漢英語言比較及漢譯英例句

1、一中西文化、語言比較：語言是思維的載體，首先來比較中西思維方式的區(qū)別1 中國人在哲學(xué)上注重心理時空， 在思維上尤其突出悟性， 主張?zhí)烊撕弦弧?物我交融、 和諧、了然；文化求全、求圓滿，對稱平衡。不注重形式論證、強(qiáng)調(diào)整體性的、和 諧的辯證法；中國人過著一種心靈的生活（擁有悠久的歷史，既有成年人的智慧， 又能過著孩子般的生活，所謂赤子之心）2 而西方人：思維以邏輯、分析、線性linear 為特點(diǎn)，是直線形的，片面掘進(jìn)break-through ，single-minded, 崇尚個體思維、重形式論證、注重分析。人為萬物之 尺度；（對比：音樂、文學(xué)、書法、繪畫、醫(yī)學(xué)、哲學(xué)、直覺） 中國人的心態(tài)是一種

2、恬靜如沐天恩的心境The serene and blessed mood: 富于想象力的理性；語言也是心靈的語言； 心靈是纖細(xì)而敏感的，就像毛筆，難于掌握，但一旦掌握，能夠得心應(yīng)手，創(chuàng)造促美妙優(yōu)雅 的書畫。二語言區(qū)別：漢語： 意合（ Parataxis）， 靠句子內(nèi)部邏輯關(guān)系聯(lián)系結(jié)構(gòu)： 無主語及主語省略很多，主動語態(tài)多、連詞少，不怕重復(fù)；漢語重質(zhì)、質(zhì)實(shí)結(jié)勁、詞語內(nèi)涵 豐富，文句結(jié)構(gòu)流灑自如，在詞語和句法組織上重意合而非形合；英語 : 形合 （hypotaxis）, 主要靠語言本身語法手段。多用連詞、介詞構(gòu)建句子，非人稱主語 多用，被動句，主語不省略；主干結(jié)構(gòu)突出，主謂機(jī)制突出，名詞（尤其是抽象

3、名詞） 、介 詞突出。所以中國的語言也是一種心靈的語言；因此： 英語好比一棵大樹；漢語好比一節(jié)節(jié)竹子；紅樓夢：和尚；He bought six pens, which cost him 42 yuan.When he brought them home, he found they were all used.冬天來了，春天還會遠(yuǎn)嗎？前途是光明的，道路是曲折的；While the prospects are bright, the road ahead has twists and turns; has zigzags; tortous這是一項(xiàng)宏偉的工程，所有類似的工程與之相比都黯然失色；It

4、 is a gigantic project before which all similar projects pale significantly; 典型的例子就是連詞：so.that 和 whe n.1. What was the forbidden city in Beijing like? It was so interesting that I went several times.北京的紫禁城是個什么地方？它是如此有趣以至我去參觀了好幾次；When 也不是總譯成當(dāng) .時候. 甚至大部分時間不譯成“當(dāng) 時候” 有時甚至出現(xiàn)：“當(dāng)他轉(zhuǎn)過身來看見我手里握著那根上 面刻著亨利 .史密斯的

5、名字的舊魚竿的時候 .” 這樣的怪句子；2漢語：遠(yuǎn)看山有色，近聽水無聲，春去花還在，人來鳥不驚；英語： When you look afar, the mountains are green and clear;But no sound of stream is heard when listening near.The flowers remain in full bloom when springs away,A human beingsapproach the bird doesntfray.漢語是嬰兒語言；（1）隱含條件從句的意合 早知今日，何必當(dāng)初；If I had known it

6、 would come to this, I would have acted differently.（2）隱含結(jié)果從句的意合；He spoke so rapidly that we could not clearly understand him. 他說得太快，我們不能理解他的意思；It was so cold that the river froze. 天氣寒冷，河水都結(jié)冰了；It couldnt make out who he was as I only saw his back; 我只見到他的背影，認(rèn)不清是誰；（ 3）隱含轉(zhuǎn)折的意合： 江山易改，本性難移；It is easy to

7、change rivers and mountains but hard to change a persosnnature.三 英漢兩種語言句型具體區(qū)別及翻譯中的應(yīng)用：核心區(qū)別： 漢語：并列型 coordination, 表面上是沒有主次之分的；英語：從屬型 subordination ， 一定是有主次之分的；Eg.7 將國有企業(yè)提供社會保障待遇與雇傭關(guān)系脫鉤，這將有助于使國企經(jīng)理在作出商業(yè) 決策時不用考慮政府對社會問題的顧慮， 同時還可使員工在調(diào)動工作不用擔(dān)心失去社會福利 待遇，這就能夠提高勞動力的流動性。De-li nking social security ben efits from

8、 employme nt in SOEs will help separate the commercial decision of managers from the social concerns of the government and will improve labor mobility by allow ing workers to switch jobs without fear of los ing their ben efits.隨著中國的經(jīng)濟(jì)改革繼續(xù)進(jìn)行，中國政府面臨的最大挑戰(zhàn)有可能是從直接干預(yù)產(chǎn)品和金融 市場轉(zhuǎn)向提供機(jī)構(gòu)和政策架構(gòu)，從而促進(jìn)市場能夠高效運(yùn)作。根據(jù)這種治理

9、“理念”的變化，體制改革將成為促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)進(jìn)一步發(fā)展的核心。As China continues its econo mic tran siti on, perhaps the biggest challe nge for the gover nment will be to move away from direct intervention in product and financial markets towards providing the institutional and policy frameworks which help markets work efficiently.

10、With this shift of governance philosophy ” ,structural reform will be the key to further economic progress.只有堅(jiān)決地系統(tǒng)地進(jìn)行改革，城市經(jīng)濟(jì)才能興旺繁榮，才能適應(yīng)對內(nèi)搞活，對外開放地需要，真正起到應(yīng)有的主導(dǎo)作用，推動整個國民經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展。Firm, systematic reform is the only way that cities will play their due leading role in invigorating the urban economy and enliv

11、ening the domestic economy as well as opening to the outside world and promoti ng a healthier and faster developme nt of the n ati onal economy as a whole.英語名詞、介詞占優(yōu)勢：Eg1. The isolation of the rural world, because of distance andthe lack of tran sport facilities,is worsened by the paucity of the info

12、rmation media;Eg2. The west street runs westward, across a great black bridge,up a hill and dow n aga in,by little meat market, past single-storied home, until suddenlyit stops aga inst a wide gree n law n.抽象名詞的用法：The delight of the childre n at the sight of some dish on the table showed that it was

13、 a rarity ;This hotel is a massive effort of stoneShe is a valuable acquisition to the firm;1998年3月，由于預(yù)計(jì)中國加入世界貿(mào)易組織后將出現(xiàn) 愈發(fā)激烈的競爭以及國有企業(yè)困境重重，朱總理制訂了 一個大膽的宏偉目標(biāo)，即在三年左右時間內(nèi)大幅提高 國有企業(yè)的盈利能力。In march 1998, with the prospect of increasingly cutthroatcompetition following China entry into(accession to) the WTO, an

14、d with the predicame nt(plight) of the SOEs so dire, the the nPremier Zhu Rongji set an ambitious goalof substantially restoring SOE profitability in just three years.These measures in clude:in creased prices, a total ban on tobacco advertis ing and spon sorship, strong coun ter-advertis ing, better

15、 access to quitti ng methods, smoke-free areas and con trols on smuggli ng.2 漢語動詞占優(yōu)勢：漢語多用流水句，一個小句接一個小句；（因而：在翻譯時，英譯漢中多將名詞、介詞轉(zhuǎn)換成動詞，而漢譯英則多將動詞轉(zhuǎn)換成名詞或介詞）goal3.句子重心：英文句子往往將重心放在前面，而將各種背景情況后置。先談主觀情況，再談跟主觀有關(guān)的客觀情況，最后再談其他有關(guān)情況。漢語則相反：往往從頭說起，逐點(diǎn)交代，不允許顛三倒四。Eg5.重心比較：他使我認(rèn)識到，我從他那里學(xué)到的，遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不只是知識，這是他最大的貢獻(xiàn)。His chief contribu

16、tion was to make me realizehow much more tha n kno wledge I had bee n lear ning from him.Eg5隨著中國和他國在技術(shù)方面的差距的縮小，趕超效應(yīng)對 發(fā)展的貢獻(xiàn)會有所減弱；隨著中國不斷發(fā)展，經(jīng)濟(jì)回報率遞減 的規(guī)律將會發(fā)揮作用；The catch-up divide nd will fade as China s Tech no logy gap with other coun tries n arrows;The law of “ diminising economic returns will start t

17、o set in asEg5 如何建立一個健全的法人治理體系多數(shù)觀察家都認(rèn)為，如果將政府在國有企業(yè)中的所有權(quán)權(quán)益 與商業(yè)決策進(jìn)行分離，并提供內(nèi)部激勵措施和監(jiān)督體制從而使 管理層按照股東利益行事，那么中國就有可能取得巨大的 生產(chǎn)力增長。how to build a sound corporate gover nance:Most observers agree that, in the case of China,substa ntial productivity gains are possible by separat ing the government s ownership inter

18、ests in SOEs from commercial decisions, and by providi ng internal incen tives and oversightmecha ni sms so man ageme nt acts in the in terests of shareholders.4英語是主語顯著型語言，漢語是主題型語言； 因?yàn)闈h語重意念，句子強(qiáng)調(diào)的是意義。 有很多無主語句( subjectless sentences)。 而英語句子建構(gòu)在形式主軸上， 強(qiáng)調(diào)句子結(jié)構(gòu)完整和嚴(yán)密，句子需要主語和謂語。因而： 英語中 There be 句型與虛詞 it 結(jié)構(gòu)使用

19、得比較廣泛；靜態(tài)和動態(tài)我擔(dān)心他會誤解我I am afraid of his misunderstanding me;He admires the president s stated decision to fight for the job; 總統(tǒng)申明為保住其職位而決心奮斗，他表示欽佩；5英語：多用物稱；漢語： 多用人稱；消息靈通人士猜測，中央銀行正在考慮進(jìn)行重大金融改革；Informed guesswork suggests that major financial reforms are being considered by the central bankWitness, see,M

20、anned spaceshipIt came to him mind;It occurs to him Techniques of Translation: 錢歌川Alarm began to take possession of him;His weariness and the increasing heat determine himto sit down in the first convenient shade;. Improved housing has also contributed to a sharpened sense of aesthetics;6 英語： 不耐得重復(fù)；

21、漢語： 耐得重復(fù)；Yes, I do.Harvard is a world-renown university.This institution has extensive exchanges with the Chineseacademic community.Bejing, the capital, the ancient city, the host city of 2008 Olympic四詞義區(qū)別： 1英語：詞義靈活，含義廣泛； 漢語：詞義較固定； 2漢語詞義更籠統(tǒng) 英語詞義更準(zhǔn)確； 3漢語缺乏英文的抽象名詞； 4 英語近來詞義多用詞類轉(zhuǎn)換； 名詞做動詞； mirror Chairb

22、ridge; weathering .;house;CEO mules his plan;Axe cost; headed for; eye; nose around; watering;Lip;Mirror ; embody; mimic; ape;Storm out五漢譯英中句法處理：（1）漢譯英中最重要的原則就是：化零為整、由隱變顯： 因?yàn)闈h語句子形散神聚，語義內(nèi)涵隱藏在句子中而不明示， 所以我們需要化零為整、由隱變顯。譯文中一定要體現(xiàn)出英文的從屬性：流程：1精確透徹地分析原文語義邏輯關(guān)系，找準(zhǔn)語義重心2理解原文中語義重心與其他各分句間的邏輯語義關(guān)系， 分清主次；3將譯文 SV 主干定在

23、原文語義重心之上4將原漢語次要部分各分句按英語的各種語法手段分別有機(jī)地掛連在這一 SV 主干上，完成全句空間搭架；為了進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)大對外開放，加快招商引資步伐，促進(jìn)我市 經(jīng)濟(jì)持續(xù)、快速、健康發(fā)展，根據(jù)上級有關(guān)規(guī)定，結(jié)合我市 實(shí)際，經(jīng)市委、市政府研究，現(xiàn)就鼓勵外商來本市投資 提出如下意見。With a view to expanding the opening-up and acceleratingthe foreign investment promotion so as to bring aboutin the city an economic development in a steady,

24、fast and healthy way, the Municipal Party Committee and the Government have, according to relevant stipulations documented byhigher authorities and taking into consideration the actualconditions of the city, put forward after discussionthe proposals for encouraging the foreign investments as follows

25、.亞洲經(jīng)濟(jì)是世界經(jīng)濟(jì)的重要組成部分，亞洲經(jīng)濟(jì)經(jīng)歷了蓬勃 發(fā)展，為世界經(jīng)濟(jì)增添了新的活力， 為國際貿(mào)易投資開辟了巨大的市場。Asia, a major component of the world economy, has witnessedrobust economic growth which has in turn instilled vitalityinto the world economy and has opened vast marketsfor int l trade and investment.亞洲是一個有著悠久歷史和重要地位的大洲 , 她是人類文明的搖籃之一，對人類文明的

26、進(jìn)步和科學(xué)文 化的發(fā)展作出過輝煌的貢獻(xiàn)。Asia, a vast continent with a long history andincreasing strategic importance, is one of the cradles of human civilizationand has made brilliant contributions to human progressand scientific and cultural development.要著眼于搞好整個國有經(jīng)濟(jì)，抓好大的，放活小的， 對企業(yè)實(shí)施戰(zhàn)略性改組。Aiming at improving the state

27、 sector of the economy as a whole,we shall effectuate a strategic reorganization ofstate-owned enterprises by well managing large enterpriseswhile adopting a flexible policy towards small ones. (by maintaining control over larger businesses while selling off smaller ones).Eg2. 人間仙境“桃花源” ，位于湖南省常德市西南

28、40 公里處，南倚武陵，北倚遠(yuǎn)水，要居 湖南省諸風(fēng)景名勝區(qū)之樞紐，系湖南省十大風(fēng)景名勝區(qū)之一。Version1: The land of peach Blossoms, which is suited about 40 km to the southeast of Changde City, Hunan province, has the Wuling Mountains towering over at its south and the Yuan river flowing by at its north. The thoroughfare runs through the land. I

29、t is a pivot of the scenic spots and the one of the famous ten regions of scenery in Hunan Province.Version 2: Taohuayuan(land of peach Blossoms), located about 40 kilometers to the southwest of Changde city, is among ten well-known scenic spots in Hunan province. It is a thoroughfare to the other n

30、ine places, with Mount Wulin on the south, the Y uan river on the north, and the national roads through its areas.Eg3. 在投資環(huán)境不斷改善的條件下，對外商投資要堅(jiān)持競爭 擇優(yōu)的原則，按國際慣例和建立社會主義市場經(jīng)濟(jì)體制 的要求，創(chuàng)造條件，逐步實(shí)行國民待遇。With the in vestme nt environment further improved, we should persist in the prin ciple of select ing the best fr

31、om thein vestors in competiti ons for the foreig n in vestme nt by creat ing favorable con diti ons accord ing to intern ati onal practices and the requireme nts of establish ing a socialist market economy to carry gradually on the treati ng Chin ese and foreign investment alike.漢語動詞連貫句與英語邏輯主次關(guān)系：漢語中

32、有不少句子中由一連串動詞短語可以連續(xù)排列組合 成句，盡管各動詞間動作有主次先后之分， 但形態(tài)上卻無標(biāo)識。而翻譯時應(yīng)該將各個動詞間分出一定的主次關(guān)系。過去一年，全國人民按照“抓住機(jī)遇，深化改革，擴(kuò)大開放， 促進(jìn)發(fā)展，保持穩(wěn)定”的方針，團(tuán)結(jié)奮斗，開拓進(jìn)取， 社會主義現(xiàn)代化事業(yè)取得重大成就In the past one year, guided by the principle of theseiz ing the curre nt opport unity to deepe n the reform and open China wider to the outside world, promot

33、ing development and maintaining stability ” the Chinese people worked hard with a un ited and pion eeri ng spirit, havi ng achieved great success in the drive for socialist moder ni zati on.中國經(jīng)濟(jì)成功實(shí)現(xiàn)“軟著陸”，這是宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)調(diào)控的結(jié)果， 它控制了通貨膨脹，避免了經(jīng)濟(jì)的大起大落， 保持了經(jīng)濟(jì)的快速增長。The Chin ese economy has successfully pulled off a

34、soft landing, a result of macroec ono mic con trol and adjustme nt, which has in hibited(curbed) in flati ons while maintaining rapid growth without major fluctuati ons.加強(qiáng)基礎(chǔ)工作，重視職工隊(duì)伍建設(shè),Eg1.所有企業(yè)都必須認(rèn)真執(zhí)行企業(yè)內(nèi)部各項(xiàng)規(guī)章制度, 堅(jiān)持從嚴(yán)治廠。All enterprises must be strict in their management work by enforcing rules, regulations and support ing measures, and by attachi ng importa nee to the educati on of workers and adm ini strative staff.Eg2.要鼓勵發(fā)達(dá)地區(qū)(對少數(shù)民族地區(qū))的對口支援，加快民族地區(qū)改革開發(fā)和社會經(jīng)濟(jì) 發(fā)展，逐步實(shí)現(xiàn)共同富裕。We should encourage the economically devel