Thepowerofintroverts內(nèi)向性格的力量Ted演講中英文

1、ThepowerofintrovertsSusanCainWhenIwasnineyearsold,Iwentofftosummercampforthefirsttime.Andmymotherpackedmeasuitcasefullofbooks,whichtomeseemedlikeaperfectlynaturalthingtodo.Becauseinmyfamily,readingwastheprimarygroupactivity.Andthismightsoundantisocialtoyou,butforusitwasreallyjustadifferentwayofbeing

2、social.Youhavetheanimalwarmthofyourfamilysittingrightnexttoyou,butyouarealsofreetogoroamingaroundtheadventurelandinsideyourownmind.AndIhadthisideathatcampwasgoingtobejustlikethis,butbetter.(Laughter)Ihadavisionof10girlssittinginacabincozilyreadingbooksintheirmatchingnightgowns.0:51(Laughter)0:53Camp

3、wasmorelikeakegpartywithoutanyalcohol.Andontheveryfirstday,ourcounselorgatheredusalltogetherandshetaughtusacheerthatshesaidwewouldbedoingeverydayfortherestofthesummertoinstillcampspirit.Anditwentlikethis:R-O-W-D-I-E,thatsthewaywespellrowdie.Rowdie,rowdie,letsgetrowdie.(Laughter)Yeah.SoIcouldntfigure

4、outforthelifeofmewhyweweresupposedtobesorowdy,orwhywehadtospellthiswordincorrectly.(Laughter)ButIrecitedacheer.Irecitedacheeralongwitheverybodyelse.Ididmybest.AndIjustwaitedforthetimethatIcouldgooffandreadmybooks.1:43ButthefirsttimethatItookmybookoutofmysuitcase,thecoolestgirlinthebunkcameuptomeands

5、heaskedme,Whyareyoubeingsomellow?-mellow,ofcourse,beingtheexactoppositeofR-O-W-D-I-E.AndthenthesecondtimeItriedit,thecounselorcameuptomewithaconcernedexpressiononherfaceandsherepeatedthepointaboutcampspiritandsaidweshouldallworkveryhardtobeoutgoing.2:05AndsoIputmybooksaway,backintheirsuitcase,andIpu

6、tthemundermybed,andtheretheystayedfortherestofthesummer.AndIfeltkindofguiltyaboutthis.Ifeltasifthebooksneededmesomehow,andtheywerecallingouttomeandIwasforsakingthem.ButIdidforsakethemandIdidntopenthatsuitcaseagainuntilIwasbackhomewithmyfamilyattheendofthesummer.2:30Now,Itellyouthisstoryaboutsummerca

7、mp.Icouldhavetoldyou50othersjustlikeit-allthetimesthatIgotthemessagethatsomehowmyquietandintrovertedstyleofbeingwasnotnecessarilytherightwaytogo,thatIshouldbetryingtopassasmoreofanextrovert.AndIalwayssenseddeepdownthatthiswaswrongandthatintrovertswereprettyexcellentjustastheywere.ButforyearsIdeniedt

8、hisintuition,andsoIbecameaWallStreetlawyer,ofallthings,insteadofthewriterthatIhadalwayslongedtobe-partlybecauseIneededtoprovetomyselfthatIcouldbeboldandassertivetoo.AndIwasalwaysgoingofftocrowdedbarswhenIreallywouldhavepreferredtojusthaveanicedinnerwithfriends.AndImadetheseself-negatingchoicessorefl

9、exively,thatIwasntevenawarethatIwasmakingthem.3:18Nowthisiswhatmanyintrovertsdo,anditsourlossforsure,butitisalsoourcolleagueslossandourcommunitiesloss.Andattheriskofsoundinggrandiose,itistheworldsloss.Becausewhenitcomestocreativityandtoleadership,weneedintrovertsdoingwhattheydobest.Athirdtoahalfofth

10、epopulationareintroverts-athirdtoahalf.Sothatsoneoutofeverytwoorthreepeopleyouknow.Soevenifyoureanextrovertyourself,Imtalkingaboutyourcoworkersandyourspousesandyourchildrenandthepersonsittingnexttoyourightnow-allofthemsubjecttothisbiasthatisprettydeepandrealinoursociety.Weallinternalizeitfromaveryea

11、rlyagewithoutevenhavingalanguageforwhatweredoing.4:02Now,toseethebiasclearly,youneedtounderstandwhatintroversionis.Itsdifferentfrombeingshy.Shynessisaboutfearofsocialjudgment.Introversionismoreabout,howdoyourespondtostimulation,includingsocialstimulation.Soextrovertsreallycravelargeamountsofstimulat

12、ion,whereasintrovertsfeelattheirmostaliveandtheirmostswitched-onandtheirmostcapablewhentheyreinquieter,morelow-keyenvironments.Notallthetime-thesethingsarentabsolute-butalotofthetime.Sothekeythentomaximizingourtalentsisforusalltoputourselvesinthezoneofstimulationthatisrightforus.4:40Butnowhereswhere

13、thebiascomesin.Ourmostimportantinstitutions,ourschoolsandourworkplaces,theyaredesignedmostlyforextrovertsandforextrovertsneedforlotsofstimulation.AndalsowehavethisbeliefsystemrightnowthatIcallthenewgroupthink,whichholdsthatallcreativityandallproductivitycomesfromaveryoddlygregariousplace.5:05Soifyou

14、picturethetypicalclassroomnowadays:WhenIwasgoingtoschool,wesatinrows.Wesatinrowsofdeskslikethis,andwedidmostofourworkprettyautonomously.Butnowadays,yourtypicalclassroomhaspodsofdesks-fourorfiveorsixorsevenkidsallfacingeachother.Andkidsareworkingincountlessgroupassignments.Eveninsubjectslikemathandcr

15、eativewriting,whichyouthinkwoulddependonsoloflightsofthought,kidsarenowexpectedtoactascommitteemembers.Andforthekidswhoprefertogooffbythemselvesorjusttoworkalone,thosekidsareseenasoutliersoftenor,worse,asproblemcases.Andthevastmajorityofteachersreportsbelievingthattheidealstudentisanextrovertasoppos

16、edtoanintrovert,eventhoughintrovertsactuallygetbettergradesandaremoreknowledgeable,accordingtoresearch.(Laughter)5:59Okay,samethingistrueinourworkplaces.Now,mostofusworkinopenplanoffices,withoutwalls,wherewearesubjecttotheconstantnoiseandgazeofourcoworkers.Andwhenitcomestoleadership,introvertsarerou

17、tinelypassedoverforleadershippositions,eventhoughintrovertstendtobeverycareful,muchlesslikelytotakeoutsizerisks-whichissomethingwemightallfavornowadays.AndinterestingresearchbyAdamGrantattheWhartonSchoolhasfoundthatintrovertedleadersoftendeliverbetteroutcomesthanextrovertsdo,becausewhentheyaremanagi

18、ngproactiveemployees,theyremuchmorelikelytoletthoseemployeesrunwiththeirideas,whereasanextrovertcan,quiteunwittingly,getsoexcitedaboutthingsthattheyreputtingtheirownstamponthings,andotherpeoplesideasmightnotaseasilythenbubbleuptothesurface.6:47Nowinfact,someofourtransformativeleadersinhistoryhavebee

19、nintroverts.Illgiveyousomeexamples.EleanorRoosevelt,RosaParks,Gandhi-allthesepeopleddescribedthemselvesasquietandsoft-spokenandevenshy.Andtheyalltookthespotlight,eventhougheveryboneintheirbodieswastellingthemnotto.Andthisturnsouttohaveaspecialpowerallitsown,becausepeoplecouldfeelthattheseleaderswere

20、atthehelmnotbecausetheyenjoyeddirectingothersandnotoutofthepleasureofbeinglookedat;theyweretherebecausetheyhadnochoice,becausetheyweredriventodowhattheythoughtwasright.7:22NowIthinkatthispointitsimportantformetosaythatIactuallyloveextroverts.Ialwaysliketosaysomeofmybestfriendsareextroverts,including

21、mybelovedhusband.Andweallfallatdifferentpoints,ofcourse,alongtheintrovert/extrovertspectrum.EvenCarlJung,thepsychologistwhofirstpopularizedtheseterms,saidthattheresnosuchthingasapureintrovertorapureextrovert.Hesaidthatsuchamanwouldbeinalunaticasylum,ifheexistedatall.Andsomepeoplefallsmackinthemiddle

22、oftheintrovert/extrovertspectrum,andwecallthesepeopleambiverts.AndIoftenthinkthattheyhavethebestofallworlds.Butmanyofusdorecognizeourselvesasonetypeortheother.8:05AndwhatImsayingisthatculturally,weneedamuchbetterbalance.Weneedmoreofayinandyangbetweenthesetwotypes.Thisisespeciallyimportantwhenitcomes

23、tocreativityandtoproductivity,becausewhenpsychologistslookatthelivesofthemostcreativepeople,whattheyfindarepeoplewhoareverygoodatexchangingideasandadvancingideas,butwhoalsohaveaseriousstreakofintroversioninthem.8:29Andthisisbecausesolitudeisacrucialingredientoftentocreativity.SoDarwin,hetooklongwalk

24、saloneinthewoodsandemphaticallyturneddowndinner-partyinvitations.TheodorGeisel,betterknownasDr.Seuss,hedreamedupmanyofhisamazingcreationsinalonelybelltowerofficethathehadinthebackofhishouseinLaJolla,California.Andhewasactuallyafraidtomeettheyoungchildrenwhoreadhisbooksforfearthattheywereexpectinghim

25、thiskindofjollySantaClaus-likefigureandwouldbedisappointedwithhismorereservedpersona.SteveWozniakinventedthefirstApplecomputersittingaloneinhiscubicleinHewlett-Packardwherehewasworkingatthetime.Andhesaysthatheneverwouldhavebecomesuchanexpertinthefirstplacehadhenotbeentoointrovertedtoleavethehousewhe

26、nhewasgrowingup.9:16Now,ofcourse,thisdoesnotmeanthatweshouldallstopcollaborating-andcaseinpoint,isSteveWozniakfamouslycomingtogetherwithSteveJobstostartAppleComputer-butitdoesmeanthatsolitudemattersandthatforsomepeopleitistheairthattheybreathe.Andinfact,wehaveknownforcenturiesaboutthetranscendentpow

27、erofsolitude.Itsonlyrecentlythatwevestrangelybeguntoforgetit.Ifyoulookatmostoftheworldsmajorreligions,youwillfindseekers-Moses,Jesus,Buddha,Muhammad-seekerswhoaregoingoffbythemselvesalonetothewilderness,wheretheythenhaveprofoundepiphaniesandrevelationsthattheythenbringbacktotherestofthecommunity.So,

28、nowilderness,norevelations.10:05Thisisnosurprise,though,ifyoulookattheinsightsofcontemporarypsychology.Itturnsoutthatwecantevenbeinagroupofpeoplewithoutinstinctivelymirroring,mimickingtheiropinions.Evenaboutseeminglypersonalandvisceralthingslikewhoyoureattractedto,youwillstartapingthebeliefsofthepeo

29、plearoundyouwithoutevenrealizingthatthatswhatyouredoing.10:25Andgroupsfamouslyfollowtheopinionsofthemostdominantorcharismaticpersonintheroom,eventhoughthereszerocorrelationbetweenbeingthebesttalkerandhavingthebestideas-Imeanzero.So-(Laughter)Youmightbefollowingthepersonwiththebestideas,butyoumightno

30、t.Anddoyoureallywanttoleaveituptochance?Muchbetterforeverybodytogooffbythemselves,generatetheirownideasfreedfromthedistortionsofgroupdynamics,andthencometogetherasateamtotalkthemthroughinawell-managedenvironmentandtakeitfromthere.11:02Nowifallthisistrue,thenwhyarewegettingitsowrong?Whyarewesettingup

31、ourschoolsthisway,andourworkplaces?Andwhyarewemakingtheseintrovertsfeelsoguiltyaboutwantingtojustgooffbythemselvessomeofthetime?Oneanswerliesdeepinourculturalhistory.Westernsocieties,andinparticulartheU.S.,havealwaysfavoredthemanofactionoverthemanofcontemplation.ButinAmericasearlydays,welivedinwhath

32、istorianscallacultureofcharacter,wherewestill,atthatpoint,valuedpeoplefortheirinnerselvesandtheirmoralrectitude.Andifyoulookattheself-helpbooksfromthisera,theyallhadtitleswiththingslikeCharacter,theGrandestThingintheWorld.AndtheyfeaturedrolemodelslikeAbrahamLincoln,whowaspraisedforbeingmodestandunas

33、suming.RalphWaldoEmersoncalledhimAmanwhodoesnotoffendbysuperiority.11:58Butthenwehitthe20thcentury,andweenteredanewculturethathistorianscallthecultureofpersonality.Whathappenediswehadevolvedanagriculturaleconomytoaworldofbigbusiness.Andsosuddenlypeoplearemovingfromsmalltownstothecities.Andinsteadofw

34、orkingalongsidepeopletheyveknownalltheirlives,nowtheyarehavingtoprovethemselvesinacrowdofstrangers.So,quiteunderstandably,qualitieslikemagnetismandcharismasuddenlycometoseemreallyimportant.Andsureenough,theself-helpbookschangetomeetthesenewneedsandtheystarttohavenameslikeHowtoWinFriendsandInfluenceP

35、eople.Andtheyfeatureastheirrolemodelsreallygreatsalesmen.Sothatstheworldwerelivingintoday.Thatsourculturalinheritance.12:44Nownoneofthisistosaythatsocialskillsareunimportant,andImalsonotcallingfortheabolishingofteamworkatall.Thesamereligionswhosendtheirsagesofftolonelymountaintopsalsoteachusloveandt

36、rust.Andtheproblemsthatwearefacingtodayinfieldslikescienceandineconomicsaresovastandsocomplexthatwearegoingtoneedarmiesofpeoplecomingtogethertosolvethemworkingtogether.ButIamsayingthatthemorefreedomthatwegiveintrovertstobethemselves,themorelikelythattheyaretocomeupwiththeirownuniquesolutionstothesep

37、roblems.13:20SonowIdliketosharewithyouwhatsinmysuitcasetoday.Guesswhat?Books.Ihaveasuitcasefullofbooks.HeresMargaretAtwood,CatsEye.HeresanovelbyMilanKundera.AndheresTheGuideforthePerplexedbyMaimonides.Butthesearenotexactlymybooks.Ibroughtthesebookswithmebecausetheywerewrittenbymygrandfathersfavorite

38、authors.13:54MygrandfatherwasarabbiandhewasawidowerwholivedaloneinasmallapartmentinBrooklynthatwasmyfavoriteplaceintheworldwhenIwasgrowingup,partlybecauseitwasfilledwithhisverygentle,verycourtlypresenceandpartlybecauseitwasfilledwithbooks.Imeanliterallyeverytable,everychairinthisapartmenthadyieldedi

39、tsoriginalfunctiontonowserveasasurfaceforswayingstacksofbooks.Justliketherestofmyfamily,mygrandfathersfavoritethingtodointhewholeworldwastoread.14:23Buthealsolovedhiscongregation,andyoucouldfeelthisloveinthesermonsthathegaveeveryweekforthe62yearsthathewasarabbi.Hewouldtakesthefruitsofeachweeksreadin

40、gandhewouldweavetheseintricatetapestriesofancientandhumanistthought.Andpeoplewouldcomefromallovertohearhimspeak.14:43Butheresthethingaboutmygrandfather.Underneaththisceremonialrole,hewasreallymodestandreallyintroverted-somuchsothatwhenhedeliveredthesesermons,hehadtroublemakingeyecontactwiththeverysa

41、mecongregationthathehadbeenspeakingtofor62years.Andevenawayfromthepodium,whenyoucalledhimtosayhello,hewouldoftenendtheconversationprematurelyforfearthathewastakinguptoomuchofyourtime.Butwhenhediedattheageof94,thepolicehadtoclosedownthestreetsofhisneighborhoodtoaccommodatethecrowdofpeoplewhocameoutto

42、mournhim.AndsothesedaysItrytolearnfrommygrandfathersexampleinmyownway.15:27SoIjustpublishedabookaboutintroversion,andittookmeaboutsevenyearstowrite.Andforme,thatsevenyearswasliketotalbliss,becauseIwasreading,Iwaswriting,Iwasthinking,Iwasresearching.Itwasmyversionofmygrandfathershoursofthedayaloneinh

43、islibrary.Butnowallofasuddenmyjobisverydifferent,andmyjobistobeoutheretalkingaboutit,talkingaboutintroversion.(Laughter)Andthatsalotharderforme,becauseashonoredasIamtobeherewithallofyourightnow,thisisnotmynaturalmilieu.16:07SoIpreparedformomentsliketheseasbestIcould.Ispentthelastyearpracticingpublic

44、speakingeverychanceIcouldget.AndIcallthismyyearofspeakingdangerously.(Laughter)Andthatactuallyhelpedalot.ButIlltellyou,whathelpsevenmoreismysense,mybelief,myhopethatwhenitcomestoourattitudestointroversionandtoquietandtosolitude,wetrulyarepoisedonthebrinkondramaticchange.Imean,weare.AndsoIamgoingtole

45、aveyounowwiththreecallsforactionforthosewhosharethisvision.16:41Numberone:Stopthemadnessforconstantgroupwork.Juststopit.(Laughter)Thankyou.(Applause)AndIwanttobeclearaboutwhatImsaying,becauseIdeeplybelieveourofficesshouldbeencouragingcasual,chattycafe-styletypesofinteractions-youknow,thekindwherepeo

46、plecometogetherandserendipitouslyhaveanexchangeofideas.Thatisgreat.Itsgreatforintrovertsanditsgreatforextroverts.Butweneedmuchmoreprivacyandmuchmorefreedomandmuchmoreautonomyatwork.School,samething.Weneedtobeteachingkidstoworktogether,forsure,butwealsoneedtobeteachingthemhowtoworkontheirown.Thisises

47、peciallyimportantforextrovertedchildrentoo.Theyneedtoworkontheirownbecausethatiswheredeepthoughtcomesfrominpart.17:28Okay,numbertwo:Gotothewilderness.BelikeBuddha,haveyourownrevelations.Imnotsayingthatweallhavetonowgooffandbuildourowncabinsinthewoodsandnevertalktoeachotheragain,butIamsayingthatwecou

48、ldallstandtounplugandgetinsideourownheadsalittlemoreoften.17:50Numberthree:Takeagoodlookatwhatsinsideyourownsuitcaseandwhyyouputitthere.Soextroverts,maybeyoursuitcasesarealsofullofbooks.Ormaybetheyrefullofchampagneglassesorskydivingequipment.Whateveritis,Ihopeyoutakethesethingsouteverychanceyougetan

49、dgraceuswithyourenergyandyourjoy.Butintroverts,youbeingyou,youprobablyhavetheimpulsetoguardverycarefullywhatsinsideyourownsuitcase.Andthatsokay.Butoccasionally,justoccasionally,Ihopeyouwillopenupyoursuitcasesforotherpeopletosee,becausetheworldneedsyouanditneedsthethingsyoucarry.18:32SoIwishyouthebes

50、tofallpossiblejourneysandthecouragetospeaksoftly.當(dāng)我九歲的時(shí)候我第一次去參加夏令營(yíng)我媽媽幫我整理好了我的行李箱里面塞滿了書這對(duì)于我來說是一件極為自然的事情因?yàn)樵谖业募彝ダ镩喿x是主要的家庭活動(dòng)聽上去你們可能覺得我們是不愛交際的但是對(duì)于我的家庭來說這真的只是接觸社會(huì)的另一種途徑你們有自己家庭接觸時(shí)的溫暖親情家人靜坐在你身邊但是你也可以自由地漫游在你思維深處的冒險(xiǎn)樂園里我有一個(gè)想法野營(yíng)會(huì)變得像這樣子，當(dāng)然要更好些（笑聲）我想象到十個(gè)女孩坐在一個(gè)小屋里都穿著合身的女式睡衣愜意地享受著讀書的過程0:51（笑聲）0:53野營(yíng)這時(shí)更像是一個(gè)不提供酒水的派對(duì)聚

51、會(huì)在第一天的時(shí)候呢我們的顧問把我們都集合在一起并且她教會(huì)了我們一種今后要用到的慶祝方式在余下夏令營(yíng)的每一天中讓“露營(yíng)精神”浸潤(rùn)我們之后它就像這樣繼續(xù)著R-O-W-D-I-E這是我們拼寫“吵鬧的口號(hào)我們唱著“噪音，喧鬧，我們要變得吵一點(diǎn)”對(duì)，就是這樣可我就是弄不明白我的生活會(huì)是什么樣的為什么我們變得這么吵鬧粗暴或者為什么我們非要把這個(gè)單詞錯(cuò)誤地拼寫（笑聲）但是我可沒有忘記慶祝。我與每個(gè)人都互相歡呼慶祝了我盡了我最大的努力我只是想等待那一刻我可以離開吵鬧的聚會(huì)去捧起我摯愛的書1:43但是當(dāng)我第一次把書從行李箱中拿出來的時(shí)候床鋪中最酷的那個(gè)女孩向我走了過來并且她問我：“為什么你要這么安靜？”安靜，當(dāng)

52、然，是R-O-W-D-I-E的反義詞“喧鬧”的反義詞而當(dāng)我第二次拿書的時(shí)候我們的顧問滿臉憂慮的向我走了過來接著她重復(fù)了關(guān)于“露營(yíng)精神”的要點(diǎn)并且說我們都應(yīng)當(dāng)努力去變得外向些2:05于是我放好我的書放回了屬于它們的行李箱中并且我把它們放到了床底下在那里它們度過了暑假余下的每一天我對(duì)這樣做感到很愧疚不知為什么我感覺這些書是需要我的它們?cè)诤魡疚?，但是我卻放棄了它們我確實(shí)放下了它們，并且我再也沒有打開那個(gè)箱子直到我和我的家人一起回到家中在夏末的時(shí)候2:30現(xiàn)在，我向你們講述這個(gè)夏令營(yíng)的故事我完全可以給你們講出其他50種版本就像這個(gè)一樣的故事-每當(dāng)我感覺到這樣的時(shí)候它告訴我出于某種原因，我的寧?kù)o和內(nèi)向的

53、風(fēng)格并不是正確道路上的必需品我應(yīng)該更多地嘗試一個(gè)外向者的角色而在我內(nèi)心深處感覺得到，這是錯(cuò)誤的內(nèi)向的人們都是非常優(yōu)秀的，確實(shí)是這樣但是許多年來我都否認(rèn)了這種直覺于是我首先成為了華爾街的一名律師而不是我長(zhǎng)久以來想要成為的一名作家一部分原因是因?yàn)槲蚁胍C明自己也可以變得勇敢而堅(jiān)定并且我總是去那些擁擠的酒吧當(dāng)我只是想要和朋友們吃一頓愉快的晚餐時(shí)我做出了這些自我否認(rèn)的抉擇如條件反射一般甚至我都不清楚我做出了這些決定3:18這就是很多內(nèi)向的人正在做的事情這當(dāng)然是我們的損失但這同樣也是同事們的損失我們所在團(tuán)隊(duì)集體的損失當(dāng)然，冒著被指為夸大其詞的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)我想說，更是世界的損失因?yàn)楫?dāng)涉及創(chuàng)造和領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的時(shí)候我們需要內(nèi)

54、向的人做到最好三分之一到二分之一的人都是內(nèi)向的-三分之一到二分之一你要知道這可意味著每?jī)傻饺齻€(gè)人中就有一個(gè)內(nèi)向的所以即使你自己是一個(gè)外向的人我正在說你的同事和你的配偶和你的孩子還有現(xiàn)在正坐在你旁邊的那個(gè)家伙-他們都要屈從于這樣的偏見一種在我們的社會(huì)中已經(jīng)扎根的現(xiàn)實(shí)偏見我們從很小的時(shí)候就把它藏在內(nèi)心最深處甚至都不說幾句話，關(guān)于我們正在做的事情4:02現(xiàn)在讓我們來清楚地看待這種偏見我們需要真正了解“內(nèi)向”到底指什么它和害羞是不同的害羞是對(duì)于社會(huì)評(píng)論的恐懼內(nèi)向更多的是你怎樣對(duì)于刺激作出回應(yīng)包括來自社會(huì)的刺激其實(shí)內(nèi)向的人是很渴求大量的鼓舞和激勵(lì)的反之內(nèi)向者最感覺到他們的存在這是他們精力最充足的時(shí)候，最

55、具有能力的時(shí)候當(dāng)他們存在于更安靜的，更低調(diào)的環(huán)境中并不是所有時(shí)候-這些事情都不是絕對(duì)的-但是存在于很多時(shí)候所以說，關(guān)鍵在于把我們的天賦發(fā)揮到最大化這對(duì)于我們來說就足夠把我們自己放到對(duì)于我們正確又合適的激勵(lì)的區(qū)域中去4:40但是現(xiàn)在偏見出現(xiàn)了我們最重要的那些體系我們的學(xué)校和工作單位它們都是為性格外向者設(shè)計(jì)的并且有適合他們需要的刺激和鼓勵(lì)當(dāng)然我們現(xiàn)在也有這樣一種信用機(jī)制我稱它為新型的“團(tuán)隊(duì)思考”這是一種包含所有創(chuàng)造力和生產(chǎn)力的思考方式從一個(gè)社交非常零散的地方產(chǎn)生的5:05當(dāng)你描繪今天典型教室的圖案時(shí)當(dāng)我還上學(xué)的時(shí)候我們一排排地坐著我們靠著桌子一排排坐著就像這樣并且我們大多數(shù)工作都是自覺完成的但是在

56、現(xiàn)代社會(huì)，所謂典型的教室是些圈起來并排的桌子-四個(gè)或是五個(gè)或是六七個(gè)孩子坐在一起，面對(duì)面孩子們要完成無數(shù)個(gè)小組任務(wù)甚至像數(shù)學(xué)和創(chuàng)意寫作這些課程這些你們認(rèn)為需要依靠個(gè)人閃光想法的課程孩子們現(xiàn)在卻被期待成為小組會(huì)的成員對(duì)于那些喜歡獨(dú)處，或者自己一個(gè)人工作的孩子來說這些孩子常常被視為局外人或者更糟，被視為問題孩子并且很大一部分老師的報(bào)告中都相信最理想的學(xué)生應(yīng)該是外向的相對(duì)于內(nèi)向的學(xué)生而言甚至說外向的學(xué)生能夠取得更好的成績(jī)更加博學(xué)多識(shí)據(jù)研究報(bào)道（笑聲）5:59好了。同樣的事情也發(fā)生在我們工作的地方現(xiàn)在呢，我們中的絕大多數(shù)都工作在寬闊沒有隔間的辦公室里甚至沒有墻在這里，我們暴露在不斷的噪音和我們同事的凝

57、視目光下工作而當(dāng)談及領(lǐng)袖氣質(zhì)的時(shí)候內(nèi)向的人總是按照慣例從領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的位置被忽視了盡管內(nèi)向的人是非常小心仔細(xì)的很少去冒特大的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)-這些風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是今天我們可能都喜歡的賓夕法尼亞大學(xué)沃頓商學(xué)院的亞當(dāng)格蘭特教授做了一項(xiàng)很有意思的研究這項(xiàng)研究表明內(nèi)向的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)們相對(duì)于外向領(lǐng)導(dǎo)而言總是會(huì)生產(chǎn)更大的效益因?yàn)楫?dāng)他們管理主動(dòng)積極的雇員的時(shí)候他們更傾向于讓有主見的雇員去自由發(fā)揮反之外向的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)就可能，當(dāng)然是不經(jīng)意的對(duì)于事情變得十分激動(dòng)他們?cè)谑聞?wù)上有了自己想法的印跡這使其他人的想法可能就不會(huì)很容易地在舞臺(tái)上發(fā)光了6:47事實(shí)上，歷史上一些有改革能力的領(lǐng)袖都是內(nèi)向的人我會(huì)舉一些例子給你們埃莉諾羅斯福，羅沙帕克斯，甘地-所有這些人都把

58、自己描述成內(nèi)向，說話溫柔甚至是害羞的人他們?nèi)匀徽驹诹司酃鉄粝录词顾麄儨喩砩舷露几兄麄冋f不要這證明是一種屬于它自身的特殊的力量因?yàn)槿藗兌紩?huì)感覺這些領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者同時(shí)是掌舵者并不是因?yàn)樗麄兿矚g指揮別人抑或是享受眾人目光的聚焦他們處在那個(gè)位置因?yàn)樗麄儧]有選擇因?yàn)樗麄冃旭傇谒麄冋J(rèn)為正確的道路上7:22現(xiàn)在我覺得對(duì)于這點(diǎn)我有必要說那就是我真的喜愛外向的人我總是喜歡說我最好的幾個(gè)朋友都是外向的人包括我親愛的丈夫當(dāng)然了我們都會(huì)在不同點(diǎn)時(shí)偏向內(nèi)向者/外向者的范圍甚至是卡爾榮格，這個(gè)讓這些名詞為大眾所熟知的心理學(xué)家，說道世上絕沒有一個(gè)純粹的內(nèi)向的人或者一個(gè)純粹的外向的人他說這樣的人會(huì)在精神病院里如果他存在的話還有一些

59、人處在中間的跡象在內(nèi)向與外向之間我們稱這些人為“中向性格者”并且我總是認(rèn)為他們擁有世界最美好的一切但是我們中的大多數(shù)總是認(rèn)為自己屬于內(nèi)向或者外向，其中一類8:05同時(shí)我想說從文化意義上講我們需要一種更好的平衡我們需要更多的陰陽(yáng)的平衡在這兩種類型的人之間這點(diǎn)是極為重要的當(dāng)涉及創(chuàng)造力和生產(chǎn)力的時(shí)候因?yàn)楫?dāng)心理學(xué)家們看待最有創(chuàng)造力的人的生命的時(shí)候他們尋找到的是那些擅長(zhǎng)變換思維的人提出想法的人但是他們同時(shí)也有著極為顯著的偏內(nèi)向的痕跡8:29這是因?yàn)楠?dú)處是非常關(guān)鍵的因素對(duì)于創(chuàng)造力來說所以達(dá)爾文自己一個(gè)人漫步在小樹林里并且斷然拒絕了晚餐派對(duì)的邀約西奧多蓋索，更多時(shí)候以蘇索博士的名號(hào)知名他夢(mèng)想過很多的驚人的創(chuàng)

60、作在他在加利福尼亞州拉霍亞市房子的后面的一座孤獨(dú)的束層的塔形辦公室中而且其實(shí)他很害怕見面見那些讀過他的書的年輕的孩子們害怕他們會(huì)期待他這樣一位令人愉快的，圣誕老人形象的人物同時(shí)又會(huì)因發(fā)現(xiàn)他含蓄緘默的性格而失望史蒂夫沃茲尼亞克發(fā)明了第一臺(tái)蘋果電腦一個(gè)人獨(dú)自坐在他的機(jī)柜旁在他當(dāng)時(shí)工作的惠普公司并且他說他永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)在那方面成為一號(hào)專家但他還沒因太內(nèi)向到要離開那里那個(gè)他成長(zhǎng)起來的地方9:16當(dāng)然了這并不意味著我們都應(yīng)該停止合作-恰當(dāng)?shù)睦幽?，是史蒂夫沃茲尼亞克和史蒂夫喬布斯的著名?lián)手創(chuàng)建蘋果電腦公司-但是這并不意味著和獨(dú)處有重大關(guān)系并且對(duì)于一些人來說這是他們賴以呼吸生存的空氣事實(shí)上，幾個(gè)世紀(jì)以來我們已經(jīng)