英語語法與詞匯培訓(xùn)教材

1、第一部分 語法和詞匯第一章 重點(diǎn)語法項(xiàng)目介紹 從歷年考試試題分析來看，PRETCO語法(Structure)考查重點(diǎn)主要是：動詞時態(tài)和語態(tài)、非謂語動詞(動詞不定式、分詞和動名詞)、情態(tài)動詞、狀語從句、定語從句、倒裝句、強(qiáng)調(diào)句、反意問句、虛擬語氣、代詞、形容詞和副詞等?？忌獙ι鲜稣Z法項(xiàng)目從概念到應(yīng)用上下功夫。現(xiàn)就各項(xiàng)目的考核重點(diǎn)分別簡單敘述如下(其中有些例句選自歷年考試試題)：一、動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)考核重點(diǎn)：過去完成時。注意：過去完成時常常和before，after，until，when等引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句連用，其謂語動詞的動作一般表示過去。常用句型如下：by the time(the end)

2、of+表示過去時間的短語或句子；hardly(scarcely)+過去完成時+when+過去時； no sooner+過去完成時+than+過去時； B現(xiàn)在完成時和現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時。常用時間狀語有： this day(week，month，year)，so far，for some time，up to now，up to the present，all this year(month，week)等；將來完成時。常與before，until，when，after等連詞引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句連用，其謂語動詞的動作一般表示將來。常用句型如下：by the time(the end)0f+表示將來時間的短

3、語或句子。例句： 1He said:“I_ a lot of new words by the end of last year”(200212 B級)had already learnt B)would have already learnt C)have already learnt D)already learnt答案：A)。句中時間狀語by the end of last year表明謂語動詞要用過去完成時態(tài)。2The project to clear up the polluted river_by the end of next year(20026 B級) A)is being

4、completed B)will have been completed C)has been completed D)will have completed答案：B)。句中時間狀語by the end of next year表明謂語動詞要用將來完成時。3The students_ their papers by the end of this month(20026 A級)will have finished B)have been finishingC)have finished D)will be finishing答案：A)。句中時間狀語by the end of this mont

5、h表明謂語動詞要用將來完成時。4.Up till now I(spend)_ a great deal of money on books，magazines and newspapers. (20036 B級)答案：have spent。句中的時間狀語up till now要求謂語動詞用現(xiàn)在完成時。5. Until then_ his family from him for several monthshadnt heard C) didnt hear B) hasnt heard D) hasnt been hearing答案：A)。句中的狀語until then和for several

6、months可以判斷謂語動詞用過去完成時。6Hardly _we _ the railway station when it began to rain heavilyA) hadgot to B) havegot to C) didget to D) doget to答案：A)?！癶ardly+過去完成時+when+過去時”句型。二、動詞不定式考核重點(diǎn)： 不定式的完成式、進(jìn)行式和被動式。例句：1. He was very sorry_ her at the airport(20026 A級)A) to have not met B) not to have met C) not to mee

7、t D) to not meet 答案：B)。動詞不定式的完成式否定。2. 1d rather read than watch television；the programs seem _all the time.A) to get worse B) getting worse C) to have got worse D) to be getting worse答案：D)。不定式的進(jìn)行式，表示“一直是”的意思。3. Mr. Smith preferred _ heavier work to doA) to be given B) to give C) to have given D) hav

8、ing given 答案：A)。不定式的被動式。4. A Dream of the Red Chamber is said _ into more than ten languages in the last decadeto have translated B)to translate C)to have been translated D)to be translated 答案：C)。不定式的被動完成式。三、動詞的現(xiàn)任分詞和過去分詞考核重點(diǎn)：A分詞或分詞短語作狀語。注意：當(dāng)分詞或分詞短語作狀語時，其邏輯主語一般與句子主語保持一致。分詞或分詞短語作狀語可以表示時間、原因、條件、方式、讓步和伴

9、隨狀態(tài)等；B當(dāng)分詞或分詞短語作狀語時，如果其邏輯主語與句子主語不一致，便要使用分詞的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)，即帶邏輯主語的分詞短語，表示時間、原因、條件、伴隨狀況等；C分詞作定語和賓語補(bǔ)語。例句：1. The May Day Holiday _over，we must now get down to work(200112 A級)A) be B) being C) to have been D) to be答案：B)。帶邏輯主語的現(xiàn)在分詞短語作狀語，是獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。2. Thousands of products_ from crude oil are now in daily use(20036 A級)A

10、) to make B) be made C) making D) made 答案：D)。分詞作后置定語修飾名詞。3. I have found some articles _ the harmful effects of drinking(200312 A級) A) being concerned B) concerned C) to concern D) concerning 答案：D)。concerning應(yīng)為賓語some articles的補(bǔ)足語。這里賓語和賓語補(bǔ)足語的關(guān)系是主動的，故用現(xiàn)在分詞。4. I stayed up all night _ to find a new solu

11、tion to the problem(20046 A級) A) trying B) have tried C) try D) tried 答案：A)。現(xiàn)在分詞短語作目的狀語。5. _ such a good chance，he planned to learn more A)To be give B) Having been given C) Having given D) Giving 答案：B)。被動完成式現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語表示條件。四、動名詞考核重點(diǎn)：只跟動名詞作賓語的動詞有：admit，enjoy，include，involve，practise，excuse，postpone，mind

12、，dislike，mention，imagine，suggest，delay，miss，understand，hate，like，favor，escape，deny，consider，appreciate，avoid，risk等。例句：1. I dont mind _ all that way in such bad weather(20016 A級) A) go B) gone C) going D) to go 答案：C)。動詞mind后面要求v一ing的形式(動名詞)作賓語。2. Jane always enjoys _to popular music at home on Friday

13、 evenings(20036 A級) A) listening B) being listening C) to be listening D) to listen 答案：A)。enjoy喜歡，后接動名詞作賓語。3. They are considering _ before the price go up A) of buying the house B)with buying the house C) buying the house D)to buy the house答案：C)。consider后接動名詞作賓語。4. Its no use _ me not to worryA )yo

14、u tell B) your telling C)for you to have told D) having told答案：B)。Its no use +ving句型要求。這里是帶邏輯主語的動名詞結(jié)構(gòu)。五、情態(tài)動詞考核重點(diǎn)： Ashould(ought to)+have+過去分詞，表示“對已經(jīng)發(fā)生的事情的責(zé)備、驚奇或推測”以及表示“應(yīng)該做而沒有做的事情”； Bmight(could)+have+過去分詞，表示“過去可能發(fā)生而沒有發(fā)生的事情”； Cmust +have+過去分詞，表示“對過去情況的推測”，只用于肯定句；否定句和疑問句用cant和can； Dneednt + have+過去分詞，

15、表示“做了不必做的事”。例句：1. This ATM has been out of service for a few daysIt should _ last week(20046 級) A)fix B)be fixed C)have fixed D)have been fixed 答案：D)。should +have+過去分詞，表示“應(yīng)該做而沒有做的事情”。2. With all this work on hand，he _ to the cinema last night A) mustnt go B)wouldnt go C)oughtnt go D)shouldnt have go

16、ne 答案：D)。表示“對已經(jīng)發(fā)生的事情的責(zé)備”。3. The classroom is in a terrible mess；it _ cleanedA) cant have been B) wouldnt have been C) shouldnt have been D) mustnt have been答案A)。表示“對過去情況的推測”。六、定語從句考核重點(diǎn)： A由that，as，when，where, which，whose引導(dǎo)的定語從句； B名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞的比較級和最高級+of+ which (whom) 引導(dǎo)的定語從句； C介詞+which(whose，whom)引導(dǎo)的

17、定語從句。例句：1That is the very man _ house was burned down last week(20016 A級)A) his B)whose C) which D)of whom答案：B)。關(guān)系詞whose引導(dǎo)定語從句，whose在從句中充當(dāng)定語。2. _is often the case, one third of the workers have over-fulfilled the production plan (200112 A級) A) What B) This C) That D) As 答案：D)。as引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句，指代后面整個句子。3

18、This is the microscope _ which we have had SO much trouble(20036 A級)A）at B)from C)of D) with答案：D)。which引導(dǎo)的定語從句中，可以把從句末尾的介詞置于which之前。4The hotel _during the vacation was rather poorly managed(20046 A級)A )as I stayed B) where I stayed C) which I stayed D)what I stayed答案：B)。the hotel后面是由where引導(dǎo)的定語從句。5Al

19、l _is a continuous supply of the basic necessities of lifeA) what is needed B) the thing needed C) for our needs D) that is needed答案：D)。先行詞all由that引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾。6The residents，_ had been damaged by the flood, were given help by the Red Crossall their homes B)all whose homes C）all of whose homes D) all o

20、f their homes 答案：C)。七、狀語從句考核重點(diǎn)：A引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句的連詞：as，seeing that(由于)，in that(因?yàn)?，considering that for the reason that，now that，not thatbut that(不是因?yàn)?，而是因?yàn)?等；B引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句的名詞詞組：the instant，the moment，the minute，the time，each time，every time等；C引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句的連詞：as(so)long as，unless，on condition that(條件是)，providing(pro

21、vided)that(假若)，suppose(supposing)that(假使)，granting(granted)that(假定)等；D引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句的連詞：in order that，in case。so that等；E“主語補(bǔ)語(表語)+as(though)+主語+謂語動詞”引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句，句子倒裝。例句：1. We moved to London _ we could visit our friends more often(200212 A級) A) even if B)so that C) in case D)as 答案：B)。so that以便、為了，引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句。2

22、. She didnt go to the cinema last night，_she had to finish her term paper(200312 A級)A) as B)if C)till D)though答案：A)。as這里作“由于”解，引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句。3. You can drive your own car_ you have passed the driving test(20026 B級)A now that B)even if C) so that D) as if 答案：A)。now that因?yàn)椋热?，引?dǎo)原因狀語從句。4. Dont worry. _ you

23、work hard，you are sure to pass the exam(20036 B級) A) As much as B) As well as C) As soon as D) As long as 答案：D)。as long as只要，引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句。5. You see the lightening _ it happens，but you hear the thunder later A) the instant B) for an instant C) on the instant D) in an instant 答案：A)。the instant，引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句的名

24、詞。6. Liquids are like solids_ they have a definite volumeA) in that B) for thatC）with that D) at that答案：A)。in that因?yàn)?，引?dǎo)原因狀語從句。7. We11 visit England and Germany next year _we have enough money A) unless B) provided C) lest D) until 答案：B)。provided假設(shè)，引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句。8. _ for them，they traveled on A) Hard as t

25、he journey was B) As journey was hard C) Hard the journey was D) The journey was hard 答案：A)。“主語補(bǔ)語 (表語) + as (though) + 主語+ 謂語動詞”引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句。八、虛擬語氣考核重點(diǎn)：A在表示“愿望”，“請求”，建議”，“命令”等主觀意向的動詞、名詞、形容詞、 過去分詞等后的從句中，要用虛擬語氣，形式是：“should+動詞原形”，或省去should直接用“動詞原形”。這些動詞、形容詞、過去分詞是：動詞有suggest，propose，desire，request，advise，c

26、ommand，insist，require，order，recommend，beg，prefer，maintain(主張)，direct(命令)等；形容詞有necessary，important，essentialdesirable，advisable，urgent，preferable，insistent，strange等；過去分詞有suggested，proposed，demanded，required，requested，desired，ordered，recommended，insisted，asked，resolved等；名詞有suggestion，proposal，advice，o

27、rder，request，recommendation，requirement，insistence，necessity，command等；B在某些表示條件的狀語從句中(if從句)；C在it is(high /about)time that句型中，表示“到該干某事的時候了”，在If only引導(dǎo)的感嘆句中，表示“但愿，該就好了”；D在with，without，but for(要不是)，or，otherwise，except for，under the condition that in the position of等介詞短語中；E在in order that(為了)，in case引導(dǎo)的目的

28、狀語從句中；F在wish，would rather后的賓語從句中。例句：1. The manager of the company insisted that all the staff members_ the new safety rules(20026 A級) A)observed B) will observe C) would observe D) observe 答案：D)。insist引出的賓語從句謂語用虛擬語氣。2. I think its high time we _strict measures to stop pollution.(200212 A級)A) will ta

29、ke B) take C)took D) have taken答案：c)。在Its highabout time后的從句動詞用虛擬語氣。3. _ last Friday，he would have got to Paris(20036 A級)A) Would he leave B) Had he left C) If he is to leave D) If he was leaving答案：B)。本句是條件狀語從句，表示與過去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語氣。4. Its necessary that the problem _ in some way or other. (20016 B級) A) be

30、 settled B) settled C) is settled D) settled答案：A)。在necessary (important) 等形容詞后面用虛擬語氣。5The committee members propose that the plan _ postponed for a few days(20026 B級) A) to be B) being C) be D) been答案：C)。動詞propose后賓語從句中用虛擬語氣。 6. I didnt go with them to the beach yesterdayBut I do wish I_ there. (200

31、3.6 B級)A) have been B) had been C) was D) am答案：B)。在wish后的賓語從句中用虛擬語氣。7. _ the storm，the ship would have reached its destination on timeA) In spite of B) In case of C) But for D) Because of答案：C)。but for(要不是)介詞短語后用虛擬語氣。8. My suggestion is that we _ a special board to examine the problemA) will set up B

32、)are to set up C) set up D) must set up答案：C)。(should)set up，在名詞suggestion后用虛擬語氣。9. He must have had an accident，or _ thenA) would have been here B) had to be here C) should be here D) would be here答案：A)。在or后面用虛擬語氣。10. It is recommended that the project _until all the preparations have been madeA) is

33、 not started B) will not be started C) not be started D) is not to be started 答案：C)。在過去分詞recommended后面用虛擬語氣。九、倒裝句考核重點(diǎn):A以notuntil，not，never，little，nowhere，rarely，seldom，scarcely，hardly，no sooner，in no case，at no time，on no account，under no circumstances，by no means等引導(dǎo)的句子；Bonly+副詞，介詞短語或狀語(從句)引出的句子。例句：

34、1. Not until I shouted at the top of my voice _the danger(20016 A級)A) that he noticed B) he didnt notice C) did he notice D) had he noticed答案：C)。not until開頭句子倒裝。2. Not for a moment _ the truth of your explanation about the event(20036 A級)A) we have doubted B) did we doubt C) we had doubted D) doubte

35、d we答案：B)。否定詞not置于句首，謂語用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，表示強(qiáng)調(diào)。3. Only by shouting at the top of his voice_.A) was he able to make himself hear B) he was able to make himself hearC) he was able to make himself heard D) was he able to make himself heard 答案：D)。only+狀語引出的句子中，用倒裝。十、強(qiáng)調(diào)句考核重點(diǎn)：強(qiáng)調(diào)句句型：It is(was)+被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+that+其他成分例句：1. The

36、police asked the if it was the place _ they found the lost child(200212 B級)which B) what C) that D) where答案：C)。本句的賓語句是強(qiáng)調(diào)句型。2. It was in China _ the agreement was signedA) that B) which C) where D) what答案：A)。本句為強(qiáng)調(diào)句。十一、主謂一致考核重點(diǎn)：A由連詞and連接兩個主語，and后面的名詞不加冠詞，常指一個人或一個事物，謂語動詞用單數(shù)，如：the secretary and principa

37、l(書記兼校長)；B以一ics結(jié)尾的名詞表示一門學(xué)科，謂語動詞一般用單數(shù)；C由連詞or，eitheror，neithernor，not onlybut also，nor等連接的兩個名詞或代詞，其謂語采用毗鄰一致的原則，即謂語動詞與鄰近的主語一致；D如果主語為單數(shù)而后面有with，together with，as well as，in addition to，more than，no less than，1ike，but，except等詞引起的短語，謂語動詞用單數(shù)；E如果主語是由and連接的兩個單數(shù)名詞且前面有every，each，no等詞修飾，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。如：Every boy and g

38、irl in this village is taught to read and write。Fmany a(an another)+名詞，more than one+名詞作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。 如：more than one woman was involved in this caseGthe number(variety)of+名詞，an amount of(a deal ofplenty of)+不可數(shù)名詞，a quantity of+不可數(shù)名詞作主語時，謂語動詞均用單數(shù)。例句：1. Many a boy and many a girl _ independentA、hope t

39、o be B) expects to be C) wants D) longs for答案：B)。many a+名詞作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。2. Either she or I _ to blameA) is B) are C) have D) am答案：D)。謂語動詞與鄰近的主語一致。3. A suitcase with shirts，trousers and shoes _ from the car.A） was stolen B) have been robbed C）has robbed D) had stolen答案：A)。主語為單數(shù)而后面有with引起的短語，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。4.

40、 The number of people invited _ fifty，but a number of them _ absent without any reason.A)were；was B) was；was C) was；were D) were；were答案：C)。the number of+名詞作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。十二、反意問句考核重點(diǎn)：A反意問句由陳述句+簡短問句組成。當(dāng)陳述句中的主語是everybody，everyone, someone，no one，nobody，somebody等合成詞時，疑問句主語用復(fù)數(shù)they來表示。 而當(dāng)陳述句中的主語是everything，

41、nothing，anything，something時，疑問句主語 用it來表示。如：Somebody came to see medid they?祈使句后面可以加一個簡短問句，使句子語氣變得客氣些。如：Dont forget to water the flower in the garden，while I am away, will you？十三、代詞考核重點(diǎn)：不定代詞。Amany，much，little，few的用法；Bboth，either，neither用于兩者之間；all，any，none用于三者以上。例句：1. I am interested in _ you told meA

42、) all what B）all C) that D）that 答案：B)。表示“一切”(三者以上)用all。2. You can park on _ side of the street A) either B) any C) all D)both 答案：A)。指街道兩邊(任何一邊)用either。3. A 10t of people triedbut have succeed A) the few B) few C) fewer D) some few 答案：B)。修飾可數(shù)名詞用few。十四、形容詞和副詞考核重點(diǎn)：在比較結(jié)構(gòu)中的應(yīng)用。 A比較級前面可以有much，far，slightly，

43、a lot，a little，still，ever，times(多少倍)，any，no或not any等程度副詞修飾； B多音節(jié)形容詞或副詞的比較級和最高級在前面加more和most： Cthe morethe more句型； D有些形容詞本身就是比較級的形式，在做比較時用to而不用than。如：superior(較高的)，senior(年長的)，junior(年少的)等。例句：1. I think that Anna is_ far the most active member in our group. (200312A級)A) with B) at C) as D) by答案：D)。句中

44、出現(xiàn)最高級形式，只有D)可以和搭配構(gòu)成by far ，修飾形容詞最高級。2. In some modem countries we find a _ number of people with university degrees than there are jobs for them to fillA) large B) much larger C) more large D) more larger答案：B)。比較級可以用much修飾。3. The more we get together，_ we shall beA) the more happy B) the happier C)

45、the happy D) happier答案：B)。the morethe more句型4. The scientist is several years junior _ Mr. SmithA) than B) to C) for D) on答案：B)。junior做比較時用to而不用than。第二章 多項(xiàng)選擇題Directions: In this part, there are 700 incomplete sentences. You are required to complete each one by deciding in the most appropriate word f

46、rom the 4 choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then you should mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. 1. Soon the sportsmen from the USA _ to the changeable weather of the city A) adopted B) adjusted C) adapted D) advised2. I am a newcomer hereI dont kn

47、ow where the railway station is_. A) located B) standing C) lied D) situating3. If you are not careful enough，you may _ black with white A) contrast B) compare C) confuse D) contract4. When we were children，we _for a swim，if the weather was fineA) will go B) was going C) would go D) had gone5. _ you

48、 are on your own，you can make your own decisions A) Now that B) Though C) As D) Because6. Jack _ to go out very often until he met JillA) used not B) didnt use C) not used D) was not used7. As students we should _ all our time and energy on our study A) concentrate B) cost C) put D)have8. A group of

49、 young men will plant trees _ there is a lot of sunshine A) what B) which C) where D) when9. You are supposed to write a _of the text after studying it A) account B) sum C) description D) summary10. We dont understand how the manager could try to escape his _. A) tasks B) responsibility C) duty D) w

50、ork11. A _ (Mr, Mrs or Miss) and family name are used when speaking to someone we dont know very wellA) name B) title C) surname D) nickname12. They need only _ young people to do this work A) many B) a lot of C) few D) a few13. She has a high _ in life A) aim B) purpose C)ambition D)intention14. Mi

51、lk _healthA) improves B) causes C) promotes D) increases15. Too much work and too little rest often _ illnessA) results B) leads to C) affects D)runs to16. At the age of eighteen, he decided to take politics as his_. A) job B) task C) work D) career17. People living in the countryside enjoy peace an

52、d quiet，and can do their work at their own_. A) background B) conditions C) pace D) space18. The movie _ us of the pains brought by World War II A) was thought of B) kept C) reminded D) remembered19. Literature has a great _ on mans thought A) effect B) affect C) reaction D) efficiency20. A birthday

53、 is no_ for tears A) chance B) opportunity C) day D) occasion21. Anderson is one of those _ appear friendly but are hard to deal with A) who B) they C) that D) which 22. She had several thousand books, _ novels，which she left to her daughter A) nearly B) mostly C) almost D) generally 23. The camp me

54、eting Allen gave his first performance last summer was held for religious purpose A) where B) which C) that D) who24. Once you enter the society，you are mostly _ your own A) in B) on C) of D) to25. The age of the students in that class _ from 7 to 12 A) varies B)changes C) turns D) alters26. The col

55、or red is often a _ of danger A) symbol B)sign C) signal D) mark27. My problems are very _ to yours A) alike B)same C) similar D) exact28. Please_ before entering. A) hit B) knock C) tap D) pat29. Passengers can speak to their friends on _ through a wireless telephone A) coast B) soil C) beach D) sh

56、ore30. It is wrong to read _ letters without permissionA) private B) privacy C) secret D) personal31. They succeeded at last after adopting an _working method A) effect B) affect C) effective D) efficient32. The new regulations will be of great _ to us a11 A) profit B) advantage C) benefit D) value3

57、3. He is not _ to be there next week A) possible B) likely C) capable D) able34. On_, we learn 10 English words every day A) usual B) average C) ordinary D) common35. Mary is the kind of person who always seems to be _ a hurryA) on B) with C) in D) for36. In earlier days, local trade was _ more impo

58、rtantA) many B) very C) much D) too37. Everyones reading speed varies _the materiel he is reading A) with B) at C) for D) from38. Air _in Europe is extremely expensive.A) journey B) travel C) trip D) voyage39. How_do you know about Australia?A) many B) much C) more D) most40. I wont pay them _ they

59、work harderA) if B)in case C)unless D) lest41. They have agreed to stop supplying arms _ either sideA) for B) with C) to D) at42. The work we are doing is _ great valueA) in B) of C) by D) from43. In the end he realized his dream, but _the cost of his lifeA) on B) with C) by D) at44. You will make a

60、 _by selling the stocks right now A) profit B) interest C) benefit D) advantage45. A _belt is to protect the driver from sudden movement.A) safe B) safety C) security D) insurable46. After the workers painted the house，its_ was quite differentA) look B) surface C) expression D) appearance47. They ca