專八輔導(dǎo)——翻譯(共31頁(yè))

1、英語(yǔ)專業(yè)八級(jí)考試(kosh)輔導(dǎo)(fdo)三、翻 譯3.1 專八英漢互譯評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)漢譯英 1意思表達(dá)不清，語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤嚴(yán)重，拼寫(pnxi)和用詞錯(cuò)誤多，只有個(gè)別句子譯對(duì)。02 2基本意思能夠表達(dá)，但語(yǔ)法和拼寫錯(cuò)誤較多，用詞不夠確切。 34 3基本意思清楚，語(yǔ)法和拼寫錯(cuò)誤較少，用詞基本正確。 56 4意思流暢，一般無語(yǔ)法和用詞錯(cuò)誤，句子銜接緊湊，偶有個(gè)別拼寫錯(cuò)誤。78英譯漢 1未傳達(dá)原意，文字不通順，只譯對(duì)個(gè)別句子。 02 2能夠表達(dá)基本意思，但有誤譯和漏譯。 34 3意思通順，無重大理解錯(cuò)誤。 564意思流暢，文字簡(jiǎn)練，措辭準(zhǔn)確。 78閱卷過程：抽取樣卷組長(zhǎng)預(yù)評(píng)確定樣檔分組布置小組試評(píng)統(tǒng)一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)個(gè)人

2、初評(píng)小組抽查小組互換大組平衡通報(bào)信息正式開評(píng)復(fù)核簽名隨機(jī)抽查3.2. 翻譯的過程翻譯的過程(guchng)是正確理解原文和創(chuàng)造性地用另一種語(yǔ)言再現(xiàn)原文的過程，它由三個(gè)相互關(guān)聯(lián)的環(huán)節(jié)組成，即理解、表達(dá)和校改。理解是基礎(chǔ)（苦思冥想），表達(dá)要地道（一氣呵成），校改要精心（前后照應(yīng)）。3.2.1. 理 解 如：I know he meant business.誤譯(w y)：我知道他的用意在生意。正譯：我知道(zh do)他不是開玩笑的。如：科學(xué)知識(shí)和科學(xué)技術(shù)，誤譯：scienceandknowledge和scientifictechnology如：我的導(dǎo)師是亞裔人（1998年八級(jí)考試）誤譯：Mytu

3、torisanAsian正譯：MytutorisanAsianAmerican. 如：1999年八級(jí)考試 現(xiàn)今80萬溫哥華居民中，有一半不是本地出生的，每4個(gè)居民中就有一個(gè)是亞洲人。25萬華人對(duì)溫哥華的經(jīng)濟(jì)轉(zhuǎn)型起著決定性的作用 也應(yīng)該根據(jù)以上的理由翻譯為： “Of the present 1.8 million residents in Vancouver, half are not native, and one in every four is of Asian origin. The 250,000 Chinese Canadians, half of whom immigrated h

4、ere only within the recent five years, have been playing a decisive role in the economic transformation of Vancouver.” 如：“振興中華”、“統(tǒng)一祖國(guó)”正譯：revitalization或rejuvenation和reunification 骨肉、長(zhǎng)短、是非、水土、心腸、3.2.2. 表 達(dá) 在表達(dá)時(shí)可以使用多種具體方法和技巧。這里只介紹幾種基本的翻譯(fny)策略：直譯、釋譯、增譯、直譯加注。 直譯(zhy)就是指譯文不但表達(dá)原文的內(nèi)容，而且還保持原文形式上的特點(diǎn)，如比喻、形象

5、、民族特色等。但直譯(zhy)不是死譯或硬譯，不能把Thank you very much譯成“謝謝你非常多”，也不能把Nothing could be done譯成“無事可以被做”。下面舉一個(gè)應(yīng)用直譯法的譯例：如：Hitler was armed to the teeth when he launched the Second World War，but in a few years，he was completely defeated.希特勒在發(fā)動(dòng)第二次世界大戰(zhàn)時(shí)是武裝到了牙齒的，可是不過幾年，就被徹底擊敗了。如：break the record 打破記錄 life line 生命線 se

6、cond-hand goods 二手貨 chain reaction 連鎖反應(yīng) to shed crocodile tears 掉鱷魚眼淚 to kill two birds with one stone 一石雙鳥釋譯是指對(duì)原語(yǔ)進(jìn)行解釋性翻譯，目的在于幫助讀者正確理解原語(yǔ)作者或文本的意圖。歸根結(jié)底，翻譯是譯意，不是譯字，是傳神，不是變形。如：He has an axe to grind. 他別有用心。One boy is a boy，two boys half a boy，three boys no boy. 一個(gè)和尚挑水吃，兩個(gè)和尚抬水吃，三個(gè)和尚沒水吃。 at a stones throw

7、 一箭之遙(y jin zh yo) cry up wine and sell vinegar 掛羊頭賣狗肉。 live a dogs life 過牛馬(nim)一樣的生活 seek a hare in hens nest 緣木求魚(yun m qi y) 無論直譯還是釋譯，哪一種方法最能再現(xiàn)原作內(nèi)容和形式，就應(yīng)當(dāng)采用哪一種方法。如果兩種方法兼可采用，就應(yīng)兼顧上下文。 例如：In the kingdom of blind men，the one-eyed is king. 可直譯為“盲人國(guó)里，獨(dú)眼稱王”。也可釋譯為，“山中無老虎，猴于稱大王。”究竟采用哪種譯法，要由譯文的整體風(fēng)格來定。增譯法是

8、介于直譯和釋義之間的一種翻譯方法。所謂增譯是指翻譯中保留原語(yǔ)詞匯的字面意義，同時(shí)根據(jù)上下文適當(dāng)增加一些詞語(yǔ)以幫助譯入語(yǔ)讀者正確理解。增譯法有時(shí)只是增加少數(shù)的詞語(yǔ)，而有時(shí)則不得不增加很多。例如：It was Friday and soon theyd go out and get drunk(J.Braine: Room at the Top)星期五發(fā)薪日到了，他們馬上就要上街喝個(gè)酩酊大醉。While it may seem to be painting the lily. I should like to add somewhat to Mr. Alistair Cookes excellen

9、t article. (March: Guakdian Weekly，19 Feb1953)我想給阿利斯太爾庫(kù)克先生的杰作加幾筆，盡管這也許是為百合上色，費(fèi)力不討好。增譯的另一個(gè)目的是為了使譯文更加符合譯入語(yǔ)的規(guī)范。例如：Chinas modern humiliation began with the early nineteenth century, with the Opium Wars. 中國(guó)近代的恥辱歷程始于19世紀(jì)早期的鴉片戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。翻譯(fny)humiliation時(shí)，加上“歷程(lchng)”二字的目的(md)，主要是覺得“恥辱始于19世紀(jì)早期”的說法不符合漢語(yǔ)的習(xí)慣。3.2.3.

10、 校 改 校改也是使譯文符合忠實(shí)，通順的翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)所不可少的一個(gè)階段。它包括校改內(nèi)容和文字兩個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)。 (1) 北京大學(xué)現(xiàn)有學(xué)生30,000人，其中本科、?？粕?9,000人。原譯：At present, the total enrolment of students of Beijing University is about 30,000, which can be broken down into about nineteen thousand undergraduates.改譯：At present, the total enrolment of students of BeijingUn

11、iversity is about 30,000, including nineteen thousand undergraduates and non-degree professional students. (2)The true civilization is where every man gives to every other man every right that he claims for himself. 原譯：真正的文明表現(xiàn)在每人都給予別人為自己要求的每一項(xiàng)權(quán)利的地方。改譯：真正的文明在于人人都把自己要求有的每一項(xiàng)權(quán)利給予別人。3.3. 英漢語(yǔ)言對(duì)比與翻譯3.3.1.

12、英漢詞匯對(duì)比3.3.1.1 詞 義對(duì)應(yīng)（偶合）錯(cuò)位 如：酒（上義詞）下義詞有：白酒、葡萄酒、啤酒(pji)、威士忌等。但英語(yǔ)中沒有和漢語(yǔ)”酒”對(duì)應(yīng)的詞。同樣，漢語(yǔ)中也沒有(mi yu)和英語(yǔ)中的brother, sister, uncle對(duì)應(yīng)的詞。又如：杯子(bi zi)：glass, cup, tumbler(平底大玻璃杯) 羊： sheep, goat, lamb rice：水稻、大米、米飯 carry：挑、運(yùn)、背、扛、抱等等缺省如： 還愿、太極、驚蟄、三九、老鄉(xiāng)、馬褂、知青、紅衛(wèi)兵、三角債(chain debts)、安局工程(housing project for low-income

13、urban families)、豆腐渣工程(jerry-built project) vicar, churchman, clergy, blackcoat, chaplain, minister, pastor (牧師)；sherrif沖突龍古代傳說中一種有鱗有須能興云作雨的神異動(dòng)物; 封建時(shí)代皇帝的象征; 喻不凡之士, 豪杰之士dragon: A mythical monster traditionally represented as a gigantic reptile having a lions claws, the tail of a serpent, wings, and a

14、scaly skin. Something very formidable or dangerous.喜鵲magpie西風(fēng)東風(fēng) west windeast wind古道西風(fēng)瘦馬，小橋流水人家(rnji)，斷腸人在天涯。馬致遠(yuǎn)天凈沙秋思(qi s)閑愁萬種，無語(yǔ)(w y)怨東風(fēng)。 關(guān)漢卿西廂記Its warm wind, the west wind, full of birds cries. John MansfieldA sort of spiritual east wind was at that time blowing; neither Butler nor Gray could flo

15、wer. Matthew Arnold.3.3.1.2. 詞的搭配(1) 主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的搭配 有些動(dòng)詞，在漢語(yǔ)里只能用于人，英語(yǔ)中可用于人，也可用于物。例如漢語(yǔ)的“目睹”，只說人目睹，而英語(yǔ)的see，witness，escape既可用于人，也可用于物。例如： 羅馬遭遇了歷史上的大事件。Rome witnessed great historic events. 我沒注意到這個(gè)錯(cuò)誤。 The mistake escaped me (or my notice).我記不起他的名字。 His name escapes me (or my memory)for the moment.(2) 定語(yǔ)和中心詞

16、的搭配濃茶：strong tea 濃墨：thick (or dark ) ink 濃煙：dense smoke青山：green hill 青天：blue sky 青布：blackcloth(3) 動(dòng)詞和賓語(yǔ)的搭配上自行車：to get on a bike 上飛機(jī)；to board a plane上 山：to go upmount a hill 上子彈(zdn)：to load a gunto cut wheat 割麥子(mi zi) to cut cake 切蛋糕 to cut finger-nails 剪修指甲3.3.1.3. 詞 序(1) 定語(yǔ)(dngy) 英語(yǔ)中單詞作定語(yǔ)與漢語(yǔ)相似，通常

17、放在它所修飾的名詞前面。但有時(shí)英語(yǔ)中某些固定詞組或習(xí)慣用法中單個(gè)形容詞也有放在中心詞后面的，而漢語(yǔ)里一般都前置。 a research-oriented hospital (前置) 一所以搞科研為重點(diǎn)的醫(yī)院the students concerned (后置) 相關(guān)的學(xué)生 the ancient Chinese alchemist (前置，兩個(gè)以上的單詞作定語(yǔ))中國(guó)古代的煉金術(shù)士如果原文中名詞前的定語(yǔ)過多，譯成漢語(yǔ)則不完全前置，因?yàn)闈h語(yǔ)不習(xí)慣在名詞前面用過多的定語(yǔ)，尤其在口語(yǔ)里。例如；a little, yellow, ragged, unshaven beggar 一個(gè)要飯的，身材矮小，面黃

18、肌瘦，衣衫檻樓，滿臉短髭。 a small round wooden table 一張木制小園桌 或：一張小園木桌a new international economic order 國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)新秩序 或：新的國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)秩序glazed colored pottery 彩釉陶英語(yǔ)中修飾名詞的短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)時(shí)一般放在名詞之后，漢語(yǔ)里則放在名詞之前，間或也有例外，視漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣而定。a building project of high-rise apartment houses (后置(hu zh) 一個(gè)多層公寓大樓的建筑工程 a candidate with little chance of success

19、 (后置(hu zh) 一個(gè)當(dāng)選希望極微的候選人(2) 并列(bngli)成分冷熱 hot and cold 左右 right and left 水陸 land and water強(qiáng)弱 weak and strong 沉浮 ups and downs 新舊 old and new悲歡 joy and sorrow 貧富 rich and poor 好壞 bad or good遲早 sooner or later 視聽 audio-visual 田徑 track and field圖文 textual and visual 公私 private and public我你他 you, he and

20、 I捉迷藏 hide-and-seek 大中小學(xué) elementary, secondary and tertiary schools又快又多 thick and fast 新郎新娘 bride and bridegroom血肉相連 as close as flesh and blood 水火不容 as incompatible as fire and water無論晴雨 rain or shine 手疾眼快 quick of eye and deft of hand饑寒交迫 suffer from cold and hunger 男女老少 men and women, young and o

21、ld鋼鐵工業(yè) the iron and steel industry 救死扶傷 heal the wounded, rescue the dying文學(xué)藝術(shù) art and literature 團(tuán)結(jié)(tunji)統(tǒng)一 unity and solidarity新老干部 cadres old and new 中小企業(yè) small and medium-sized enterprises東西南北(dng x nn bi) north, south, east and west 衣食住行food，clothing，shelter and transpotation3.3.2 英漢句法現(xiàn)象(xinxi

22、ng)的對(duì)比3.3.2.1. 形合 (hypotaxis)、意合（parataxis） (a) 老鼠過街，人人喊打。When a rat is seen to run across the street, everyone yells “Kill it.”(b) 留得青山在，不怕無柴燒。As long as the greenmountain is there, one should not worry about firewood.漢語(yǔ)中廣泛使用無主句和無謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞句(描寫句)，但在英語(yǔ)中，一個(gè)句子通常至少有一個(gè)主語(yǔ)和一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)。英漢句子在這一點(diǎn)存在很大差異，翻譯時(shí)應(yīng)注意。 (a) 下雨了。It

23、 is raining. (b) 開學(xué)了。School has begun. (c) 1949年成立了中華人民共和國(guó)。The Peoples Republic Of China was founded in l949. (d) 山高月小。The mountain is high while the moon is small.花紅柳綠。Flowers are red and willows are green.在盼中，日子真的流得飛快，轉(zhuǎn)眼上了小學(xué)，繼而初中，然后高中，最后大學(xué)；盼的欲望更加(gnji)強(qiáng)烈，盼的內(nèi)容也逐漸豐富了：盼好成績(jī)畢業(yè)，盼有一份好工作，盼事業(yè)有成，盼掙錢替父母分憂，盼有

24、一個(gè)好愛人不知不覺，天天踩著盼的石階而上，自己競(jìng)成了一個(gè)大男人，一個(gè)掙錢(zhn qin)養(yǎng)家糊口的忙碌人。Days spent in expectation come and go really very fast. Very soon I finished primary school, went to junior and senior school, and finally to college; with greater desire for more varied things: for graduation with honors, for an ideal job, for a

25、 successful career, for more earnings to share my parents burden, for a satisfactory wife Climbing the upward steps of hope I had become a fully grown man before I was aware of it, a busy breadwinner with a family to support.3.3.2.2. 主動(dòng)(zhdng)（active）、被動(dòng) (passive)They will be reminded that peace is

26、the highest aspiration of our people. 我們要提醒他們，和平是我國(guó)人民的最高愿望。中國(guó)大多數(shù)學(xué)校教英語(yǔ)。English is being taught in most schools in China.Clinton is expected to give his testimony by videotape.克林頓將會(huì)以錄象帶的形式提供證詞。 （d）Passengers are requested to fill in the customs declaration form here. 請(qǐng)旅客(lk)在此填寫報(bào)關(guān)表。(e) It is said (rep

27、orted, estimated, confirmed) that 當(dāng)然(dngrn)，英語(yǔ)中的被動(dòng)句也可以譯成漢語(yǔ)被動(dòng)句，往往使用“被、“挨、“叫”、“讓”、“給”、“受”、“遭”和 “為所”等形式(xngsh)。如：They have been profoundly stirred by the Chinese Revolution. 他們都深深地為中國(guó)革命所鼓舞。3.3.2.3. 句 序 We ate to our hearts content at her home last Sunday. 我們上星期天在她家飽餐了一頓。Many elderly men like to fish or

28、 play Chinese chess in the fresh morning air in Beihai Park every day. 很多老人都喜歡每天上午在北海公園清新的空氣中釣魚，下棋。He had flown in just the day before from Georgiawhere he had spent his vacation basking in the Caucasian sun after the completion of the construction jobhe had been engaged in in the South. 他本來在南方從事一項(xiàng)建

29、筑工程；任務(wù)完成后，他就上格魯吉亞去度假，享受高加索的陽(yáng)光，昨天才坐飛機(jī)回來。3.4. 怎樣使譯文生動(dòng)3.4.1. 句子的平衡與對(duì)稱 （a）他沒敢多說話，悄悄吃了點(diǎn)冷食，挑了兩擔(dān)水，又回到飼養(yǎng)室去了。 He did not dare to say anymore, in silence, he ate some cold food, fetched some bucketfuls of water, and returned to the stockmans hut. in silence與句子的其他(qt)部分在字?jǐn)?shù)上不相稱，念起來不順耳，可改為，Not daring to say anym

30、ore，he ate some cold food in silence，fatched four bucketfuls of water，then returned to the stock mans hut. (b) 我們不應(yīng)互相(h xing)疏遠(yuǎn)，相反，我們應(yīng)緊密團(tuán)結(jié) We should not be estranged from each other; we should be friends. (not so logical) We should not be estranged from each other; we should be united as one.(logica

31、l)3.4.2. 時(shí)態(tài)(sh ti)比較：（a）他經(jīng)常丟三拉四的。He often leaves things about. 如果改為進(jìn)行時(shí)就更加生動(dòng)地表現(xiàn)出說話人的不滿情緒： He is constantly leaving his things about. (b) 夜幕已經(jīng)降臨，淡淡的月光照在婉蜒的道路上，靜悄悄的，一點(diǎn)聲音也沒有，一個(gè)人影也沒有。Dusk had fallen. The moon was shining faintly on the winding path. Silence reigned. Not a person to be seen. (c) 我已在這里等你很久

32、很久了。 I have been waiting (have waited) for you for ages.3.4.3. 用詞要多樣化，不要太單調(diào)。如：天漆黑，部隊(duì)踏著泥濘的小路前進(jìn)。大約走了十多里，便靠近安順場(chǎng)了。我命令一營(yíng)分成三路前進(jìn)。We walked along muddy paths in pitchdarkness，made about a dozen li till and Anshunchang was made near. Then I made the First Battalion separate and took three different routes.評(píng)：

33、在兩句話中用了三個(gè)made，欠妥(qin tu)，可改為：We advanced along muddy paths in pitchdarkness for about a dozen li till we were near Anshunchang. Then I made the First Battalion divide into three groups to march by different routes.3.4.4. 譯文的用詞范圍要放在同一水平上，在文體(wn t)上要保持前后一致。例如(lr)： (a) 哎呀，他說那是對(duì)的。 Alas！He said that was

34、all right. Alas屬于古語(yǔ)，a11 right屬于現(xiàn)代口語(yǔ)，一般不放在一塊。這里可用Oh代替Alas。(b) 清了清喉嚨，他說：“你犯了個(gè)錯(cuò)誤?！盋learing his larynx, he said, “you made a mistake.” larynx屬于醫(yī)學(xué)用語(yǔ)，用在這里不合適，可改用throat代之。3.4.5. 句子的聲音要與其內(nèi)容結(jié)合起來 (a) 水結(jié)冰后，這瓦罐就劈啦裂開了。When the water froze, the crock cracked and fell apart. (b) 他跌跌撞撞地朝前走啊，走啊，兩腿無力，好象骨頭都軟了。 He stum

35、bled and struggled ahead. His legs felt boneless. (c) 他呻吟著，疲倦地往山上爬呀爬。 With many weary steps and with many groans, he went up the mountain. (在這句話里用了三個(gè)w和三個(gè)m) (d) 那些情侶攜手漫步，并不理睬那三五成群的小孩子。 The lovers wandered hand in hand, paying no attention to the packs of children.(音節(jié)、重讀、輔音與元音交替)3.4.6. 漢語(yǔ)詞語(yǔ)的雙聲、疊韻、四字成語(yǔ)

36、Some old people are oppressed by the fear of death. In the young there is a justification for this feeling. Young men who have reason to fear that they will be killed in battle may justifiably feel bitter in the thought that they have been cheated of the best things that life has to offer.有些(yuxi)老年

37、人懼怕(jp)死亡，因而(yn r)郁郁寡歡。年輕人怕死尚情有可原，他們有理由擔(dān)心會(huì)死在沙場(chǎng)，想到生活中許多美好的東西，都被騙走，自然會(huì)倍感痛心。Youth is not a time of life; it is a state of mind; it is not a matter of rosy cheeks, red lips and supple knees; it is a matter of the will, a quality of the imagination, a vigor of the emotions; it is the freshness of the dee

38、p springs of life.青春不是年華，而是心境；青春不是桃面、丹唇、柔膝，而是深沉的意志，恢宏的想象，炙熱的戀情；青春是生命的深泉在涌流。Youth means a temperamental predominance of courage over timidity, of the appetite for adventure over the love of ease. This often exists in a man of 60 more than a boy of 20. Nobody grows old merely by a number of years. We

39、grow old by deserting our ideals.青春氣貫長(zhǎng)虹，勇銳蓋過怯弱，進(jìn)取壓倒茍安。如此銳氣，二十后生而有之，六旬男子則更多見。年歲有加，并非垂老，理想丟棄，方墮暮年。Years may wrinkle the skin, but to give up enthusiasm wrinkles the soul. Worry, fear, self-distrust bows the heart and turns the spring back to dust.歲月悠悠，衰微只及肌膚；熱忱拋卻，頹廢必致靈魂(ln hn)。憂煩，惶恐，喪失自信，定使心靈扭曲，意氣如灰。W

40、hether 60 or 16, there is in every human beings heart the lure of wonder, the unfailing childlike appetite of whats next and the joy of the game of living. In the center of your heart and my heart there is a wireless station: so long as it receives messages of beauty, hope, cheer, courage and power

41、from men and from the Infinite, so long are you young.無論年屆花甲，擬或二八芳齡，心中皆有生命之歡樂(hunl)，奇跡之誘惑，孩童般天真久盛不衰。人人心中皆有一臺(tái)天線，只要你從天上人間接受美好、希望、歡樂、勇氣和力量的信號(hào)，你就青春永駐，風(fēng)華常存。When the aerials are down, and your spirit is covered with snows of cynicism and the ice of pessimism, then you are grown old, even at 20, but as lon

42、g as your aerials are up, to catch waves of optimism, there is hope you may die young at 80.一旦天線下降，銳氣便被冰雪覆蓋，玩世不恭(wn sh b gng)、自暴自棄油然而生，即使年方二十，實(shí)已垂垂老矣；然則只要樹起天線，捕捉樂觀信號(hào)，你就有望在八十高齡告別塵寰時(shí)仍覺年輕。3.5. 英譯漢常用的方法與技巧（具體內(nèi)容略）詞義選擇 詞類轉(zhuǎn)譯 增詞減詞 反復(fù)重疊 正譯反譯分句合句 名詞從句 定語(yǔ)從句 狀語(yǔ)從句 長(zhǎng)句處理3.6. 練習(xí)2000年全真(qun zhn)題SECTION A: Translate

43、the following underlined part of the Chinese text into English.中國(guó)科技館的誕生來之不易。與國(guó)際著名科技館和其他博物館相比，它先天有些不足，后天也常缺乏營(yíng)養(yǎng)，但是它成長(zhǎng)的步伐卻是堅(jiān)實(shí)而有力的。它在國(guó)際上已被公認(rèn)(gngrn)為后起之秀。世界上第一代博物館屬于自然博物館，它是通過化石、標(biāo)本等向人們介紹地球和各種生物的演化歷史。第二代屬于工業(yè)技術(shù)(jsh)博物館，它所展示的是工業(yè)文明帶來的各種階段性結(jié)果。這兩代博物館雖然起到了傳播科學(xué)知識(shí)的作用，但是，它們把參觀者當(dāng)成了被動(dòng)的旁觀者。世界上第三代博物館是充滿全新理念的博物館。在這里，觀眾

44、可以自己去動(dòng)手操作，自己細(xì)心體察。這樣，他們可以更貼近先進(jìn)的科學(xué)技術(shù)，去探索科學(xué)技術(shù)的奧妙。中國(guó)科技館正是這樣的博物館！它汲取了國(guó)際上一些著名博物館的長(zhǎng)處，設(shè)計(jì)制作了力學(xué)、光學(xué)、電學(xué)、熱學(xué)、聲學(xué)、生物學(xué)等展品，展示了科學(xué)的原理和先進(jìn)的科技成果。（參考譯文）The first generation of museums are what might be called natural museums which, by means of fossils, specimens and other objects, introduced to people the evolutionary hist

45、ory of the Earth and various kinds of organisms. The second generation are those of industrial technologies which presented the fruits achieved by industrial civilization at different stages of industrialization. Despite the fact that those two generations of museums helped to disseminate / propagat

46、e / spread scientific knowledge, they nevertheless treated visitors merely as passive viewers.The third generation of museums in the world are those replete with / full of wholly novel concepts / notions / ideas. In those museums, visitors are allowed to operate the exhibits with their own hands, to

47、 observe and to experience carefully. By getting closer to the advanced science and technologies in this way, people can probe into their secret mysteries.The China Museum of Science and Technology is precisely one of such museums. It has incorporated some of the most fascinating features of those m

48、useums with international reputation. Having designed and created exhibits in mechanics, optics, electrical science, thermology, acoustics, and biology. Those exhibits demonstrate scientific principles and present the most advanced scientific and technological achievements.SECTION B：Translate the fo

49、llowing underlined part of the English text into ChineseIf people mean anything at all by the expression untimely death, they must believe that some deaths run on a better schedule than others. Death in old age is rarely called untimelya long life is thought to be a full one. But with the passing of

50、 a young person, one assumes that the best years lay ahead and the measure of that life was still to be taken.History denies this, of course. Among prominent summer deaths, one recalls those of Marilyn Monroe and James Deans, whose lives seemed equally brief and complete. Writers cannot bear the fac

51、t that poet John Keats died at 26, and only half playfully judge their own lives as failures when they pass that year. The idea that the life cut short is unfilled is illogical because lives are measured by the impressions they leave on the world and by their intensity and virtue.（參考(cnko)譯文）如果人們藉英年

52、早逝這一字眼真的意欲表達(dá)什么含義的話，他們必然相信某些人的辭世可以算是壽終正寢(shu zhng zhng qn)，而另一些人則死不逢時(shí) 。死于年邁很少被冠以死不逢時(shí)之名，因?yàn)槟芏冗^漫長(zhǎng)的一生被認(rèn)為是甚為圓滿的。反之，如果所碰到的是一位年輕人之死，人們會(huì)以為這位年輕人風(fēng)華正茂，前途無可限量，生命的倒計(jì)時(shí)尚未真正開始。當(dāng)然，歷史否定這一切。在諸多較為著名的英年早逝的情形中，我們會(huì)憶起瑪麗蓮.夢(mèng)露與詹姆斯.迪恩斯之死，其生命并不因其短暫而有損其圓滿。對(duì)于約翰.濟(jì)慈年方26便溘然長(zhǎng)逝這一事實(shí)，文人墨客們皆痛不欲生，但他們中僅有半數(shù)人詼諧地認(rèn)為，設(shè)若他們也死于這一年齡，其一生可視為失敗。視英年早逝為不

53、圓滿，這一觀念有悖于邏輯(lu j)，因?yàn)楹饬可某叨饶耸橇艚o世界的印記，是生命的力度及其美德。2001年全真(qun zhn)題SECTION A: Translate the following underlined part of the Chinese text into English.喬羽的歌大家都熟悉(shx)。但他另外兩大愛好卻鮮為人知，那就是釣魚和喝酒。晚年的喬羽喜愛垂釣，他說，有水有魚的地方大都是有好環(huán)境的，好環(huán)境便會(huì)給人好心情。我認(rèn)為最好的釣魚場(chǎng)所不是舒適的、給你準(zhǔn)備好餓魚的垂釣園，而是那極其有吸引力的大自然野外天成的場(chǎng)所。 釣魚是一項(xiàng)能夠陶冶性情的運(yùn)動(dòng)，有益于身心健康

54、。喬羽說：釣魚可分三個(gè)階段：第一階段是吃魚；第二階段是吃魚和情趣兼而有之(jin r yu zh)；第三階段主要是釣趣，面對(duì)一池碧水，將憂心煩惱全都拋在一邊，使自己的身心得到充分休息。（參考譯文）The general public might be well-acquainted with the songs composed by Qiao Yu, but they might actually know very little about his two major hobbies-fishing and wine-drinking.In his later years (Late in

55、 his life), Qiao Yu has become enamored of fishing (developed a penchant / special fondness for fishing). He asserts: Mostly speaking, a place with water and fish must necessarily be blessed with a nice setting, which in return keeps people in good mood. I believe that the optimum fishing places are

56、 not those commercial fishing centers/resorts which provide the fishermen with all the conveniences and where fish are kept hungry for ready capture, but those naturally-formed places in the wilderness which exert a special appeal. According to him, fishing can constitute an activity conducive to th

57、e cultivation of ones temperament and to ones health, at once physical and psychological. Qiao Yu claims: Fishing can be divided into three stages. The first stage consists of mere fish-eating; the second a combination of fish-eating and the pleasure (enjoyment) of fishing; the third primarily the p

58、leasure of fishing when, confronted with a pond of clear water, one puts aside all his troubling vexations and annoyances and enjoys the total relaxation both mentally and physically.SECTION B：Translate the following underlined part of the English text into ChinesePossession for its own sake or in c

59、ompetition with the rest of the neighborhood would have been Thoreaus idea of the low levels. The active discipline of heightening ones perception of what is enduring in nature would have been his idea of the high. What he saved from the low was time and effort he could spend on the high. Thoreau ce

60、rtainly disapproved of starvation, but he would put into feeding himself only as much effort as would keep him functioning for more important efforts.Effort is the gist of it. There is no happiness except as we take on life-engaging difficulties. Short of the impossible, as Yeats put it, the satisfa