自主神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)與情緒

1、自主神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)與情緒杜思雨2014.8.15自主神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)自主神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)（autonomic nervous system）是脊椎動(dòng)物的末梢神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)，由軀體神經(jīng)分化、發(fā)展，形成機(jī)能上獨(dú)立的神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)。單一地或主要地由傳出神經(jīng)組成，受大腦的支配，但有較多的獨(dú)立性，特別是具有不受意志支配的自主活動(dòng)，因此，蘭列（JNLangley1905）命名為自主神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)，另外也稱不隨意神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)或植物性神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)。自主神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的組成自主神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)由交感神經(jīng)與副交感神經(jīng)兩個(gè)分支系統(tǒng)所構(gòu)成。交感系統(tǒng)與副交感系統(tǒng)共同控制與調(diào)節(jié)內(nèi)臟器官心臟、血管、胃、腸等，外部腺體唾液腺、淚腺、汗腺等以及內(nèi)分泌腺腎上腺、甲狀腺等的活動(dòng)。 交感系統(tǒng)與

2、副交感系統(tǒng)的機(jī)能作用是對(duì)立的，二者互相起拮抗作用。這種作用使交感系統(tǒng)激活的有機(jī)體恢復(fù)平以限制和保存機(jī)體的能量消耗。交感神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)與副交感神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)機(jī)能活動(dòng)比較自主神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)與情緒自主神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的活動(dòng)并非情緒產(chǎn)生的中樞機(jī)制，它的活動(dòng)對(duì)情緒起著支持和延續(xù)的作用。在情緒刺激作用下，通過自主系統(tǒng)的活動(dòng)，廣泛激活有機(jī)體各器官和組織，產(chǎn)生明顯的、超出常態(tài)生理節(jié)律的生理反應(yīng)。自主神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)與情緒焦慮引起消化道蠕動(dòng)減弱，消化液分泌被抑制憤怒引起腎上腺激素分泌增加，心血管活動(dòng)加速，血壓、血糖升高，皮溫升高恐懼則導(dǎo)致外周血管收縮，面色蒼白，咽、口發(fā)干，皮溫下降，出冷汗等。情緒的生理測(cè)量Cardiovascular Meas

3、urements(心血管系統(tǒng)測(cè)量)Respiration Measurement(呼吸系統(tǒng)測(cè)量)Electrodermal Measurement(皮電活動(dòng)測(cè)量)情緒的生理測(cè)量情緒的生理測(cè)量情緒的生理測(cè)量情緒的生理測(cè)量基本情緒快樂：個(gè)人目的達(dá)到，緊張解除后的情緒體驗(yàn)。程度分為滿意、愉快、異常的快樂、狂喜。憤怒：個(gè)人目的不能達(dá)到或一再受到妨礙從而逐漸積累起緊張而產(chǎn)生的情緒。程度分為不滿、生氣、慍、怒、大怒?？謶郑嚎謶质莻€(gè)人企圖擺脫、逃避某種情景而又無能為力時(shí)所產(chǎn)生的情緒。悲哀：個(gè)人在失去所盼望的、所追求的東西或有價(jià)值的東西時(shí)所引起的情緒。程度分為遺憾、失望、難過、悲傷、悲痛。消極情緒Anger

4、(approach-oriented anger, withdrawal-oriented anger, anger in defense of other, anger in self-defense, indignation);憤怒Anxiety (dental anxiety, performance anxiety, agitation); 焦慮Disgust (disease-related disgust, food-related disgust);厭惡Embarrassment (social anxiety, shame, social rejection);尷尬Fear (

5、threat);害怕Sadness (achievement failure, dejection, depression).悲傷積極情緒Affection (love, tenderness, sympathy)喜愛Amusement (humor, mirth, happiness in response to slapstick comedy);歡愉Contentment (pleasure, serenity, calmness, peacefulness, relaxation);滿足Happiness (except happiness in response to slapsti

6、ck comedy); 高興Joy (elation);喜悅Anticipatory pleasure (appetite, sexual arousal);預(yù)期性快感Pride;自豪Relief (safety).寬慰Cardiovascular MeasurementsCardiovascular Measurements心率增快：negative emotions(anger, anxiety, contamination-related disgust, embarrassment, fear, crying, sadness)Positive emotions(imagined an

7、ticipatory pleasure, happiness, joy)Surprise周圍神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的活動(dòng)作用于積極與消極情緒Cardiovascular Measurements Because the heart is dually innervated(雙重支配) by the SNS and PNS that speed or slow HR either in coupled (reciprocal, coactivated, or coinhibited) or uncoupled modes, HR is not informative of the respective bra

8、nchs influence upon cardiac functioning (Berntson et al., 1991, 1993).Measures such as PEP（排血前期） and RSA(呼吸性竇性心律不齊) that have been shown to be indicative of -adrenergic sympathetic（交感腎上腺素能系統(tǒng)） and vagal influence（迷走神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)） on the heart, respectively, are more informative and should thus be preferred. M

9、ultiple measures as HRV, LF, HF, and LF/HF.Respiratory Activity呼吸減慢：contentment, visual anticipatory pleasure, and relief.呼吸變快：anger, fear, and surprise快速深呼吸：non-crying sadness慢速深呼吸：relief淺呼吸：anxiety, disgust, certain types of sadness, and anticipatory pleasureRespiratory Activity由污染物造成的厭惡：呼吸加快，呼氣時(shí)間

10、增加，吸入時(shí)間減少 原因：盡可能少吸入、多排出惡氣高興：吸入時(shí)間減少 原因：哈哈大笑時(shí)多處入呼氣狀態(tài)悲傷（non-crying）:快速深呼吸 原因：一種鎮(zhèn)壓流淚的方式Electrodermal ActivityElectrodermal Activity人體由于交感神經(jīng)興奮，導(dǎo)致汗腺活動(dòng)加強(qiáng)，分泌汗液較多。由于汗內(nèi)鹽成分較多使皮膚導(dǎo)電能力增高，形成大的皮膚電反應(yīng)。皮膚電反應(yīng)只能作為交感神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)功能的直接指標(biāo)，也可以作為腦喚醒、警覺水平的間接指標(biāo)，但無法辨明情緒反應(yīng)的性質(zhì)和內(nèi)容Electrodermal ActivitySadness is typically experienced under

11、 conditions when a loss has occurred that cannot be undone Relief is experienced after a threat has passedContentment is experienced when one has attained a satisfactory e The e has already occurred and there is nothing more to be done about it 情緒與生理系統(tǒng)的關(guān)聯(lián)Amusement, Joy, HappinenessAll three emotions

12、 are characterized by increased electrodermal activity and faster breathing, which is deeper in amusement, but shallower in happiness. Whereas in amusement and joy HRV increases, it decreases in happiness.Amusement and happiness share a lengthening of PEP that is less clear in joy.SadnessSadness-ind

13、ucing contexts: decreased FPA, increased pulse transit time, and decreased electrodermal activity. Exception, anticipatory sadness(worry or anticipation of loss ) showed a reversed response pattern that was remarkably similar to that of anxiety in a number of measures. A shared dimension of anticipa

14、tion of harm or loss. Differential association of sadness or grief with either predominant SNS or PNS activation might have been the result of having such different types of sadness as crying versus noncrying sadness or anticipatory versus acute sadness in mind. LimitationsFeeling changes without it

15、ant autonomic changes ：Mood-unlike emotions that are associated with specific motivational functions, e.g., motivating to remove the object of anger or to escape from the object of fear, moods do not have specific and stable motivational functions, but only informational function.(心情主體所處在的感情狀態(tài)，比“情緒”延續(xù)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)，感情波動(dòng)不如“情緒”強(qiáng)烈) When addressing affective effects on ANS activity, it is therefore of utmost importance to distinguish mood from emotion i