英語構詞法知識

1、英語構詞法知識Word-formation 構詞法構詞法知識Derivation派生法Compound 合成法 Conversion 轉化法 掌握基本的構詞法知識，對于正確地識記單詞，擴大詞匯量，提高記憶速度和記憶效果，培養(yǎng)自學能力，具有非常重要的意義。簡略詞 合成詞 縮略詞 Compound 合成法把兩個或兩個以上的詞合成一個新詞, 這種構詞的方法叫做合成法 合成法1. 直接寫在一起。2. 用連字符(-)連接。3. 由兩個分開的詞構成。方法概念方式1. 復合形容詞的構成 2. 復合名詞的構成。3. 其他復合詞的構成。復合形容詞的構成方式 例 詞 形容詞形容詞 red-hot，bitter-s

2、weet, dark-blue 形容詞名詞 first-class, full-time, part-time, second-hand, bare-foot 形容詞現(xiàn)在分詞 good-looking, free-thinking, hard-working 形容詞過去分詞 ready-made 形容詞名詞-ed good-tempered, middle-aged, cold-blooded 名詞名詞-ed iron-willed 名詞形容詞 world-famous，snow-white, seasick， lifelong 名詞現(xiàn)在分詞 beauty-loving, freedom-lo

3、ving, job-hunting, time-saving 名詞過去分詞 man-made, water-covered, snow-covered, hand-made 副詞形容詞 ever-green, over-sensitive 副詞現(xiàn)在分詞 hard-working, far-seeing， far-reaching, well-meaning 副詞過去分詞 well-prepared, quickly-cured, well-known 數(shù)詞名詞 five-year, 數(shù)詞名詞+形容詞 five-year-old, six-inch-tall 數(shù)詞名詞-ed four-legge

4、d, six-storied , two-faced, four-cornered red-hot，bitter-sweet, dark-blue first-class, full-time, part-time, second-hand, bare-foot good-looking, free-thinking, hard-working ready-made good-tempered, middle-aged, cold-blooded iron-willed world-famous，snow-white, seasick， lifelong beauty-loving, free

5、dom-loving, job-hunting, time-saving man-made, water-covered, snow-covered, hand-made ever-green, over-sensitive hard-working, far-seeing， far-reaching, well-meaning well-prepared, quickly-cured, well-known five-year, five-year-old, six-inch-tall four-legged, six-storied , two-faced, four-cornered現(xiàn)成

6、的 熾熱 自由思維 鐵的意志暈船 終身 美容愛好 求職 省時省力 水覆蓋常綠，過度敏感 遠看到 意義深遠 善意的充分準備 快速固化，兩面， 復合名詞的構成方式例詞名詞名詞 horseback , newspaper, cell-phone 形容詞名詞 back-yard, forehead， greenhouse, blackboard動名詞名詞 hiding-place, reading-room 動詞副詞get-off, break-in, breakdown, breakup 副詞動詞 output, overflow 動詞名詞pickpocket , 副詞名詞overcoat, inl

7、and代詞名詞he-goat, she-wolf名詞介詞名詞 editor-in-chief, father-in-lawhorseback , newspaper, cell-phone back-yard, forehead， greenhouse, blackboardhiding-place, reading-room get-off, break-in, breakdown, breakup output, overflow pickpocket , overcoat, inlandhe-goat, she-wolfeditor-in-chief, father-in-law手機 溫

8、室， break-in中斷 breakdown故障breakup解體 output,輸出 overflow泛濫pickpocket扒手editor-in-chief,總編輯 father-in-law岳父 其他復合詞的構成方式例 詞復合動詞名詞動詞 day-dream，sun-bathe 副詞動詞 overcome, outgrow 形容詞動詞 white-wash 復合副詞名詞+名詞 sideways名詞+副詞 headfirst 形容詞+名詞 meanwhile介詞+名詞 beforehand復合代詞代詞賓格或物主代詞 + self (selves)himself, ourselves 某

9、些不定代詞 + body (one, thing)everyone (everybody, everything), nobody (no one, nothing)day-dream，sun-bathe overcome, outgrow white-wash sidewaysheadfirst meanwhile beforehandhimself, ourselves everyone (everybody, everything), nobody (no one, nothing)outgrow長得比 . 快 sideways側身 headfirst冒失地beforehand預先 轉化

10、法 Conversion 轉化法概念方式英語中有些單詞,詞形不變, 詞性卻可以由一種轉化成另一種。一個單詞由某一種詞類轉用為另一種詞類, 這就是轉化。單詞轉換后的意義往往與未轉換前的意義有密切的聯(lián)系。1. 名詞和動詞之間的轉化2. 形容詞轉化為動詞3. 名詞轉化為形容詞(副詞)4. 形容詞轉化為名詞轉化法（Conversion）tasten. 味道v.嘗起來It has a good taste.It taste very good.record n.記錄v. 記錄He broke the record.He lies to record something while reading a b

11、ook. 名詞轉化為動詞形容詞轉化為動詞名詞轉化為形容詞副詞轉換為動詞 telephone電話打電話slow 慢的放慢front前面前面的down 向下?lián)舻筯and手 交給warm 暖的使溫暖black 黑色黑色的back向后后退record 錄音記錄 empty 空的倒空noble 貴族高貴的up 向上提高date 日期 定日期better 較好 改善key 鑰匙 關鍵的name 名字 命名cool 涼爽 使冷face 臉 面對 動詞轉化為名詞動詞轉化為形容詞形容詞轉化為名詞一些形容詞前加the后轉換為名詞 drink 喝飲料perfect 使完善完美的 chief 主要的首領the wou

12、nded受傷的人們 study 學習書房fit 適合 適合的first 第一的 第一個the blind盲人們look at have a look at wrong 錯誤的 錯 誤the beautiful美麗的東西 轉化法例釋簡略詞合成詞縮略詞examexaminationplane aeroplanead.advertisement maths mathematicssmoke + fog = smogmotor +hotel=motelTV televisionTOEFL Test of EnglishAs A Foreign LanguagePLA the peoples liber

13、ation Army of China加前綴： happy - _happy 加后綴： develop - develop_既加前綴又加后綴： employ -_employ_unmentunment派生詞（derivation） 常見的否定前綴中學英語課本中有許多單詞帶有否定前綴，如果能理解這些否定前綴的含義，使用和記憶單詞是很有幫助的。否定前綴加在一個詞的前面就完全改變或否定了這個詞的原來意義。前 綴意 義用 法例 詞un-不，未（= not) 加在形容詞或副詞前unhappy, unnecessary, unexpected, unusual, , 相反動作加在動詞前uncover, u

14、ntie, unlock, undressin- ，il-im-，ir-不， 非， 無加在形容詞或其派生的名詞或副詞前 incomplete, impossible. impolite, irregular, inability, dis-表示否定加在名詞或形容詞前dishonour,羞辱 表示相反加在動詞前dislike, disbelieve表示分離剝奪除去加在名詞或動詞前discharge,排出 dismiss解雇 mis-表示錯、誤加在名詞、動詞或及其派生詞前mistake, misfortune,不幸 misunderstanding誤解unhappy, unnecessary, u

15、nexpected, unusual, , uncover, untie, unlock, undress incomplete, impossible. impolite, irregular, inability, dishonour,羞辱 dislike, disbelievedischarge,排出 dismiss解雇 mistake, misfortune,不幸 misunderstanding誤解表示時間和其他關系的前綴前 綴意 義用 法例 詞re-表示：再一次，重新用于動詞及派生名詞名詞、形容詞及其它名詞前(= again)renew,續(xù)借 reborn, rebuild, re

16、appear, retellfore-表示：時間或位置的“在前面”加在動詞或名詞前(= before)foresee, foreleg, foretell預言, foreknow預卜pre-表示：在前、事先、預先加在名詞或形容詞前(=before, in front, in advance)prepay, prewar, preschool, prehistorypost-表示：時間和順序的“在后邊”加在名詞或形容詞前(= after, behind)post-war, post-graduatea-表示：在 之上， 向， 在里加在動詞或名詞前，構成派生形容詞、副詞或介詞asleep, alo

17、ng, aloud, , alive, acrossco-表示：聯(lián)合、共同加在名詞或動詞前co-worker, coexistco-own, co-ownerinter-表示:“互相”、“在一起”加在名詞、形容詞前構成動詞(= between, among)interchange, internationalmid-表示：中間加在名詞前(= middle)midday, midnightsuper-表示：高級、在之上加在名詞前(= above, over, upon)superpower,超級大國，superstructure上層建筑表示人和物的名詞后綴后綴意 義 用 法例詞 表示人 -er從

18、事職業(yè)的人，做的人，地方的人加在動詞、名詞、形容詞上teacher, workerlearner, -or 與-er同義外來后綴，加在外來詞上visitor, conductoreducator, translator-eer從事于.的人用于外來詞engineer, volunteermountaineer-ess女.的加于名詞后，表示陰性actress, waitress-ician.(專)家，.工作者加在以-ic結尾的名詞或形容詞上physician, politicianmusician-ist從事.職業(yè)的人，從事某種.文藝、學術的人，.主義者加在名詞上，或 ize 結尾的動詞上，或以-

19、al結尾的其它詞上artist, socialistcommunistphysicist表示物-er表示從事某工作的物加在動詞和名詞或復合詞上washer,洗衣機 -or表示從事某工作的物加在動詞上conductor,導體，用 法例 詞表示“人”，加在動詞上listener, adviser, speaker, writer, driver, teacher, worker, singer, leader, waiter, runner, discoverer, explorer, maker表示“人”，加在名詞上banker, , officer, lawyer, prisoner, geo

20、grapher, joker, 表示“人”，加在某些地點名詞或某些形容詞Londoner, New Yorker, villager, Britisher, southerner, foreigner, outsider, stranger表示“人”，加在復合詞上housekeeper,管家, looker-on,旁觀者 表示“物”，加在動詞上washer, boiler, container, lighter,打火機drawer, 表示“物”，加在名詞上steamer,蒸籠washer, 表示“物”，加在復合詞上loudspeaker,既表示 “人”也表示“物”，加在動詞上fighter,戰(zhàn)

21、斗機printer,打印機印刷者 recorder, ruler后綴-er 構詞能力抽象名詞和集合名詞的后綴-agemarriage, luggage, postage郵費 -urefailure, temperature, pressure, pleasure, -itymajority, opportunity, -mentargument, statement, achievement, amusement, equipment -ismcommunism, criticism, internationalism, socialism -anceappearance, entrance,

22、 -domkingdom, wisdom, freedom-ydifficulty, discovery, bravery, machinery-alarrival, refusal, disapproval, -nesskindness, illness, brightness, selflessness, correctness-shipcitizenship, friendship, professorship, hardship, comradeship-hoodchildhood, brotherhood,兄弟情誼，-thstrength, growth, length, wealt

23、h, truth-erybravery, slavery, chemistry, surgery, machinery后綴為-ion的名詞規(guī) 則例 詞幾乎所有以-ate結尾的動詞在變?yōu)槊~時首先去掉e再加-cate/education, liberate/liberation, translate/translation,graduate/graduation, separate/separation, operate/operation多數(shù)以-t結尾的動詞直接在詞尾加-ion,少數(shù)以-te結尾的動詞首先去掉e再加-ion.act/action, invent/invention

24、, inspect/inspection, elect/election, select/selection, connect/connection, collect/collection, instruct/instruction, devote/devotion, pollute/pollution多數(shù)以-ss結尾的動詞直接加-ion.discuss/discussion, oppress/oppression, express/expression, possess/possession多數(shù)以-de結尾與少數(shù)以-d結尾的動詞先把-de或-d變成-s再加-ion.decide/decisi

25、on, divide/division, provide/provision, invade/ invasion, expand/expansion, extend/extension以-mit結尾的動詞，先把t變成-ss,再加-ion.admit/admission, commit/commission,承諾permit/permission, transmit/transmission轉交多數(shù)以-fy結尾的動詞先把y改成i再加-cation,少數(shù)以-efy或-fy結尾的動詞先去掉y再加-action.satisfy/satisfaction, modify/ modification,修改

26、 有些動詞不是加-ion,而是加-ition, -tion, -ation或-sion而變成名詞，其中有些詞根因讀音關系而發(fā)生了變化。add/addition, attend/attention, absorb/absorption, describe/ description, produce/production, reduce/reduction, solve/ solution, determine/determination, explain/explanation, found/ foundation, observe/observation, transport/transpor

27、tation形容詞后綴后綴意 義用 法例 詞-able可/能的加在名詞或及物動詞后valuable, horrible, -al有. 性質的加在名詞后natural, technical, actual-ant, -ent.的加在外來動詞詞干上important, pleasant, excellent -ic, -ical.性質的，與.有關的加在外來詞干的名詞上atomic原子, electric,電動 basic基本的 -ish稍帶.的，. 氣的，.民族的，. 語的加在名詞或形容詞上用于民族國家地名之上feverish, childish, bookish書呆子English, Spanish-ive有.傾向的/性質的加在動詞上instructive,教育性 expensive-ful充滿.的， 引起. 的加在名詞或少數(shù)名詞上thankful, powerful, tearful-less無/不.的，不能.的加在名詞或動詞上homeless, harmless, wireless-ous充滿.的，有.特性的加在名詞上dangerous, famous, nervous-y有/多. 的，想.的加在名詞上cloudy, s