實驗室安全知識講座：實驗室入門知識

1、實驗室入門知識 Basic knowledge for labs主講：薛衛(wèi)東教授 Lecturer: Pro. Xue 實驗室安全知識講座Lectures on Lab Safety講座內(nèi)容：Agenda一、為什么要進(jìn)行實驗室安全教育 necessity for lab safety lecture二、進(jìn)入實驗室應(yīng)具備的基本知識 basic knowledge of entering labs三、實驗室安全防火應(yīng)掌握的基本常識 ABCs of fire prevention in labs一、為什么要進(jìn)行實驗室安全教育 necessity for lab safety lecture愛護(hù)生命

2、for your safety 保護(hù)學(xué)校財產(chǎn)for assets safety保證實驗順利進(jìn)行for the success of your experiments培養(yǎng)安全意識 enhancing your safety awareness1、電器設(shè)備老化 Electronic Plants Aging2008-1-24樂山土壤肥料檢測中心爆炸 explosion in labs of Leshan soil testing center起因：設(shè)備老化，導(dǎo)致電線短路 shortcircuit caused by plant aging led to the fire后果：房間內(nèi)一堆放化學(xué)試劑的

3、電冰箱突然發(fā)生爆炸。 aftermath: a refregirator full of chemical reagent exploded電線短路 power cable shortcircuit2003年11月24日凌晨1時17分，位于莫斯科西南城區(qū)的盧蒙巴各族人民友誼大學(xué)（簡稱“友大”）發(fā)生特大火災(zāi)。A serious fire happened at 1:17AM on Nov. 24 2003 in lumumba friendship university in southwest Moscco.結(jié)果：造成41人死亡，162人受傷。死傷者均為來自亞洲、非洲的留學(xué)生。據(jù)最新公布的數(shù)字

4、，有46名中國學(xué)生被燒傷或跳樓逃生時摔傷，11人死亡。 The fire caused 41 death and 162 injuries. The victims are international students from Asia and Africa. 46 Chinese students were injured or dead when they escaped or jumped out of the building.違規(guī)使用“熱得快”燒水 Using superpower water heater 2008年11月14日早晨6時10分許，上海商學(xué)院徐匯校區(qū)宿舍樓602女生

5、寢室失火。A fire happened in Shanghai business colleges female students dorm 602 room at 6:10 AM in 2008.原因: 違規(guī)使用“熱得快”燒水，水燒干引發(fā)火災(zāi)。The water heater dried all the water and then caused fire.結(jié)果：4人因跳樓死亡。4 students died when they tried to escape via jumping down the building.2、缺乏安全意識weak safety awareness2006-1

6、2-5成都中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)氫氣瓶爆炸 hydrogen gas cans exploded in Chengdu traditional medicine college on Dec.5 in 2006. 起因：氫氣泄漏，不通風(fēng)，接手機(jī)。Talking on the phone in hydrogen leakage and stuffiness environment caused the explosion.后果：1死5傷。It caused one death and 5 injuries.缺乏安全意識weak safety awareness起因：學(xué)生在實驗室做焊接實驗時，火花噴出引燃墻邊

7、的雜物燃燒。后果：一名學(xué)生的手指被輕微灼傷。記者現(xiàn)場采訪時，因吸入毒氣而導(dǎo)致咽喉腫大、肺音不清，咳嗽厲害等。Sparkling from the welding experiment set fire to the nearby inflammable stuff. one students finger was injured and reporters at the spot felt uncomfortable strongly.2007-3-28蘭州理工大學(xué)活性焊實驗室發(fā)生火災(zāi) a fire happened In Lanzhou polytech college labs in 20

8、07 3、實驗操作不當(dāng)misoperation in labs2008-7-11云南大學(xué)生物實驗室爆炸 explosion in Yunnan university labs起因：收集實驗廢料時，因操作不當(dāng)引發(fā)爆炸。后果：整個頜面部組織糜爛，左手完全被炸碎，右手的拇指和食指末端關(guān)節(jié)被炸斷。Misoperation when collecting waste materials caused the fire and the operators face, left hand and two fingers on right hand were all seriously injured.實驗操

9、作不當(dāng)misoperation in labs2010-6-3蘭州化學(xué)實驗室爆炸引發(fā)火災(zāi) explosion in Lanzhou chemistry labs caused fire in 2010起因：石油醚燃燒爆炸后果：實驗室損失慘重庫房被燒為灰燼，但幸好沒有人員傷亡。 chemical reagent in the lab caused the fire and Heavy losses, and fortunately no one was injured.4、缺乏責(zé)任心 sense of responsibility2008-6-6清華大學(xué)逸夫樓一間實驗室失火a lab in Ts

10、ing hua university caught fire.起因：進(jìn)行“高溫?zé)Y(jié)” 實驗時，人中途離開。結(jié)果：導(dǎo)致火災(zāi)。 During the experiment, the operator left and high temperature caused the fire.缺乏責(zé)任心sense of responsibility2009-11-18凌晨，中科院化物理所實驗室火災(zāi)physics Labs of chinese academy of science caught fire in the mid night. 起因：白天做完實驗后未關(guān)閉實驗儀器，實驗材料持續(xù)反應(yīng)所致后果：實驗室

11、里的部分精密、貴重實驗儀器裝置，及存放的大量實驗材料被燒毀。 The operator forgot to shut down equipments when finishing the experiment and the fire damaged some invaluable equipments.缺乏責(zé)任心sense of responsibility起因：用電磁爐熔化石蠟，人暫時離開。 后果：實驗室被燒毀。 The operator left in the middle of the experiments and the fire destroyed the labs.2010-6

12、-19寧波大學(xué)化學(xué)實驗室 chemical labs in Ningbo University實驗室安全涉及面廣aspects involved水water電electricity氣natural gas火fire試劑 reagent放射性 radioactivity病原微生物microorganism儀器使用equipment usage廢液處置waste liquid disposal二、進(jìn)入實驗室應(yīng)具備的基本知識Basic Safety Knowledge Required 1、實驗室用水安全 safety in using water上水：水龍頭或水管漏水時，應(yīng)及時修理。Immedia

13、te repairing to taps or pipes required for leakage, pipe blocking etc.下水：下水道排水不暢時，應(yīng)及時疏通。冷卻水：輸水管必須使用橡膠管，不得使用乳膠管；上水管與水龍頭的連接處及上水管、下水管與儀器或冷凝管的連接處必須用管箍夾緊；下水管必須插入水池的下水管中。純凈水：應(yīng)按照“操作規(guī)程”進(jìn)行操作；取水時應(yīng)注意及時地關(guān)閉取水開關(guān)，防止溢流。Different pipes are required for cold and hot water in the labs. Attentions should also be paid t

14、o the pipes connecting points.Power should be cut off for drinking water dispenser in the labs.2、實驗室用電安全power safety連線：儀器連線必須使用帶有接地的三根線的護(hù)套線，不可使用普通的塑料絞線。電話線可用普通的塑料絞線。嚴(yán)禁私拉亂扯。接地：儀器應(yīng)有良好的接地，提高儀器的穩(wěn)定性及安全系數(shù)。維修：維修儀器時必須切斷電源，方可拆機(jī)修理。觸電：斷電或絕緣脫離 急救Grounded cable is required for all equipments in the labs for the

15、safety. Power should be cut off when repairing equipments. When electric shocking happens, pls follow self rescue procedures and make emergency calls immediately.單芯橡皮絕緣導(dǎo)線的持續(xù)允許截流量（安培）截面積導(dǎo)線穿硬塑料管敷設(shè)時，管內(nèi)穿導(dǎo)線的根數(shù)平方毫米2銅線2鋁線3銅線3鋁線4銅線4鋁線1.01312111.51714161214112.525192217201543325302326206433338293426105944524

16、04635電路過載，易短路引發(fā)火災(zāi)fires will happen when power cable is overloaded電路絕緣層溫度60為臨界點。漏電保護(hù)器3、實驗室用氣安全Gases實驗室氣體要有專門的管路工程；氣瓶要遠(yuǎn)離熱源；避免曝曬和強(qiáng)烈振動。 搬運(yùn)：搬運(yùn)或轉(zhuǎn)動鋼瓶時，不得用手執(zhí)著開關(guān)閥移動。氣瓶內(nèi)的氣體不可用盡 special pipes should be set for gases in the lab and gas container should be kept in lower temperature. Do not move gas container vio

17、lently and a little gas should be left in the container when reload gas into it.惰性氣體：應(yīng)剩余0.05MPa以上壓力的氣體。可燃?xì)怏w：應(yīng)剩余0.2Mpa以上壓力的氣體。氫 氣： 應(yīng)剩余2.0MPa以上壓力的氣體。性質(zhì)：氫氣密度小，易泄漏，擴(kuò)散速度很快，易和其它氣體混合。 氫氣與空氣混合氣的爆炸極限：氫氣含量爆炸下限4.1，爆炸上限74.1(體積比)，此時極易引起自燃自爆，燃燒速度約為2.7m/s。使用：提倡使用氫氣發(fā)生器。在使用氫氣的地方，嚴(yán)禁煙火；嚴(yán)防泄漏；用后及時地關(guān)閉總閥。存放：氫氣應(yīng)單獨存放，最好放置在室

18、外專用的小屋內(nèi)，確保安全。Hydrogen is easily flammable and explosive once mixed with oxygen to some extent. Fire is forbidden in labs where hydrogen is kept. 氫氣hydrogen幾種特殊氣體的性質(zhì)和使用安全性質(zhì)：強(qiáng)烈助燃燒。 高溫下，純氧十分活潑；溫度不變而壓力增加時，可以和油類發(fā)生急劇的化學(xué)反應(yīng)，并引起發(fā)熱自燃，進(jìn)而產(chǎn)生強(qiáng)烈爆炸。 使用：不可將氧氣瓶與油類物質(zhì)混放，并絕對避免讓其它可燃性氣體混入氧氣瓶。存放：氧氣瓶禁止放于陽光曝曬的地方。Oxygen is ve

19、ry active in high temperature environment and is also explosive. Oxygen container should be kept in cool environment and avoid sunshine. 氧氣oxygen4、實驗室用火安全 fire safety加熱 進(jìn)行蒸餾實驗和熔化樣品時應(yīng)使用加熱套和封閉式電爐，不應(yīng)使用明火加熱。 安全使用酒精燈。Open fire heating is not allowed when heating is needed.明火 實驗室內(nèi)嚴(yán)禁吸煙! 在使用易燃?xì)怏w和易燃試劑的實驗室內(nèi)不得

20、使用明火。Smoking and open fire is forbidden in labs, esp. when using flammable gases and reagent.安全器材柜5、試劑使用及安全防范safety in using reagents1. 容器必須貼上標(biāo)簽，注明其內(nèi)容物及有效時間。2. 使用低沸點有機(jī)溶劑時，一定要遠(yuǎn)離火源和熱源。試劑瓶應(yīng)封嚴(yán)，并放在陰涼處保存。3. 濃酸、濃堿具有強(qiáng)烈的腐蝕性。如果濺到皮膚上或眼內(nèi)，應(yīng)立即用流水沖洗至少15min，然后用5%NaHCO3或5%H3BO3沖洗。濃硫酸粘到皮膚時不能直接用水洗,因為會有大量的熱量產(chǎn)生,會燒傷皮膚,應(yīng)該

21、先用硼酸,再用碳酸氫鈉溶液處理,嚴(yán)重的應(yīng)處理后盡快就醫(yī)。 4. 在使用任何化學(xué)藥品前，一定要熟知該化學(xué)藥品之危險性。5. 使用有毒有機(jī)溶劑或者腐蝕性試劑時應(yīng)在通風(fēng)櫥內(nèi)操作，并使用防濺面罩，防止意外事故發(fā)生。Labels should be put onto reagent containers stating the names of the reagents and deadline of usage. For low boiling point ones, pls put them away from fire and heats. Keep them in cool environmen

22、t.For corrosive reagents, please be careful in using them. Once splashed onto skin, wash it under flowing water for at least 15 minutes , and then use 5%NaHCO3.Before using any reagent, proper knowledge about it are needed.實驗室金屬安全柜實驗室安全通風(fēng)柜6、工作場所常見的警示標(biāo)志common warning signs7、儀器使用注意事項using equipments儀器

23、使用者必須認(rèn)真地閱讀操作規(guī)程，經(jīng)過培訓(xùn)方可上機(jī)操作 。必須嚴(yán)格地按照“儀器操作規(guī)程”進(jìn)行操作 。遇到儀器發(fā)生故障，立即向管理人員報告，不得擅自處理。 按操作規(guī)程使用水、電。發(fā)現(xiàn)安全隱患應(yīng)立即報告，及時處理。離開實驗室時應(yīng)檢查儀器、水、電、門、窗是否關(guān)好，夏季應(yīng)檢查空調(diào)是否關(guān)閉。 不得擅自挪用與公用儀器相關(guān)的輔助設(shè)備和零、配件，以及實驗室內(nèi)的一切公用設(shè)施。 Before using equipments, students should read carefully the instructions and get some training. When using equipments, in

24、structions must be followed. When it breaks down, please report to the lab manager and do it try to fix it by yourself. Make sure the windows and doors are closed and locked when you leave the lab. 8、廢液處理 waste liquid disposal1.廢棄的溶液應(yīng)按有機(jī)及無機(jī)進(jìn)行分類，嚴(yán)禁將不同類別的液體混放在同一個瓶中。2.裝有廢液的容器必須具有明顯的標(biāo)識，標(biāo)識上應(yīng)注明該廢液的名稱、組成、濃

25、度、日期及該溶液廢棄人的姓名。3.將裝有廢液的容器放在指定地點，統(tǒng)一處理。4.嚴(yán)禁將有毒、有害、強(qiáng)腐蝕性試劑及液體直接倒入水池中。5.廢棄的洗液不得倒入下水道，應(yīng)裝入試劑瓶統(tǒng)一處理。 Categorize the waste liquids and do not put them into one container. Labels should be put onto the container stating the name, date of disposal and nature of the liquids. Do not pour them directly into tanks.

26、 The waste liquids will be disposed by special staff.9、化學(xué)藥品進(jìn)入人體的途徑means of entering bodies for chemicals吸入 by breath食入by food皮膚接觸 by touching10、化學(xué)實驗室內(nèi)必須穿戴防護(hù)用具protecting devices in labssafety goggles (also must cover the sides)solid shoes with complete enclosure of the anklelong pair of trousers made

27、 out of nonflammable materiallaboratory coat with long sleeves, made outof nonflammable material長發(fā)需束緊pay attention to the long hair注意：實驗室潛在的危險potential risks化學(xué)性危險：人體接觸、火災(zāi)爆炸、急性中毒、腐蝕或刺激性化學(xué)傷害、致癌或慢性中毒的蓄積；物理性危險燙傷、機(jī)械傷害、感電、滑倒、墜落；游離與非游離輻射；采光照明異?；驈?qiáng)光、壓力異常真空或高壓環(huán)境；噪音、振動聽力損失；高/低溫、高濕中暑、熱痙攣、熱衰竭、凍傷。From chemicals:

28、by means of skin touching, explosives, poisonous and corrosive reagentsPhysical risks：by means of hurts from physical equipments, radioactivity, abnormal pressures, noises, vibrations and temperature changes etc.危險1：銅絲代空氣開關(guān)不保險risks from power swiches瞧：空氣開關(guān)都沒有怎么能這樣！危險2：插座荷載有限r(nóng)isks from sockets overlo

29、ading每個插座有一定最大荷載，不能過載。每個插頭也有最大允許荷載電流瞧，這個插座多辛苦！危險3：不能亂拉電pulling and rearranging cables 熱得快？失火快！ 問題：請指出圖中的安全隱患三、實驗室安全防火應(yīng)掌握的基本常識dangers from fire When the lab catch fire, please calm down first. Then try to use fire extinguishers. For fires out of control, pls call 119 immediately and escape.1、火災(zāi)發(fā)生后應(yīng)采取

30、的措施119 ：地點、火災(zāi)性質(zhì)、派人迎接滅火：3分鐘自救滅火；滅火工具的選擇：水（電，油不能） 滅火器（滅火自救） 消防砂（有機(jī)物）疏散逃生 when calling 119, specify the locations and natures of the fire. When extinguish fires, pls pay attention to your own body safety. Try to use proper devices to fight against fire.2、滅火的基本方法可燃物materials氧化劑oxygen溫度（引火源）high temperat

31、ure鏈?zhǔn)椒磻?yīng)火災(zāi)發(fā)展階段初起階段發(fā)展階段猛烈階段下降階段熄滅階段火災(zāi)分類：categorizing fires 1、普通火災(zāi)（A類）：指含碳固體可燃物，如木材、棉 麻、紙張等。 2、液體火災(zāi)（B類）：指甲、乙、丙類液體，如汽油、柴 油、煤油等。 3、氣體火災(zāi)（C類）：指可燃?xì)怏w，如煤氣，天然氣，甲 烷等。 4、金屬火災(zāi)（D類）：指可燃的活潑金屬，如鉀、鈉、鎂 等。 5、電氣火災(zāi)（E類）：指帶電物體燃燒的火災(zāi)。 Fires can be categorized into different types according to the flaming matters, such as gase

32、s, liquids and metals etc.常用滅火器種類及其適用范圍types of fire extinguishers 名稱藥液成份適用范圍泡沫滅火器Al（SO4）3和NaHCO3可撲滅A、B類火災(zāi)。用于一般失火及油類著火。因為泡沫能導(dǎo)電，所以不能用于撲滅電器設(shè)備著火?；鸷蟋F(xiàn)清理較麻煩。1211滅火器CF2ClBr液化氣體可滅A、B、C、E類火災(zāi)。用于油類、有機(jī)溶劑、精密儀器、高壓電氣設(shè)備。二氧化碳滅火器液態(tài)CO2可滅B、C、E類火災(zāi)。用于電器設(shè)備失火及忌水的物質(zhì)及有機(jī)物著火。注意噴出的二氧化碳使溫度聚降，手若握在喇叭簡上易被凍傷。干粉滅火器分為BC干粉滅火器（碳酸氫鈉）和ABC干粉滅火器（磷酸氨鹽）NaHCO3等鹽類與適宜的潤滑劑和防潮劑BC干粉滅火器可撲滅B、C、E類火災(zāi)，但對A類火災(zāi)無效。ABC干粉滅火器可撲滅A、B、C、E類火災(zāi)，目前是替代1211的最好產(chǎn)品，也稱為全能滅火器。用于油類、電器設(shè)備、可燃?xì)怏w及遇水燃燒等物質(zhì)著火。滅火器的使用方法ways of using extinguisher四個字：拔、握、瞄、掃拔：拔出保險銷