醫(yī)學英語寫作：writing a research paper

1、Medical English WritingMay, 2014Assignment ( Chapter 1 )I1. A light and electron microscopic study of two cases of primary sarcoma of heartPrimary sarcoma of heart: A light and electron microscopic study of two cases 光鏡和電鏡研究兩例原發(fā)性心臟肉瘤2. Experimental study of laser surgery of the liverLaser surgery of

2、 the liver: An experimental study 肝臟的激光手術(shù)的實驗性研究/肝臟的激光 手術(shù): 一項實驗性研究3. A report of 60 cases of primary vaginal carcinomaPrimary vaginal carcinoma: A report of 60 cases 60例原發(fā)性陰道癌報告Assignment ( Chapter 1 )4. Fifteen years clinical experience with carcinoma of the pancreasCarcinoma of the pancreas: Fiftee

3、n years clinical experience 胰腺癌的15年臨床經(jīng)驗5. Carcinoembryonic antigen(癌胚抗原) in breast cancer tissue is a useful prognostic indicatorCarcinoembryonic antigen in breast cancer tissue : A useful prognostic indicator 乳腺癌組織中的癌胚抗原一種有用的預后 指標Assignment ( Chapter 1 )II1. Circulatory failure of metastatic carcin

4、oma of the lung Circulatory failure in metastatic carcinoma of the lung 肺癌轉(zhuǎn)移中的循環(huán)衰竭2. Evaluation of etiology of liver disease in renal- transplant patientsEtiology of liver disease in renal-transplant patients 腎移植患者的肝病病因Assignment ( Chapter 1 )3. Diabetes after the infectious hepatitis: A follow- up

5、studyDiabetes after infectious hepatitis: A follow-up study 傳染性肝炎繼發(fā)糖尿病患者的隨訪研究4. The use of radioactive iodine at the evaluation of thyroid nodulesUse of radioactive iodine in the evaluation of thyroid nodules 用免疫活性碘評估甲狀腺結(jié)節(jié)Assignment ( Chapter 1 )5. Diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in flexible fib

6、eroptic bronchoscopy (可曲光學纖維支氣管鏡 檢法)Diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis by flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy Or: Flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopyin thediagnosisofpulmonary tuberculosis 用可曲光學纖維支氣管鏡檢法診斷肺結(jié)核Assignment ( Chapter 1 )III.1. 革蘭氏陰性菌休克169例分析Analysis of 169 cases of shock caused by gram- negati

7、ve microorganisms（Shock caused by gram-negative microorganisms： Analysis of 169 cases）2. 腫瘤患者化療前體重下降對預后的影響Prognostic effect of weight loss prior to chemotherapy in cancer patients（Influence of weight loss prior to chemotherapy on prognosis in cancer patient）Assignment ( Chapter 1 )3. 原發(fā)性肝癌二級預防的隨機分組前

8、瞻性研究Secondary prevention of primary liver cancer： A randomized controlled prospective study4. 放射免疫法測定血清17-羥孕酮以診斷與治療 先天性腎上腺增生Application of serum 17-OH-progesterone radioimmunoassay to the diagnosis and management of congenital adrenal hyperplasia Assignment ( Chapter 1 )Radioimmunoassay of serum 17-

9、OH-progesterone for diagnosis and treatment of congenital adrenal hyperplasia）5. 關(guān)節(jié)鏡(arthroscopy)輔助治療掌指關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)骨折(metacarpophalangeal intraarticular fractures)Treatment of metacarpophalangeal intraarticular fractures (assisted) with arthroscopyAssignment ( Chapter 1 )Medical English Writing (2)Writing a

10、research paperParts of a manuscriptTitleAbstract (and key words)IntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionAcknowledgementsReferencesFiguresTables Legends IMRADBasic style: introduction, methods, results and discussionServes as an organizational formatIMRAD is a format, each paper differsHistory of IMRADOr

11、iginally proposed by the British scientist Bradford HillDeveloped by by French chemist Louis Pasteur Established by American Standards Institute in 1972Developed in 1978 by a team of medical journal editors during a meeting in Vancouver（溫哥華）, Canada The team developed into the International Committe

12、e of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE國際醫(yī)學雜志編輯 委員會), which proposed The Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals (URMSBJ生物醫(yī)學雜志投稿統(tǒng)一要求)Introduction ContentsBackground: Statement of general area or history of problemSignificance: Statement of importance or needsDevelopment: St

13、atement of previous findings, reports or studiesObjective: Statement of purpose of current studyScope: statement of specific area of problem to be studiedIntroduction RequirementsGo straight to the point 開門見山Lay stress on the key points 重點突出Be practical and realistic 實事求是 A guiding principle 引導作用Kno

14、wn information in general Unknown information QuestionApproachIntroduction begin to tell a story 1Begin with what is known（A） 2State what is unknown（B）3State the question what your study will answer（C） 4 Describe the experimental approach（D）Optimal Medical Therapy with or without PCI for Stable Coro

15、nary Disease William E. Boden, M.D., N ENGL J MED 2007; Vol.356 No.15During the past 30 years, the use of percutaneouscoronary intervention (PCI) has become common in the initial management strategy for patients with stable coronary artery disease in North America, even though treatment guidelines a

16、dvocate an initial approach with intensive medical therapy, a reduction of risk factors, and lifestyle intervention (known as optimal medical therapy). In 2004, more than 1 million coronary stent procedures were performed in the United States, and recent registry data indicate that approximately 85%

17、 of all PCI procedures are undertaken electively in patients with stable coronary artery disease. PCI reduces the incidence of death and myocardial infarction in patients who present with acute coronary syndromes, but similar benefit has not been shown in patients withstable coronary artery disease.

18、 This issue has been studied in fewer than 3000 patients, manyof whom were treated before the widespread use of intracoronary stents and currentstandards of medical management.（A）Although successful PCI of flow-limiting stenoses might be expected to reduce the rate of death, myocardial infarction, a

19、nd hospitalization for acute coronary syndromes, previous studies have shown only that PCI decreases the frequency of angina and improves short-term exercise performance. Thus, the long-term prognostic effect of PCI on cardiovascular events in patients with stable coronary artery disease remains unc

20、ertain. （B）Our study, the Clinical Outcomes Utilizing Revascularization and Aggressive DrugEvaluation (COURAGE) trial, was designed to determine whether PCI coupled with optimal medical therapy reduces the risk of death and nonfatal myocardial infarction in patients with stable coronary artery disea

21、se,as compared with optimal medical therapyalone.（C）（D）Tenses Simple present tense: 表述真實的、普遍認可 的研究結(jié)果或研究結(jié)果的提示?；蛱岢鰡栴}present perfect tense：表述研究現(xiàn)狀Past tense：表述發(fā)現(xiàn)的內(nèi)容及過去考慮過或 做過的內(nèi)容，或未定論的研究結(jié)果，或研究 導向的目的Common Sentence Patterns 引用文獻資料：sb. (sb. et al) found /reported /described /mentioned /showed that sth. was

22、 found/ reported/mentioned by sb.It has been reported/demonstrated/observed that 表達不同觀點和意見：studies have differed in their conclusion on/about/regardingThere has been different/conflicting reports onThere has been considerable professional debate on/aboutThere has been controversies over/conflicting

23、results about/on表示尚待解決的問題：Little work has been done onRelatively little knowledge is available related toLittle attention has been paid/given to It is unclear/uncertain/unknown whether is/remains controversial /unexplored /unclear /unknown /difficult 表示本研究的重要性：has practical significance/implication

24、for has been the subject of intensive researchhas been the focus of much interest and debate.表示研究的內(nèi)容和目的：The purpose/objective/aim/goal of this study /investigation is/was toThis study aimed toThis study was designed /undertaken /performed /conducted /carried out toThe present study was undertaken to

25、 The study here reported was undertaken to This study was In an attempt to determine/assess/investigate to In an effort to/in order to In this study, we attempted/aimed/ sought to Material and Methods Write this section first!How was the problem studiedUsually arranged chronologicallyreads like a co

26、okbook, to provide enough details and reference materials for the other researchers to evaluate and repeat the present studyMaterial and Methods Contents1)簡要說明研究設(shè)計(study design / protocol)，如： 回顧(retrospective / review)，前瞻(prospective)， 臨床(clinical)，動物(animal)，實驗 (experimental)，活體內(nèi)(in vivo)活體外(in vit

27、ro)， 原位(in situ)，隨訪(follow-up)，對照(controlled)， 隨機)random / randomized)，雙盲交叉(double- blind crossover)，人群(population / cohort / migrant)，對比(comparative)，流行病學 (epidemiological)等研究性質(zhì)； Material and Methods Contents 2)詳細說明研究對象(subject)情況，包括動物 (animal)和病人(patients)性別(sex)、年齡(age)、 物種(species)、品種(breed)、生理狀

28、態(tài) (physiological state); 微生物菌株(strain)、血清 型(serotype)及其他區(qū)別特性(identity characteristics)；隨機分組方法(methods of any random assignment of subjects to groups)和選擇 標準(criteria for admission to study groups)；Material and Methods Contents3)詳細說明所用的藥物（drug），激素 （hormone），試劑（reagent）和其他化學品 （chemical）的名稱、商標（trademark

29、）、 生產(chǎn)廠家（manufacturer）及所在地 （location）； 4)簡要說明測定方法（method of measurement）， 包括名稱，引文(quotation)和偏差 （variations）；5)簡要說明統(tǒng)計學分析方法（method of statistic analysis）Writing detailsUse subheadings, pay attention to the coherence Use tables (e.g., patient characteristics) and figures (e.g., analysis of data) to cla

30、rifyExplain limitations in brief Last paragraph is statistical analysis -how data are summarized, statistical test, measurements compared, P valueWrite in past tense generallyUse both first person or third person (more common)Common Sentence Patterns選擇研究對象：Inclusion/Entry/Exclusion criteria were/inc

31、luded Selection was based on , were selected based on The major criteria for inclusion in the study were were entered into/recruited from/selected from /enrolled at were excluded from the study/participation表示研究對象分組：were divided /grouped /stratified /classified /categorized /assigned /randomized int

32、o were randomly allocated to (based on )表示材料來源：1. was （obtained）from 2. was provided by 3. was purchased from4. was donated by/a donation from /a gift from 5. (sources of material )表示實驗動物： were bred in/fed/ maintained/raised with/ under were fasted/starved 12 hours prior to operation. were anesthesi

33、zed with were caged, fed, ad libitum with tap water and diet weighing and were used for the study.were killed by decapitation/cervical dislocation（斷頭） /exsanguination(放血).were sacrificed with 表示借鑒他人的實驗方法：was isolated/separated by the procedure /technique of was prepared/carried out according to the

34、method described by was determined by/measured with 表示稀釋、培養(yǎng)was diluted to incubated with at （temperature）for hours. was grown in medium was suspended to/at a concentration of was stored at ( temperature)表示實驗標本制備：Samples of/for were obtained/taken from were collected/harvested under conditions.were f

35、ixed(固定) with/in were stained (染色)with were embedded（包埋） in/with were prepared were dehydrated（脫水）in/by were sectioned at a thickness of 表示診斷和治療：was diagnosed by/diagnostic ofwas diagnosed as/with (according to/on the basis of )3. Diagnosis of was confirmed/made/established.4. miss/overlook diagnosi

36、s (漏診)of 5. was misdiagnosed as/was mistaken for （誤 診）6. be treated by 7. be treated for 8. was on therapy9. was referred/transferred to Results what were the findingsFunctions: state results of the study and present data that supports resultsContents: results and dataOrganization: chronological or

37、from most to least importantWriting details Be brief and uncluttered, use subheadingsUse past tense generallyGive specific comparisonsPresent detailed data in figures and tables to keep written data to a minimumProvide appropriate statistical details without commentsCommon Sentence Patterns結(jié)果表明：The

38、results/findings showed/suggested /indicated /demonstrated/revealed/documented that It was found that We found that was/were found to 表格與插圖的表達：is shown/presented in Table/Figure Table/Figure shows/indicates/demonstrates /illustrates that As shown in Table/Figure 表示與有關(guān)： was strongly associated with w

39、as inversely correlated with was inversely/indirectly proportional to was in direct proportion to was compared to/with ; as compared with/to數(shù)值表達：was increased/decreased by/to多數(shù)值表達，常采用逗號、分號或括號隔開表示數(shù)量的一部分，用of，out of，among等介詞直接用數(shù)字形式及符合，如 “” “” “” “” “” “” “”等表示數(shù)字對比如：”ratio” “ :” “/” “versus/vs/v.” “rate

40、”表示數(shù)值范圍: (range) from to/between and, vary from to, with a range to,表達統(tǒng)計學意義：There is/was significant difference in between andThe difference in between and is/was significant is/was significantly difference from No significant difference was found /noted /observed in between and Discussion what do y

41、our findings meanMost difficult Part!Answer the question posed in IntroductionExplain how results support answers and how answers fit with existing knowledge on the topicExplain the findings, relationships, and generalizations of your resultsExplain the significance of your resultsHas a beginning, m

42、iddle, and endReqDiscussion Contents 1)background 2)general findings 3)introduction of points 4)comparison in the context of other studies 5)suggested meaning 6)conclusion 7)future studies Common Sentence PatternsThe data/results suggest /demonstrate /confirm /indicate /reveal that2. experiments/res

43、ults/findings/investigation/ facts supply a basis for 3. The results are consistent/in accord with the theory /idea/proposal/hypothesis/pervious studies that 4. similar to that reported/described by Common Sentence Patterns5. Results are contrasted with/different from 6. may have caused by 7. may le

44、ad to/result in/account for 8. Although /Even if , it should (not) be possible to 9. One interpretation of this difference between and is 10. On the basis of/based on these premises 11. We can speculate on 12. Whetherremains/is yet to be determined13. Further analysis/experiments will be necessary /needed to confirm14. We conclude that/our conclusion is that/it is our conclusion that15. in summar