譯者的素質(zhì)-公選-Chapter-1-unit-4

1、Chapter OneUnit FourQualities and Prerequisites for a Translator The American translation theorist Eugene Nida (奈達(dá)) writes: He (the translator) must understand not only the obvious content of the message, but also the subtleties of meaning, the significant emotive values of words and the stylistic f

2、eatures which determine the “flavor and feel” of the message In other words, in addition to a knowledge of the of the two or more languages involved in the translational process, the translator must have a thorough acquaintance with the subject matter concerned.譯者的作用 翻譯牽涉諸多的領(lǐng)域，比如語(yǔ)言、邏輯、修辭、文體、美學(xué)等。譯者不僅

3、要了解翻譯活動(dòng)本身的各個(gè)方面，還要掌握有關(guān)翻譯活動(dòng)的各種不同的知識(shí)、理論和觀點(diǎn)，起到“作者”和“譯者”的雙重作用。作品的審美價(jià)值由作者創(chuàng)造，又由讀者通過(guò)自己的審美經(jīng)驗(yàn)來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)。而譯者首先得實(shí)現(xiàn)原文的審美價(jià)值，再將它轉(zhuǎn)換成新的審美對(duì)象，最后在譯文、讀者那里得以復(fù)現(xiàn)。形象點(diǎn)說(shuō)，譯者就是一個(gè)為讀者傳達(dá)作者思想的“傳話(huà)人” ，是兩種語(yǔ)言文化間的“使者”，出入于兩種文化之間的“雙文化人”、“雙語(yǔ)人”，“努力充當(dāng)具有普遍意義的精神交易的中介人，并以促進(jìn)這一交流為己任”，肩負(fù)著跨文化的任務(wù)，傳遞著跨文化的信息，從事著文化溝通的事業(yè)，進(jìn)行著文化“復(fù)制”的偉大工程。 1. 6. 2 對(duì)譯者的要求 翻譯中，既要做到

4、語(yǔ)言意義上的等值，又要做到文化意義上的等值，一名稱(chēng)職的譯者在學(xué)識(shí)和才情方面必須具備以下素質(zhì)： 1. Have a good command of both the source language（源語(yǔ)） and the target language（目的語(yǔ)） 扎實(shí)的語(yǔ)言基本功。譯者應(yīng)具有較強(qiáng)的駕馭譯出語(yǔ)和譯入語(yǔ)的能力，能正確理解原文，熟練運(yùn)用本族語(yǔ)。 A translator must have an excellent command of both the source and target language to ensure that his/ her comprehension i

5、s accurate and his/her renderings are smooth and faithful to the original text. Good expressions should be grammatically correct, rhetorically sound, logically acceptable, and culturally appropriate. 外語(yǔ)水平 英漢翻譯時(shí)，英語(yǔ)的重要性主要體現(xiàn)在理解( 即對(duì)原文信息理解不深不透或?qū)ι顚与[晦的寓意未能理解，甚至理解錯(cuò)誤) 漢語(yǔ)水平 漢語(yǔ)水平的重要性是體現(xiàn)在外漢翻譯中(漢語(yǔ)水平較高者往往能得心應(yīng)手，左右

6、逢源，在文學(xué)翻譯中尤為突出) 有人認(rèn)為，翻譯外國(guó)小說(shuō)等文學(xué)作品，三分靠外語(yǔ)，七分靠漢語(yǔ)，不管其說(shuō)法是否科學(xué)，至少可以說(shuō)明譯者漢語(yǔ)水平的重要性。 e.g.(1) Youre telling me. (slang: I know that very well./ I knew that long ago.) e.g.(1) Youre telling me. (slang: I know that very well./ I knew that long ago.) 我早知道了. /還用你告訴我!(2) Henry Kissinger had slept there before, in July

7、 and again in October. (2) Henry Kissinger had slept there before, in July and again in October. 這之前，亨利.基辛格在七月和十月兩度在這里下榻。(3) Millet made a portrait of Lady Chesterfield, which flattered her. (誤)：米勒為了逢迎切斯特菲爾德夫人而替她畫(huà)了一幅像。 (3) Millet made a portrait of Lady Chesterfield, which flattered her. (誤)：米勒為了逢迎切

8、斯特菲爾德夫人而替她畫(huà)了一幅像。 （正）：米勒給切斯特菲爾德夫人畫(huà)了一幅像，該像之美簡(jiǎn)直超過(guò)了她本人。(4) You cant be too careful. (4) You cant be too careful. 你怎么小心都不過(guò)分.（5）陳先生乃中國(guó)學(xué)界泰斗。 （5）陳先生乃中國(guó)學(xué)界泰斗。 Mr. Chen, our respected teacher, is a renowned master in the academic circles of China.(6) 你要有所弋獲，則必須在學(xué)習(xí)中不斷深入。 (6) 你要有所弋獲，則必須在學(xué)習(xí)中不斷深入。 If you want to g

9、ain anything, you must constantly deepen your studies.e.g.(7) And then Kino stood uncertainly. Something was wrong, some signal was trying to get through to his brain. Tree frogs and cicadas were silent now. And then Kinos brain cleared from its red concentration and he knew the sound-the keening, m

10、oaning, rising hysterical cry from the little cave in the side of the stone mountain, the cry of death.原譯：然后奇諾猶豫不決地站著。有什么事情出了毛病。有一個(gè)信號(hào)想要進(jìn)入他的腦子。雨蛙和蟬現(xiàn)在都沉寂了。然后奇諾的腦子從它的赤熱的集中狀態(tài)中清醒了過(guò)來(lái)，他辨別出了那個(gè)聲音來(lái)自山腰的那個(gè)山洞的號(hào)啕，嗚咽的，越來(lái)越高的，歇斯底里的哭聲，死亡的聲音。改譯：這時(shí)，基諾呆呆地站著，心神不定。他覺(jué)得有點(diǎn)不對(duì)頭。腦子里總覺(jué)得有點(diǎn)什么事。雨蛙和蟬都寂然無(wú)聲了?；Z的腦子漸漸地從火熱的緊張狀態(tài)中清醒過(guò)來(lái)。他慢慢地

11、聽(tīng)出了這個(gè)聲音來(lái)了-是從山上洞穴里傳來(lái)的一聲聲斷腸的號(hào)叫，泣血的悲鴻，死亡的哭訴。(8) It was a day as fresh as grass growing up and clouds going over and butterflies coming down can make it. It was a day compounded from silences of bee and flower and ocean and land, which were not silence at all, but motions, stirs, flutters, risings, fall

12、ings, each in its own time and matchless rhythm. (8)It was a day as fresh as grass growing up and clouds going over and butterflies coming down can make it. It was a day compounded from silences of bee and flower and ocean and land, which were not silence at all, but motions, stirs, flutters, rising

13、s, fallings, each in its own time and matchless rhythm. 譯文： 綠草萋萋，白云冉冉，彩蝶翩翩，這日子是如此清新可愛(ài)；蜜蜂無(wú)言，春花不語(yǔ)，海波聲歇，大地音寂，這日子是如此安靜。然而并非安靜，因?yàn)槿f(wàn)物以其特有的節(jié)奏，或動(dòng)、或搖、或震、或起、或伏。（王佐良譯）2. Bicultural CompetenceConsiderable knowledge of the two cultures is also very important. A qualified translator should be not only bilingual, b

14、ut also bicultural. It is always assumed that translators are at least bilingual, but this is really not enough. To be a fully competent translator, one also needs to be bicultural in order to “read between the lines”. A translator must be able to sense what is purposely left implicit in the source

15、text and what can and should be made explicit in the translated text. Biculturalism is something which must be absorbed and experienced in a living situation. There are, however, some competent translators who have never had the privilege of living in the country in which the source or target langua

16、ge is spoken, and accordingly, they have had to depend upon voluminous reading. (Nida, 2001:99) Cultural awareness is a must for the translator, which means that he understands what happens when he sends a message from one culture to another. i.e. to understand subtle difference of meanings and conn

17、otations between cultures, between subcultures, between situations and contexts. e.g.虎口拔牙 beard the lion（拔獅子的胡子）狐假虎威 ass in the lions skin （披著獅子皮的驢）攔路虎 a lion in the way （攔路獅）摸老虎屁股 twist the lions tail （撥弄獅子尾巴）虎落平陽(yáng)被犬欺 Hares may pull dead lions by the beard. （兔子也敢摸死獅子的胡子。） 有些動(dòng)物在英語(yǔ)和漢語(yǔ)中代表的含義總是有細(xì)微的區(qū)別，如：

18、pig：英語(yǔ)：貪心，丑陋； 漢語(yǔ)：懶、笨wolf：英語(yǔ)：貪心； 漢語(yǔ)：兇狠bear： 英語(yǔ)：脾氣壞、沒(méi)有規(guī)矩； 漢語(yǔ)：動(dòng)作 慢、笨拙peacock：英語(yǔ)：傲慢； 漢語(yǔ)：美麗bee：英語(yǔ)：忙碌 漢語(yǔ)：勤勞 e.g.(1) It was Friday and soon they would go out and get drunk. 星期五發(fā)薪日到了，他們馬上就要上街去喝個(gè)酩酊大醉。 (2) “三個(gè)臭皮匠，合成一個(gè)諸葛亮。”這就是說(shuō)，群眾有偉大的創(chuàng)造力。（毛澤東：組織起來(lái)） (3) “三個(gè)臭皮匠，合成一個(gè)諸葛亮?！边@就是說(shuō)，群眾有偉大的創(chuàng)造力。（毛澤東：組織起來(lái)） “Three cobblers

19、with their wits combined equal Chukeh Liang the mastermind.” In other words, the masses have great creative power. (4) 這對(duì)年輕夫婦并不匹配，一個(gè)是西施，一個(gè)是張飛。 This young couple is not well matched, one is a Xi Shi a famous Chinese beauty, while the other is a Zhang Fei a well-known ill-tempered brute. 漢語(yǔ)原文用了借代的修辭手法

20、，以西施代替“溫柔、美麗”，以張飛代替“粗魯、暴躁”，譯者采用直譯加注釋的辦法，既保留原文風(fēng)格，又使讀者容易理解。（5）這個(gè)女人真是紅眼病，連朋友長(zhǎng)得好看都嫉妒。 原譯：This woman has red eyes and is jealous of her friends being pretty. （4）這個(gè)女人真是紅眼病，連朋友長(zhǎng)得好看都嫉妒。 改譯：She is a green-eyed woman, even jealous of her friends good looks. (6) 在現(xiàn)代城市生活中，街道婦女為城市的安全與穩(wěn)定做出了很大的貢獻(xiàn) 原譯：In modern urba

21、n life, street women have made a great contribution to the security and stability of the city. 改譯：In modern urban life, housewives of the neighborhood (community) have made a great contribution to the security and stability of the city.分析：英語(yǔ)中的“street woman”特指“街頭出賣(mài)色相的婦女”，是“妓女”的代名詞。雖然兩者在字面上似乎對(duì)等，但意思卻完全

22、不同?！皊treet”一詞在英語(yǔ)中作修飾語(yǔ)時(shí)，表達(dá)的常常是貶義。(7) 隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)改革的日益深化，這座昔日被譽(yù)為遠(yuǎn)東金融、經(jīng)濟(jì)和貿(mào)易中心的城市正在為促進(jìn)長(zhǎng)江流域的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展起著龍頭作用。原譯：With its deepening economic reform, this city, formerly crowned as the financial, economic and trade hub of the Far East, is playing a dragon head role in boosting economic development in the Yangtze River

23、valley.改譯：With its deepening economic reform, this city, formerly crowned as the financial, economic and trade hub of the Far East, is playing a leading role in boosting economic development in the Yangtze River valley.（8） 今晚公司總經(jīng)理將設(shè)宴為您洗塵，請(qǐng)您攜帶家人一起光臨。原譯：Our managing director will host a reception banq

24、uet to wash your journey dust off tonight, and we would like you and your family to come.改譯：Our managing director will host a reception banquet in your honor tonight, and we would like you and your family to come to the dinner.分析：“洗塵”是漢語(yǔ)文化中特有的一種說(shuō)法，指“設(shè)宴歡迎遠(yuǎn)道而來(lái)的賓客”，而不是“洗去灰塵”的意思。3. Adequate knowledge of

25、 the subject matter concerned“ subject matter concerned”是指譯者對(duì)所譯的材料的有關(guān)知識(shí)。(譯者應(yīng)該是雜家)In addition to an excellent command of both source and target languages, translators usually should specialize in one or more areas of knowledge in which their competence is needed, e.g. aeronautics, chemistry, artifici

26、al intelligence, mechanics, accounting, international law, medicine, or agronomy. But some more common fields may also require considerable specialization of knowledge, e.g. manuals for television repairs, exotic cooking recipes, and building codes. (Nida, 2001:100)The grater the translators knowled

27、ge of the subject matter involved in translation, the less difficult the comprehension of the source text, and the more accurate the representation in the target language. The translator should make a study of the original work, and acquire relevant information about the subject matter, the content

28、of the text, the author, and the background, etc. e.g.(1) The Security Council has been seized of the question since then. e.g.(1) The Security Council has been seized of the question since then. 安理會(huì)自那時(shí)以來(lái)就一直受理這個(gè)問(wèn)題。（2）Nintendo will also remain a player in the games markets. This low-market leader has

29、 done well by relying on its own mega-successful characters: Pokemon, Marion and Donkey Kong. 原譯：任天堂也將在游戲軟件市場(chǎng)中繼續(xù)扮演一個(gè)角色。這個(gè)低端市場(chǎng)的領(lǐng)先者日子過(guò)得不錯(cuò)。它主要依靠它自己成功的幾個(gè)游戲軟件：Pokemon, Marion 和 Donkey Kong. （2）Nintendo will also remain a player in the games markets. This low-market leader has done well by relying on its

30、own mega-successful characters: Pokemon, Marion and Donkey Kong. 改譯：任天堂也將在游戲軟件市場(chǎng)中繼續(xù)扮演角色。憑借著它的幾個(gè)大受歡迎的招牌人物：寵物小精靈，超級(jí)馬里奧和大金剛，這個(gè)低端市場(chǎng)領(lǐng)先者日子一直過(guò)得不錯(cuò)。（3）Unfamiliar environment often creates unease and anxiety. As a result, individuals tend to seek out the familiar. The large American chain hotels such as Holid

31、ay Inn and Ramada, and the restaurant chains such as McDonalds, KFC, and Pizza Hut have capitalized on this anxiety. Regardless of where you are in the world- North America, Europe, or Asia- The McDonalds hamburger will taste the same and the Holiday Inn will look the same.3）Unfamiliar environment o

32、ften creates unease and anxiety. As a result, individuals tend to seek out the familiar. The large American chain hotels such as Holiday Inn and Ramada, and the restaurant chains such as McDonalds, KFC, and Pizza Hut have capitalized on this anxiety. Regardless of where you are in the world- North A

33、merica, Europe, or Asia- The McDonalds hamburger will taste the same and the Holiday Inn will look the same.譯文：陌生的環(huán)境常常使人產(chǎn)生焦慮和不安的感覺(jué)。因此，人們往往會(huì)尋找熟悉的東西。美國(guó)的假日飯店、華美達(dá)等連鎖飯店、麥當(dāng)勞、肯德基、必勝客等連鎖餐廳就是針對(duì)這種心理而開(kāi)設(shè)的。不管你在地球的哪個(gè)地方北美、歐洲或亞洲-麥當(dāng)勞的漢堡包吃在嘴里都是完全相同的味道，假日飯店看上去也是一模一樣。4. A sense of Responsibility Another important facto

34、r involved in translation is a translators sense of responsibility towards the original text. Translators act ideally as historians and demonstrate a fundamental respect for the original text as a sacred and inviolable form. To this end, every translator should strive for accuracy, precision and obj

35、ectivism hi his work. e.g. dry goods 紡織品 wet goods 酒類(lèi)產(chǎn)品 dry state （美國(guó)）禁酒洲, dry law （美國(guó)）禁酒法令 white wine 白葡萄酒, dry white wine 干白葡萄酒area bell: 地下室門(mén)鈴Rose-leave: 玫瑰花瓣Bears grease： 發(fā)油Kitchen stuff: requisites for the kitchen as vegetables, etc.指蔬菜等廚房里的必備品 black tea black sheep in the red feel blue black a

36、nd blue brown sugar for good Pull ones leg black tea 紅茶 black sheep 害群之馬，敗家子 in the red 賠本經(jīng)營(yíng)的，負(fù)債的 feel blue 感到沮喪 black and blue 青一塊紫一塊 brown sugar 紅糖 for good 永久地，一勞永逸地 pull ones leg 開(kāi)玩笑，捉弄人black figure/in the blackblack booksblue buttonblue-eyed boysthe white coffeeHe has a yellow streak in him.Do

37、you see any green in my eye?black figure/in the black 盈利，賺錢(qián)black books 失寵blue button 有權(quán)進(jìn)入股票交易的經(jīng)紀(jì)人blue-eyed boys 受到管理當(dāng)局寵愛(ài)和特別照顧的人the white coffee 牛奶咖啡He has a yellow streak in him.他生性膽小。Do you see any green in my eye?你認(rèn)為我幼稚可欺嗎？E.g. If it worked once, it can work twice. 如果它能工作一次，它就能工作兩次。 如果它一旦起作用，它能作用兩

38、次。 如果再操作一次，它能工作兩次。 要是馬上干的話(huà)，能干兩倍的活。 一旦開(kāi)始，永不停息。 舉一反三。 如果它一旦工作，就將取得兩倍功效。 立即工作，效率兩倍。 萬(wàn)事開(kāi)頭難。 一次得手，再次不愁。【解析】其實(shí)這是一則諺語(yǔ)，答案是(10) 。對(duì)于諺語(yǔ)、熟語(yǔ)、俗語(yǔ)等，翻譯時(shí)一定要多查辭典, 多翻閱資料，不能似是而非，憑想當(dāng)然去譯。E.g. The child has started going on all fours. 人類(lèi)起源于四肢動(dòng)物。 人類(lèi)經(jīng)歷了四個(gè)階段。 這個(gè)小孩已經(jīng)四歲了。 孩子會(huì)爬了。 這個(gè)小孩開(kāi)始全面發(fā)育。 那個(gè)孩子開(kāi)始四管齊下。 這個(gè)男孩四周觀望。 這個(gè)男孩開(kāi)始闖蕩四方。 這個(gè)男

39、孩每天四點(diǎn)出發(fā)。 孩子們開(kāi)始四面離散。 這個(gè)孩子四處奔波。 這個(gè)孩子已經(jīng)鼓足干勁，全力以赴。 這孩子一年四季忙個(gè)不停。 孩子們赤身裸足地玩起來(lái)了。 這個(gè)小孩在接受四個(gè)方面的訓(xùn)練。 小孩在滿(mǎn)四歲時(shí)就什么都懂了。 這個(gè)孩子已經(jīng)開(kāi)始跳在四個(gè)孩子當(dāng)中。 那個(gè)孩子已經(jīng)同時(shí)進(jìn)行四個(gè)項(xiàng)目了。The child has started going on all fours.答案 ：孩子會(huì)爬了。 【解析】只要查詞典就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)“on all fours” 是 “匍匐，爬著”的意思，決不會(huì)譯錯(cuò)。譯錯(cuò)的原因是語(yǔ)言基本功差。 5. Plenty of practice and Adequate knowledge of

40、Translation Theories and SkillsPractice makes perfect. Adequate knowledge of the translation theories and skills guides translators practice and enhances translators understanding of the nature of translation. 翻譯的過(guò)程中應(yīng)力戒下面六種不良傾向 : 一戒對(duì)原文詞義理解失誤。對(duì)詞義的理解一靠在英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)中積累的詞匯知識(shí) , 二靠對(duì)上下文的融會(huì)貫通，而后者是翻譯學(xué)習(xí)者應(yīng)特別注意的。缺乏經(jīng)驗(yàn)的譯

41、者常把字典奉為至上至尊的圣旨，覺(jué)得只要是字典上查到的詞 , 用在譯文中便沒(méi)錯(cuò)。字典當(dāng)然是要依靠的。幾本好字典是翻譯工作者所不可或缺的工具。但是 , 我們同時(shí)也應(yīng)認(rèn)識(shí)到 , 詞義是在具體的語(yǔ)篇中才能準(zhǔn)確顯示出來(lái)的。同一個(gè)詞 , 放到一個(gè)新語(yǔ)篇中就成了一個(gè)新詞。二戒對(duì)原文結(jié)構(gòu)認(rèn)識(shí)不清。在這方面我們以前學(xué)過(guò)的語(yǔ)法知識(shí)能發(fā)揮很大的作用。英語(yǔ)和漢語(yǔ)分屬印歐和漢藏兩大語(yǔ)系, 結(jié)構(gòu)差別比較大。英語(yǔ)仍保留著曲折變化 , 句子重形式上的語(yǔ)法組合, 從屬成分和句子主干間有顯明的形式關(guān)系。著手翻譯之前務(wù)必要認(rèn)清原句的層次脈絡(luò) , 確實(shí)理解了再來(lái)翻譯。 三戒背景知識(shí)缺乏。對(duì)與原文有關(guān)的歷史、社會(huì)、文化、地理以及相關(guān)專(zhuān)

42、業(yè)知識(shí) , 是保證譯文質(zhì)量的關(guān)鍵之一。只有語(yǔ)言知識(shí) , 沒(méi)有或缺乏背景知識(shí) , 也無(wú)法譯出可信、可讀的譯文。 四戒逐字死譯。在二戒中我們談到了英語(yǔ)重形式結(jié)構(gòu)的特點(diǎn)，一些專(zhuān)門(mén)論述中稱(chēng)之為 重形合 (hypotactic) 。而漢語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)與英語(yǔ)有很大不同。漢語(yǔ)句子相對(duì)來(lái)說(shuō)結(jié)構(gòu)較為松散 , 詞組和小句組成句子主要靠順理成章的意念鋪排 , 形式特征不象英語(yǔ)那樣明顯 ( 常被稱(chēng)為 重意合 paratactic) 。因此譯者必須順應(yīng)漢語(yǔ)行文的特點(diǎn) , 譯文的建構(gòu)要突出一個(gè) 變 字。詞類(lèi)常常要變通 , 句子結(jié)構(gòu)也常常需要加以變化。只有這樣譯文語(yǔ)篇才能為讀者所接受 , 達(dá)到其交際目的。逐字死譯常常是造成所謂翻譯

43、腔的重要原因。 五戒譯文邏輯連貫失調(diào)。譯者必須有明確的語(yǔ)篇意識(shí)。你寫(xiě)出的小句、句子都不是孤立的 , 它們必須有機(jī)地組合在一起 , 形成一個(gè)邏輯和語(yǔ)義連貫的整體 , 才能有效地傳達(dá)信息。 六戒只顧炫耀譯文文筆。作為譯者 , 必須認(rèn)識(shí)到譯文總是以原文為依據(jù)的。譯文的構(gòu)建不同于文章的寫(xiě)作 , 不能按自己的意志隨意發(fā)揮。譯文的文體特點(diǎn)應(yīng)與原文趨于一致 , 樸實(shí)、平易的原文決不宜譯成華麗、高雅的譯文。當(dāng)然 , 譯者也是可以有自己的風(fēng)格的 , 但譯文的風(fēng)格必須順應(yīng)原文 , 不能突破原文而自立一套 , 喧賓奪主。至于用譯文的文筆掩飾對(duì)原文理解的不足 , 那就更不可取了。如：No difficulty, no

44、 fun. 若無(wú)難度，則無(wú)樂(lè)趣。（不要譯成：不經(jīng)嚴(yán)寒冰雪苦，哪來(lái)梅花放清香。）要求： (1) 不斷提高自己對(duì)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)篇的理解能力。扎實(shí)的詞匯基礎(chǔ)是理解能力的重要保證，因此必須努力擴(kuò)大詞匯量，掌握常用短語(yǔ)、習(xí)語(yǔ)及常用搭配。對(duì)基本語(yǔ)法及句型也要 了如指掌。以上這些都要通過(guò)大量的、廣泛的閱讀來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)，而決不是靠突擊式的背單詞表。必須嚴(yán)正指出，我們所說(shuō)的理解能力不完全是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化考試中那種 閱讀理解 。那樣的 閱讀理解 片面性很大，還不是一個(gè)譯者所需要的對(duì)語(yǔ)篇各個(gè)層次的深入、細(xì)致的理解。提高理解能力的最佳途徑就是大量的閱讀，精讀和泛讀合理結(jié)合的大量閱讀。 另外，理解不單單是文字問(wèn)題 . 沒(méi)有相關(guān)的知識(shí)，即使沒(méi)

45、有詞匯及語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)方面的障礙，也不一定讀得懂，讀得透。著名語(yǔ)言學(xué)家呂叔湘說(shuō)過(guò)： . 了解原文的第三道關(guān)，就是字典不能幫忙的那些東西：上自天文，下至地理，人情風(fēng)俗，俚語(yǔ)方言，歷史上的事件，小說(shuō)里的人物，五花八門(mén)，無(wú)以名之，名之曰 雜學(xué) 。所以，要做一個(gè)好的譯者，還必須盡量多地了解各個(gè)學(xué)科的基本常識(shí)。在翻譯實(shí)踐中還要勤查勤問(wèn)，千萬(wàn)不要想當(dāng)然。 （2） 不斷提高漢語(yǔ)的寫(xiě)作能力。漢語(yǔ)雖然是我們的母語(yǔ)，但決不能認(rèn)為在漢語(yǔ)行文上就可以掉以輕心了。規(guī)范使用漢語(yǔ)的文字及句式，保證行文的道地，文體的適切，仍 然是我們應(yīng)當(dāng)孜孜以求的。為達(dá)到這一目的，應(yīng)該在學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的同時(shí)，閱讀優(yōu)秀漢語(yǔ)作品，不斷提高漢語(yǔ)修養(yǎng)。還要注意

46、漢語(yǔ)各種文體在用詞及構(gòu)句方面的特征，以 便在翻譯相應(yīng)英語(yǔ)文體時(shí)使用。 （3）不斷積累和豐富翻譯經(jīng)驗(yàn)。學(xué)習(xí)翻譯不能空談，必須大量實(shí)踐。所謂實(shí)踐包括兩方面的含義。 一是在自己的實(shí)踐中琢磨體味，二是從他人的實(shí)踐中汲取有用的東西。關(guān)鍵在于要結(jié)合自己的實(shí)踐，要有思考、有評(píng)判地區(qū)去閱讀。最后， 還必須付諸自己的實(shí)踐 - 這是學(xué)習(xí)翻譯、提高翻譯水平的最重要的途徑，是對(duì)翻譯能力的最有效的檢驗(yàn)。一個(gè)翻譯學(xué)習(xí)者不經(jīng)過(guò) 3 至 5 萬(wàn)字 ( 指漢譯文的字?jǐn)?shù) ) 的練習(xí)，是談不到對(duì)翻譯能有什么體會(huì)的。這也就意味著在一年的學(xué)時(shí)間里，每周至少要做 7 至 8 百字的練習(xí)。翻譯是一種技能，不親手實(shí)踐根本無(wú)法提高，任何翻譯原

47、則、技巧之類(lèi)，也只能對(duì)勤奮動(dòng)筆翻譯的人才能發(fā)揮作用。 Exercise: Now look at the following seemingly easy sentences and see if you can translate them easily.(1) He is easily the best student in the class. (1) He is easily the best student in the class. 誤: 他很容易地成了班上最好的學(xué)生。 正： 他絕對(duì)/無(wú)疑是班上最好的學(xué)生。（2）The stranger robbed his wife. （2）Th

48、e stranger robbed his wife. 誤: 那個(gè)陌生人搶了他的妻子。 正: 那個(gè)陌生人搶了他的妻子的錢(qián)（東 西）。 (3) Her mother died of difficult labor. (3) Her mother died of difficult labor. 誤: 她母親勞累而死。 正: 她母親死于難產(chǎn)。（4）I wont do it to save my life. （4）I wont do it to save my life. 誤: 為了救自己的命，我不會(huì)干。 正: 我（寧）死也不干。(5) I have no opinion of him. (5) I

49、 have no opinion of him. 誤: 我對(duì)他沒(méi)有看法。 正: 我覺(jué)得他不怎么樣。 (6) He was then bright in the eye. (6) He was then bright in the eye. 誤: 那時(shí)他眼里放出了光芒。 正: 此時(shí)他已（喝得）酩酊大醉。7) For all I care, you can throw it away. 7) For all I care, you can throw it away.誤： 我最在乎的是，你把它丟了正：你把它丟了，我也不在乎。 (8) Their panic was their only punis

50、hment. (8) Their panic was their only punishment. 誤: 驚恐是他們受到的唯一處罰。 正: 他們只是受了一場(chǎng)虛驚。 （有驚無(wú)險(xiǎn)） (9) Do you have a family? (9) Do you have a family? 誤: 你成家了嗎？ 正: 你有孩子了嗎？(10) The lecturer carried his audience with him. (10) The lecturer carried his audience with him. 誤: 演講者把觀眾都帶走了。 正: 演講者博得全場(chǎng)喝彩。11. He is dea

51、d，as I live.11. He is dead，as I live. 他的確死了。12. I would rather have his room than his company.12. I would rather have his room than his company.我寧愿他不在。13. A man in Toms position was always in danger of being taken for a ride. 13. A man in Toms position was always in danger of being taken for a ride.

52、 處在湯姆這種地位的人，經(jīng)常都有被人綁架去槍殺的危險(xiǎn)。（take sb. For a ride: 架出去槍殺；詐騙）14. The dishonest salesman took the customers for a ride. 14. The dishonest salesman took the customers for a ride. 這個(gè)商人騙取顧客的錢(qián)財(cái)。15. From there I could see the whole valley below, the fields, the river, and the village. It was all very beautiful, and the sight of it filled me with longing.原譯：從那里，我