努力增加體重。佛蒙特大學(xué)的Ethan Sims曾經(jīng)在犯人中選取志愿者做增加體重的實(shí)驗(yàn)。在4到6個(gè)月的時(shí)間里，他們吃下盡可能多的食物。結(jié)果，他們的體重都增加了20%到25%。但是實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)束數(shù)月之后，他們的體重又回到了正常水平，并且基本保持穩(wěn)定。 這并不意味著人們對(duì)控制體重毫無(wú)辦法。如果那些天生肥胖的人想減肥，那么他們將要

30、不懈地與自己的基因做斗爭(zhēng)。同時(shí)，這些實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果為科學(xué)家認(rèn)可的某個(gè)真理提供了佐證-每個(gè)人都有一個(gè)適合的體重范圍，這個(gè)范圍大概是9公斤。有些人可能在順其自然的條件下就保持60到69公斤的體重，但是減輕或者增加體重卻是比較困難的。身體會(huì)通過(guò)饑餓或者飽脹的感覺(jué)，并通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)新陳代謝促使體重回到那個(gè)范圍。第二篇Food for LearningIn Eritrea, a small country in northeast Africa, approximately 80 percent of the population is illiterate. That percentage is even hig

31、her for women. As in many developing countries, most Eritreans have traditional ideas about the role of women. They believe that women should stay home and take care of the family and should not get an education or look for a job.These beliefs are one of the factors that prevent Eritrea and other de

32、veloping countries from improving their economic situation. Experience in many countries has shown that educated women have fewer children and have more opportunities for improving their lives and the lives of their families. In Eritrea, in fact, there is great need for improvement. It is one of the

33、 poorest countries in the world. For many Eritrean families, getting enough food is a daily problem.To deal with these problems, the Eritrean government, together with the World Food Program, has a new program that offers food as a reward for learning. In primary schools, all the children receive fo

34、od packages to take home to their families. However, with the new program, the girls receive 50 percent more food than the boys. This way, parents are encouraged to send their daughters to school rather than keeping them at home.Another government program that aims to educate women is Food for Train

35、ing. Managed by the National Union of Eritrean Women, this program offers food rewards (also from the World Food Organization) to women and older girls who are willing to join the program. Because of the war with Ethiopia, many women are bringing up their families on their own. They often live in re

36、fugee camps, with no land of their own and no way to earn money. Most of these women are illiterate and have no skills to find a job. They spend most of their day looking for food and preparing it for their families.The Food for Training program helps the teenagers and women change their lives. If t

37、hey agree to join the program, they receive a large package of food each month. In return, the women are required to attend free literacy classes for two hours every day. When Food for Training started with classes in two regions of Eritrea, 5,000 girls and women joined in the first two months. It i

38、s especially popular with teenage girls, aged fourteen to sixteen, who have never had a chance to go to school before.The organizers of Food for Training also plan to offer other kinds of courses for women, using the same system of food rewards. In these courses, they will teach women job skills and

39、 crafts such as basket weaving. These women will not only learn to read and write. They will become aware of what is going on in their country, and they will be able to have a voice in their future.學(xué)習(xí)換食品在非洲東北部的一個(gè)小國(guó)厄立特里亞，大約80%的人口是文盲。婦女中文盲的比例更高。像很多發(fā)展中國(guó)家一樣，許多厄立特里亞人對(duì)婦女的角色抱有傳統(tǒng)的觀點(diǎn)。他們認(rèn)為婦女應(yīng)該呆在家里照顧家庭，不應(yīng)該接受教育

40、或者外出找工作。 這些觀念是阻止厄立特里亞及其他發(fā)展中國(guó)家改善經(jīng)濟(jì)條件的因素之一。許多發(fā)展中國(guó)家的經(jīng)驗(yàn)表明，受過(guò)良好教育的婦女會(huì)少生孩子，有更多的機(jī)會(huì)來(lái)改善她們和家人的生活。事實(shí)上，在厄立特里亞還有很多地方有待改進(jìn)。厄立特里亞是世界上最貧窮的國(guó)家之一。對(duì)于許多厄立特里亞人來(lái)說(shuō)，填飽肚子是他們?nèi)粘Ｃ媾R的問(wèn)題。 為了解決這些問(wèn)題，厄立特里亞政府同世界糧食計(jì)劃署一起實(shí)施了一個(gè)新的項(xiàng)目，提供食品作為學(xué)習(xí)的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)。在小學(xué)，所有的孩子都會(huì)領(lǐng)到一包食品帶回家。隨著新項(xiàng)目的實(shí)施，女孩比男孩得到更多的食物。用這種方式鼓勵(lì)父母送他們的女兒去上學(xué)，而不是讓她們待在家里做家務(wù)活。 政府的另一個(gè)旨在為婦女提供教育的項(xiàng)目是

41、學(xué)習(xí)換食品計(jì)劃，它由厄立特里亞全國(guó)婦女聯(lián)合會(huì)管理，該項(xiàng)目為那些愿意加入培訓(xùn)的婦女和年齡稍大的姑娘們提供食物獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)（也從世界糧食組織獲得）。由于和埃塞俄比亞的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，很多女人支撐著她們的家庭。她們經(jīng)常住在難民營(yíng)里，沒(méi)有自己的土地，沒(méi)有辦法賺錢。這些女性大多數(shù)都是文盲，沒(méi)有一技之長(zhǎng)去找工作。她們大部分的時(shí)間用來(lái)尋找食物和為家人做飯。 學(xué)習(xí)換食品計(jì)劃可以幫助青少年和女性改變自己的生活。如果她們同意加入這個(gè)項(xiàng)目，她們每月會(huì)領(lǐng)到一大包食物。作為交換，婦女被要求參加每天兩小時(shí)的免費(fèi)識(shí)字課。在厄立特里亞的兩個(gè)地區(qū)實(shí)施學(xué)習(xí)換食物計(jì)劃，前兩個(gè)月有5000名女性參加了培訓(xùn)。這個(gè)項(xiàng)目尤其受到14到16歲女孩子的歡迎，她

42、們之前從來(lái)沒(méi)有機(jī)會(huì)上學(xué)。 學(xué)習(xí)換食物計(jì)劃還打算用同樣的食物獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)的方式，為女性提供其他類型的課程。在這些課程中，他們會(huì)教婦女一些工作技能和手工藝如編籃子等。這些婦女不僅可以學(xué)習(xí)讀和寫，還會(huì)了解國(guó)家正在發(fā)生的事情。第三篇The IcemanOn a September day in 1991, two Germans were climbing the mountains between Austria and Italy. High up on a mountain pass, they found the body of a man lying on the ice. At that heig

43、ht (10,499 feet, or 3,200 meters), the ice is usually permanent, but 1991 had been an especially warm year. The mountain ice had melted more than usual and so the body had come to the surface.It was lying face downward. The skeleton（骨架）was in perfect condition, except for a wound in the head. There

44、was still skin on the bones and the remains of some clothes. The hands were still holding the wooden handle of an ax and on the feet there were very simple leather and cloth boots. Nearby was a pair of gloves made of tree bark（樹(shù)皮）and a holder for arrows.Who was this man? How and when had he died? Ev

45、erybody had a different answer to these questions. Some people thought that it was from this century, perhaps the body of a soldier who died in World War I. since several soldiers had already been found in the area. A Swiss woman believed it might lie her father, who had died in those mountains twen

46、ty years before and whose body had never been found. The scientists who rushed to look at the body thought it was probably much older, maybe even a thousand years old.With modern dating techniques, the scientists soon learned that the Iceman was about 5,300 years old. Born in about 3300 B.C, he live

47、d during the Bronze Age in Europe. At first scientists thought he was probably a hunter who had died from an accident in the high mountains. More recent evidence, however, tells a different story. A new kind of X-ray shows an arrowhead still stuck in his shoulder. It left only a tiny hole in his ski

48、n, but it caused internal damage and bleeding. He almost certainly died from this wound, and not from the wound on the back of his head. This means that he was probably in some kind of a battle. It may have been part of a larger war, or he may have been fighting bandits. He may even have been a band

49、it himself.By studying his clothes and tools, scientists have already learned a great deal from the Iceman a- bout the times he lived in. We may never know the full story of how he died, but he has given us important clues to the history of those distant times.冰人1991年9月的一天，兩個(gè)德國(guó)人正在攀登位于奧地利和意大利之間的山脈，爬到

50、一個(gè)山口，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)了一具躺在冰上的尸體。在那個(gè)高度(10，499英尺或3，200米)，冰通常是常年不化的，但1991年是特別溫暖的一年。山上的冰比往年融化得多，因此尸體才顯露出來(lái)。他面部朝下。除了頭上有傷之外，骨架狀況良好。骨頭上仍然保留著皮膚和殘余的衣物。手上握著一把斧頭的木柄，雙腳穿著簡(jiǎn)單的由皮革和布料做的靴子。旁邊還有一雙樹(shù)皮制成的手套和一個(gè)箭托。他是誰(shuí)?他是怎么死的?他是什么時(shí)候死的? 對(duì)這些問(wèn)題，每個(gè)人都有不同的回答。有人認(rèn)為他是本世紀(jì)一戰(zhàn)時(shí)期陣亡的士兵，因?yàn)檫@一區(qū)域已發(fā)現(xiàn)了好幾具士兵的尸體。一位瑞士婦女認(rèn)為那人是她父親，他二十多年前死于山中而且尸體從未被找到過(guò)。蜂擁而至查看這具尸體

51、的科學(xué)家們認(rèn)為這一尸體的年代可能更久遠(yuǎn)，甚至有一千多年了?？茖W(xué)家們運(yùn)用最新的年代確定技術(shù)很快獲悉這一冰人已有大約5300歲了。他大約出生在公元前3300年，生活在青銅器時(shí)代的歐洲。起初科學(xué)家們認(rèn)為他有可能在高山間打獵時(shí)出事故而亡。然而最近的一些證據(jù)顯示了不同的結(jié)果。新型的X光表明他的肩膀上仍有一個(gè)箭頭，皮膚上只有一個(gè)小孔，但卻導(dǎo)致了內(nèi)部損傷和失血。基本上可以肯定他是由于這個(gè)傷口而死，而不是因?yàn)轭^后部的傷口。這表明他可能死于某場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)斗中。也許這是一場(chǎng)大戰(zhàn)役的一部分，或者他是死于同強(qiáng)盜的搏斗中。甚至他本人就可能是一個(gè)強(qiáng)盜。通過(guò)研究他的衣物和工具，科學(xué)家們得到了很多關(guān)于他生活年代的信息。我們可能永遠(yuǎn)無(wú)

52、法知道他死亡的真相，但是他給我們提供了了解那個(gè)遠(yuǎn)古時(shí)代的重要線索。第5部分：補(bǔ)全短文I Know Just How You FeelDo you feel sad? Happy? Angry? You may think that the way you show these emotions is unique. Well, think again. Even the expression of the most personal feelings can be classified, according to Mind Reading, a DVD displaying every pos

53、sible human emotion. It demonstrates 412 distinct ways in which we feel: the first visual dictionary of the human heart.Attempts to classify expressions began in the mid-1800s, when Darwin divided the emotions into six types anger, fear, sadness, disgust, surprise and enjoyment. _ (46) Every other f

54、eeling was thought to derive from Darwins small group. More complex expressions of emotion were probably learned and therefore more specific to each culture. But now it is believed that many more facial expressions are shared worldwide. _ (47) The Mind Reading DVD is a systematic visual record of th

55、ese expressions.The project was conceived by a Cambridge professor as an aid for people with autism（孤獨(dú)癥）, who have difficulty both reading and expressing emotions. But it quickly became apparent that it had broader uses. Actors and teachers, for example, need to understand a wide range of expression

56、s. The professor and his research team first had to define an “emotion”. _ (48) Using this definition, 1,512 emotion terms were identified and discussed. This list was eventually reduced to 412, from “afraid” to “wanting”.Once these emotions were defined and classified, a DVD seemed the clearest and

57、 most efficient way to display them. In Mind Reading, each expression is acted out by six different actors in three seconds. _ (49) The explanation for this is simple: we may find it difficult to describe emotions using words, but we instantly recognize one when we see it on someones face. “It was r

58、eally clear when the actors had got it right,” says Cathy Collis, who directed the DVD“Although they were given some direction,” says Ms Collis, “the actors were not told which facial muscles they should move. _ (50) For example, when someone feels contempt, you cant say for certain that their eyebr

59、ows always go down.Someone who has tried to establish such rules is the American, Professor Paul Ekman, who has built a database of how the face moves for every emotion. The face can make 43 distinct muscle movements called “action units”. These can be combined into more than 10,000 visible facial s

60、hapes. Ekman has written out a pattern of facial muscular movements to represent each emotion.我知道你是如何想的你感到悲傷嗎?還是幸福?或者憤怒?也許你認(rèn)為自己表現(xiàn)這些感情的方式是獨(dú)一無(wú)二的。好，再想想。根據(jù)一個(gè)“閱讀思維”儀器即可以展示各種可能的人類情感的DVD，就算是最私密的感情也可以被歸類。它展示了412種感覺(jué)的不同方式：是第一部人類內(nèi)心的可視詞典。對(duì)情感進(jìn)行歸類的嘗試始于19世紀(jì)中葉，那時(shí)達(dá)爾文將情緒分為6種類型-憤怒、恐懼、悲傷、厭惡、驚喜和愉悅。他說(shuō)這些感覺(jué)的表情是普遍的，是能夠被任何人、