藝術(shù)設(shè)計(jì)色彩和形式外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)

1、文獻(xiàn)信息文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)題：Form and Colour Two Basic Elements of Design （形式與色彩設(shè)計(jì)的兩個(gè)基本元素）文獻(xiàn)作者：S.Saleem Ahmed， B.Gurumoorthy文獻(xiàn)出處： Research into Design for Communities ,2017,2:893-902字?jǐn)?shù)統(tǒng)計(jì)：英文 3004單詞， 15932字符；中文5516漢字外文文獻(xiàn)Form and Colour Two Basic Elements of DesignAbstract There is no consensus among the designers and des

2、ign educators on the number of design elements. For well over 100 years of formal design education, design students are trained to use varying number of elements in their pursuit of designing products. In the design literature, there are different sets of design elements mentioned for the purpose of

3、 designing products. This inconsistency has often led to confusion among design students and designers about what really are the elements. This paper is an attempt to bring some clarity to this state of confusion. This also explains why there are varying number of elements used by designers and how

4、one can expand the basic elements of design, Form and Colour, into varying number of elements for meeting their purpose. Results of this study will help designers to make use of the popular method of designing with more clarity and customize it to suit ones requirements.Keywords: Design elements, De

5、sign principles, Form, Colour1.IntroductionThere is no consensus among the designers and design educators on the number of design elements. According to Lauer, who wrote a book on Design Basics,“ no tdesigners will ever agree on the same list of design elements and principles or on which are which ”

6、 . Thearsenhot been any work on finding why there are many designelements and principles. So, this gap is partly being filled up through investigation on the design elements in this paper.Chapman, while describing the process of designing, stated that,a“rtisWtshenplan their work, they must see and t

7、hink about the elements and principles of design. The elements of design are: line, shape, color, texture, and value (light and dark). Artists also use ideas known as principles of design to plan their work. A principle of design is a guide for relating the visual elements. Some principles of design

8、 are: balance, rhythm, proportion, pattern, unity andvariety. ”For well over 100 years of formal design education, design students are trained to use varying number of elements in their pursuit of designing products. In design literature, there are different sets of design elements mentioned for the

9、 purpose of designing products. This inconsistency has often led to confusion among design students and designers about what really are the elements. This paper is an attempt to bring some clarity to this state of confusion. This also explains why there are varying number of elements used by designe

10、rs and how one can expand the basic elements of design into varying number of elements for meeting their purpose.Elements and Principles Approach to design has been the method used widely by art and design educators throughout the world since the beginning of 20th century. Kim in her studies on the

11、history of design theory in art education observed that, “ the elements and principles of design have taken a firm place in various art curricula, textbooks, and national and state Visual Arts Standards” and she concluded that,not expect that design elements and principles will disappear as aspects

12、of art education in the fore-seeable future, or that their disappearance would be desirable Nowadays the boundaries of the domain of design are fast expanding and many new branches of design such as interaction design, web design, and app design are being introduced. It is important to adapt the exi

13、sting elements and principles method to suit the needs of the newer branches of design.2.OverviewWorks of 12 authors who have majorly contributed to the field of design education since the beginning of 20th century have been considered. The design elements proposed by them have been analyzed. In thi

14、s paper, attempts have been made to find why there has been no consensus and find out if there are any universal design elements possible. These have done by defining the design elements, criteria-check on the proposed elements, and categorizing the accepted design elements based on their function/n

15、ature/characteristics. Form and Colour are the basic design elements that finally emerge out of the analysis. The results are discussed and the recommendations for application to different branches of design are suggested.Assumptions and MethodsWhen people engage with products, it is typically a mul

16、ti-sensory experience. In addition to product vsisual form, other product qualities like tactile, auditory, sometimes olfactory and gustatory are also used in a product experience. However product s visual form is considered particularly important for the following reasons:(a)Vision is the dominant

17、sense for majority of the people.(b)Vision is a sense that is effective over distance and because of this products are typically seen before they are touched.(c)Consumers approach a product to explore its non-visual qualities because often the product s visuainl iftoiarmlly attracted them.Perhaps be

18、cause of these reasons, the majority of the literature focusses on visual aspectsin comparison to other senses.Visual aestheticsand visual perceptions are commonly used terms in the literature. For the purpose of this paper, assumptions and definitions are made based on the dominance of the visual s

19、ense.Definition of a Design ElementAny discrete visual and/or tactile entity is considered as a design element. A design is composed of several design elements. Pixels, Points, Lines, and Surfaces are used for constructing a design in the virtual media. They are building blocks and not design elemen

20、ts. At a micro level, Atoms are building blocks. Traditionally design elements are the ones used for composing the appearance or styling of a new design.Design elements are unit-less entities. So, Length and Width cannot be designTable Comparative study on design elementselements. Design elements ar

21、e perceived through visual (optical) and/or tactile senses. Design elements are the optimal independent visual and/or tactile entities for a particular domain of design. They are either individually or collectively account for all that we see or feel in a product design.MethodsMajor contributors to

22、the knowledge base of design aesthetics, design education, and design philosophy over the last about 100 years have been considered. All the design elements as proposed by these authors have been tabulated and analyzed. They have been sequenced to one order, checked against the definition of design

23、elements, and categorized according to their nature/characteristics.The results were observed and checked for any patterns.AnalysisDow authored a book on Composition in 1899. This was one of the widely followed books for formal training of artists and designers in the first half of 20th century. Sub

24、sequently Denman Ross authored a book called The Pure Design in 1907. The third one was on Art Education for High Schools authored by Louis Prang in 1908. All these authors proposed three design elements Line, Tone, and Colour. These books ran into several editions and for decades these were the one

25、s referred. In 1972, Malcolm authored a book on Design Elements and Principles. Several publications came soon after. We have taken 12 authors, including the above four, who have contributed majorly to the field of Design Aesthetics/Art Education since 1900. Table 1 lists all the different authors a

26、nd what they proposed as design elements. The order of sequence of the design elements is the same as what the authors have originally proposed. Johnson said, “ Thereis very little consensus as to what the design elements and principles really are, or what they mean” . Table 1 confirms herobservatio

27、n.Name of authors, title of the work, year of publication reference no.Arthur Wesley Dow, Composition, 1899Denman Ross, Theory ofpuredesign, 1907Louis Prang, Art education forhighschools, 1908Malcolm, Design: elementsandprinciples, 1972Lauer, Design basics, 1979Frank Young, Visual studies, 1985Desig

28、n elementsLineLineLineSpaceIllusion of spaceLineNotan (tone)ToneToneLineLineFormColourColourColourShapeShape/formToneFormColorTextureColorValueColorValueTextureTextureIllusion of motionRhythmName of authors, title of the work, year of publication reference no.Wallschlaeger and Snyder, Basic visual c

29、oncepts and principles, 1992Lori Siebert andLisaBallard, Makingagood layout, 1992Marjorie Elliott Bevlin, Design through discovery, 1994FrancisChing,Architecture: form, space, and order 1995Ocvirk, Stinson, Wigg,Bone,Cayton,Artfundamentals, 2002Poppy Evans andMarkThomas, Exploring the elements of de

30、sign, 2004Design elementsPointLineLinePointLineSpaceLineShapeSpaceLineTextureShapePlaneTextureShape/formPlaneShapeLineVolumeSpaceTextureVolumeValueSizeToneSizeColorLengthColorColorColorValueFormTextureTextureColorShapeTypographyShapeSizeProportionTextureDimensionColorDirectionOrientationPosition4.1.

31、Sequencing of All Design Elements to One OrderWe notice that the sequence of the order of design elements is not same for all authors. For clarity and the ease of comparison, we have first rearranged the list of design elements in the following sequence-Space, Point, Line, Type, Surface, Texture, Sh

32、ape, Form, Tone, Colour and any other. The arrangement is based on the tactile and visual qualities of the design elements. The resultant arrangement is given in Table 2.Table 2 Comparative study on design elementsName of authors, title of the work, year of publication reference no.Arthur Wesley Dow

33、, Composition, 1899DenmanRoss, Theory ofpuredesign, 1907Louis Prang, Art education forhighschools, 1908Malcolm, Design: elementsandprinciples, 1972Lauer, Design basics, 1979Frank Young, Visual studies, 1985Design elementsSpaceIllusion of spaceLineLineLineLineLineLineNotan (tone)ToneToneTextureTextur

34、eTextureColourColourColourShapeShape/formFormFormValueToneValueColorColorColorIllusion of motionRhythmName of authors, title of the work, year of publication reference no.Wallschlaeger and Snyder, Basic visual concepts and principles, 1992Lori Siebert andLisaBallard, Makingagood layout, 1992Marjorie

35、 Elliott Bevlin, Design through discovery, 1994FrancisChing,Architecture: form, space, and order 1995Ocvirk, Stinson, Wigg,Bone,Cayton,Artfundamentals, 2002Poppy Evans andMarkThomas, Exploring the elements of design, 2004Design elementsPointSpaceSpacePointSpaceLineLineLineLineLineLinePlaneTextureTex

36、turePlaneTextureTypographyVolumeShapeShape/formVolumeShapeTextureTextureValueColorLengthValueShapeShapeColorTextureColorColorToneSizeShapeSizeColorFormProportionSizeDimensionColorDirectionOrientationPosition4.2.Checking of All Design Elements Against Definition (Criteria-Check)All the design element

37、s were checked against the criteria for design element as given in Sect. 3.1. As a result, some of the tabled elements such as length, direction, position, orientation, size, dimension, and 川usion of motion were disqualified as design elements in our list and marked out with the use of gray colored

38、blocks. The resultant set of design elements are given in Table 3.Table 3 Comparative study on design elementsName of authors, title of the work, year of publication reference no.Arthur Wesley Dow, Composition, 1899DenmanRoss, Theory ofpuredesign, 1907Louis Prang, Art education forhighschools, 1908M

39、alcolm, Design: elementsandprinciples, 1972Lauer, Design basics, 1979Frank Young, Visual studies, 1985Design elementsSpaceIllusion of spaceLineLineLineLineLineLineNotan (tone)ToneToneTextureTextureTextureColourColourColourShapeShape/formFormFormValueToneValueColorColorColorIllusion of motionRhythmTa

40、ble Comparative study on design elementsName of authors, title of the work, year of publication reference no.Wallschlaeger and Snyder, Basic visual concepts and principles, 1992Lori Siebert andLisaBallard, Makingagood layout, 1992Marjorie Elliott Bevlin, Design through discovery, 1994FrancisChing,Ar

41、chitecture: form, space, and order 1995Ocvirk, Stinson, Wigg,Bone,Cayton,Artfundamentals, 2002Poppy Evans andMarkThomas, Exploring the elements of design, 2004Design elementsPointSpaceSpacePointSpaceLineLineLineLineLineLinePlaneTextureTexturePlaneTextureTypographyVolumeShapeShape/formVolumeShapeText

42、ureTextureValueColorLengthValueShapeShapeColorTextureColorColorToneSizeShapeSizeColorFormProportionSizeDimensionColorDirectionOrientationPositionGray coloured elements Not considered as they are not meeting the criteria-checkFor the subsequent analysis, these so called marked out elements were not c

43、onsidered. The ones that meet the criteria for the design elements were categorized based on the function/nature/characteristics. This is to identify if there are any patterns in the agreed design elements.In Table 4, all the design elements listed are after they have been sequenced, screened, and c

44、ategorized. There are nine sets of design elements present in the table. We notice that there are elements related to the form and colour present in all of them. Elements that are related to form have visual and tactile qualities whereas elements that are related to colour have only visual qualities

45、. For the ease of better clarity and for ease of comparison, we have given warm colours to all the elements related to Form and cool colours to all elements related to Colour. Then what emerges is givenin Table 4.Gray colours Not considered as not meeting criteriaName of authors, title of the work,

46、year of publication reference no.Arthur Wesley Dow, Composition, 1899Denman Ross, Theory ofpuredesign, 1907Louis Prang, Art education forhighschools, 1908Malcolm, Design: elementsandprinciples, 1972Lauer, Design basics, 1979Frank Young, Visual studies, 1985Design elementsSpaceIllusion of spaceLineLi

47、neLineLineLineLineNotan (tone)ToneToneTextureTextureTextureColourColourColourShapeShape/formFormFormValueToneValueColorColorColorIllusion of motionRhythmName of authors, title of the work, year of publication reference no.Wallschlaeger and Snyder, Basic visual concepts and principles, 1992Lori Siebe

48、rt andLisaBallard, Makingagood layout, 1992Marjorie Elliott Bevlin, Design through discovery, 1994FrancisChing,Architecture: form, space, and order 1995Ocvirk, Stinson, Wigg,Bone,Cayton,Artfundamentals, 2002Poppy Evans andMarkThomas, Exploring the elements of design, 2004Design elementsPointSpaceSpa

49、cePointSpaceLineLineLineLineLineLinePlaneTextureTexturePlaneTextureTypographyVolumeShapeShape/formVolumeShapeTextureTextureValueColorLengthValueShapeShapeColorTextureColorColorToneSizeShapeSizeColorFormProportionSizeDimensionColorDirectionOrientationPositionWarm colours Elements related to formCool

50、colours Elements related to colour.Results and DiscussionForm and ColourInterestingly in all the sets of design elements, we notice that there are representations from two areas Form and Colour. Every design element mentioned is actually an extension of either one of these two Form and Colour. In ot

51、her words, we can deal with only two elements for tackling design problems. But that would complicate the matters as referring and composing solutions becomes difficult. So, for achieving certain visual effect in the composition and/or to apply different design principles conveniently, having differ

52、ent extensions of Form and Colour becomes necessary.Interestingly though several authors have proposed different sets of design elements and principles, they also have proposed means to compose design solutions (read new designs ). All were comptlheetembsyelves.Also which area of design, one is deal

53、ing with for a solution, necessitates as what may be taken as design elements.Following are some of the well-known areas of design: Industrial design, Automobile design, Packaging design, Furniture design, Interface design, Web design, App design, Interaction design, Ceramic design, Interior design,

54、 Fashion design, Textile design, Graphic design, Typography, Photography, Animation design, and Communication design.Each domain or area of design has a slightly different way of analyzing and synthesizing during the course of problem-solving (read designing). All cannot deal with one set of design

55、elements. For example, typography is treated as a separate element in communication design whereas in ceramic design or interior design, typography (or type) is treated as kind of line, which is by itself a design element. Another example can be pattern. In the domain of textile design or fashion de

56、sign pattern is required as a design element because the designers deal with it regularly for their design expressions. Whereas pattern is not considered as a separate designelement in the domain of industrial design or furniture design as the frequency of usage is limited.Recent Designs Are More Ta

57、ctileIn Table 4, the works of different authors are chronologically arranged. We notice that in recent times, the number of design elements, though from one of the two groups (form and colour), have increased. There are more elements on the Form group (warm colored ones). This group is more concerne

58、d with the tactile and optical (visual) qualities of the products. The number of elements listed by each author is also an indication of the complexity that the elements can possibly handle. So, could we conclude that the recent designs have more tactile features than theones that came out, say unti

59、l 1960s? It may be premature to conclude without analyzing with sufficient data, but we can take it as a pointer for exploration.Conclusion and RecommendationsBased on the studies here, we can conclude that form and colour are the basic elements with which composition of appearance or styling is don

60、e for a design. One can extend the form into line, texture, and shape and the colour into tone, value, transparency, and brightness. These extensions are based on what area of design, like Product design and Interface design, one is dealing with. It is not important to limit the number of design ele