蝦蟹養(yǎng)殖現(xiàn)狀課件

1、 蝦蟹類資源及增養(yǎng)殖概況第二章1、蝦蟹類及蝦蟹類資源2、增養(yǎng)殖種類及選擇標(biāo)準(zhǔn)一、蝦蟹類資源二、世界概況1、生產(chǎn)方式2、產(chǎn)量與份額3、市場與貿(mào)易4、各國概況三、我國概況蝦蟹類Shrimp:Prawn：Shellfish：對蝦(美)大蝦(英)海蝦及半咸水蝦(FAO)?淡水蝦(FAO)貝類和甲殼類的總稱小蝦(英)對蝦(英)Crab:蟹類Lobster：Crayfish：Crawfish：具厚重甲殼的爬行蝦類；螯蝦、龍蝦淡水螯蝦海水螯蝦海水螯蝦增養(yǎng)殖種類的選擇標(biāo)準(zhǔn)通常選擇本地種引進外來種應(yīng)注意的問題食用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：肉質(zhì)、大小、殼薄、可食比例、 色澤生產(chǎn)性能：生長速度、密養(yǎng)性、食性、生物 學(xué)特性、抗逆性、適應(yīng)

2、力苗種來源：資源量、抗病力、親體數(shù)量及成 熟難易移動性： 收獲、放流生態(tài)問題：生態(tài)入侵、引進、放流二、世界概況1、生產(chǎn)方式2、產(chǎn)量與份額3、市場與貿(mào)易4、各國概況主要生產(chǎn)方式苗種生產(chǎn)加爾維斯頓方式日本方式臺灣方式中國大陸方式-南方模式-北方模式SHRIMP FRY HATCHERY 蝦苗場Water treatment水處理Storage 蓄水池Nursery unit 保育室Maturation unit種蝦室養(yǎng)成生產(chǎn)粗養(yǎng)方式 Extensive半精養(yǎng)方式 Semi-intensive精養(yǎng)方式 Intensive超精養(yǎng)方式 Ultra-intensive主要生產(chǎn)方式Super-Intensi

3、ve and Bio-secure Shrimp Culture System超高密度工廠化養(yǎng)蝦系統(tǒng) Quarantine Unit 檢疫 Water Stock Unit 儲水系統(tǒng)Filtration Unit 過濾系統(tǒng)Automate system 自動化系統(tǒng)Super-Intensive and Bio-secure Shrimp Culture SystemNursery Unit蝦苗保育 Production Unit 生產(chǎn)區(qū)Bio-secure 生物安全Sterilization殺菌Organic Removal去除有機物Bio-Filtration生物過濾Solid Remova

4、l去除固體Environmental Control環(huán)境保護Culture System 養(yǎng)殖系統(tǒng)超高密度工廠化養(yǎng)蝦系統(tǒng)對蝦養(yǎng)殖車間生化池蛋白分離器冬棚內(nèi)外養(yǎng)殖池（12m2 、18m3）826812T3442371T11100678T產(chǎn)量與份額產(chǎn)量與份額產(chǎn)量與份額主要消費國：美國、日本、西歐主要出口國：泰國、厄瓜多爾、印度尼西亞、印度、越南、中國消費需求：口味、質(zhì)量、種類、品種等市場與貿(mào)易中國美國墨西哥厄瓜多爾哥倫比亞澳大利亞印度洪都拉斯印度尼西亞泰國越南孟加拉國菲律賓各國概況 斑節(jié)對蝦中國對蝦日本毛蝦南美白對蝦日本對蝦印度對蝦墨吉對蝦世界蟹類生產(chǎn)與市場There was a steady i

5、ncrease in total crab production (aquaculture + capture) over the 1990-2000 period. In 2000 it rose slightly by a further 3% reaching 1.2 million MT. In 1990, world crab production was 700 000 MT. China is the leader among crab producers with an output of 516 000 MT, up 23% from 1999 and almost four

6、 times more compared to 1990. Another important crab producer is the USA whose output is equivalent to 11% of the worlds crab production, that is 136 000 MT (2000). The USA experienced quite a strong decline in production in the last two years (-46%). Canada is the worlds third main crab producer (1

7、06 700 MT in 2000) and its output has been expanding steadily over the last ten yearsCallinectes sapidus 美洲藍蟹/優(yōu)游蟹Blue CrabCallinectes sapidus美洲藍蟹河蟹Eriocheir sinensis鋸緣青蟹 Scylla serrataDungeness Crab黃道蟹Cancer magister美洲黃道蟹Dungeness Crab Cancer magister美洲黃道蟹 Cancer pagurusEdible crab食用黃道蟹Tanner crab C

8、hionoecetes bairdi 白氏雪蟹Chionoecetes tanneri 譚氏雪蟹Snow crab Chionoecetes opilio 蛛雪蟹Alaska King Crab皇帝蟹Paralithodes camtschaticus 勘察加擬石蟹 In 2000, 88%of total crab production consisted of wild crab. The bulk (76%) of Chinese crab production was wild crab in 2000. In 2000, China had a wild crab output of

9、 391 000 MT (up 21% from 1999), therefore retaining its top position among wild crab producers. The USA, in second position produced 135 600 MT of wild crab in 2000, 35% less than in 1999. All the US crab is wild crab.In 1990, only 3 800 MT of crab were farmed, this activity reached 140 300 MT in 20

10、00. China was responsible for this strong expansion. It produces 90% of the worlds farmed crab (not identified marine crabs), 30% more compared to 1999. Chinese cultured crab production was nil in 1990.Frozen crab production increased only slightly (+3% ) in 2000 reaching the periods peak at 120 900

11、 MT. Crab production was 48 600 MT in 1990. Canada is the main frozen crab producer with a 40% share of the worlds frozen crab production (49 000 MT in 2000) followed by the Russian Federation with an 23% share (27 700 MT). Canadian production of frozen crab declined by almost 5% in 2000, whereas th

12、e Russian Federations output remained at 1999 levels.World canned crabmeat production declined further (- 57%) in 2000 to 35 000 MT. Canned crabmeat production has been declining steadily since 1993, with the exception of 1998 when production shot up by 50% to 101 600 MT. The USA is the leader among

13、 canned crabmeat producers (93% of total) with an output of 32 700 MT in 2000, down 56% from 1999 and 67% below the 1990 figure. India produces 5% of the worlds canned crabmeat (1 800 MT in 2000) indicating a 66% decline from 1999.三、我國概況我國概況養(yǎng)殖種類規(guī)模與產(chǎn)量歷史與現(xiàn)狀問題與對策發(fā)展趨勢我國常見養(yǎng)殖種類我國蝦類主要養(yǎng)殖種類南美白對蝦斑節(jié)對蝦南美白對蝦日本對蝦

14、日本對蝦墨吉對蝦長毛對蝦中國對蝦羅氏沼蝦我國常見養(yǎng)殖種類我國蟹類主要養(yǎng)殖種類歷史與現(xiàn)狀歷史始于20世紀(jì)50年代興起發(fā)展階段（1967-1978）快速發(fā)展階段（1978-1988）相對穩(wěn)定階段（1989-1992）急劇滑坡發(fā)展階段（1993-1994）恢復(fù)發(fā)展階段（1995- ）歷史與現(xiàn)狀現(xiàn)狀養(yǎng)殖現(xiàn)狀研究機構(gòu)課題進展養(yǎng)殖技術(shù)、營養(yǎng)與飼料、基礎(chǔ)生物學(xué)、疾病診斷與防病技術(shù)、引種、資源增殖對蝦產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈我國養(yǎng)殖對蝦產(chǎn)量問題與對策問題1.苗種質(zhì)量差2.病害種類繁多，損失嚴(yán)重3.配合飼料質(zhì)量有待提高4.不重視廢水處理5.養(yǎng)殖技術(shù)企待改進和創(chuàng)新對策1.加快對蝦良種體系建設(shè)2.重視苗種質(zhì)量、加強苗種管理3.盡快突

15、破對蝦養(yǎng)殖病害診斷和防治技術(shù)4.研制開發(fā)優(yōu)質(zhì)配合飼料5.積極發(fā)展健康養(yǎng)殖技術(shù)，提高經(jīng)濟和生態(tài)效益6.完善養(yǎng)殖保障體系發(fā)展趨勢可持續(xù)化發(fā)展健康養(yǎng)殖自動化與工廠化科研動態(tài)集約化水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖是指在人工控制的條件下，利用有限水體進行水產(chǎn)動植物高密度養(yǎng)殖的一種生產(chǎn)模式。目前我國進行集約化養(yǎng)殖的海洋水產(chǎn)動物 主要包括魚類、蝦類、雙殼貝類、以及鮑魚和刺參等海珍品。具有節(jié)約土地和水資源，可控程度高，便于管理，單位水體的產(chǎn)量高等優(yōu)點，具有顯著的經(jīng)濟效益、環(huán)境效益和社會效益。海洋農(nóng)業(yè)Sea farming是20世紀(jì)90年代作為海洋經(jīng)濟第一產(chǎn)業(yè)而提出的。海洋農(nóng)業(yè)不僅包括傳統(tǒng)的海洋捕撈業(yè)和海水養(yǎng)殖業(yè)，而且還包括直接利用海洋資源為陸地農(nóng)業(yè)服務(wù)的海水灌溉業(yè)及苗種繁育等相關(guān)產(chǎn)業(yè)。海洋農(nóng)業(yè)是海洋經(jīng)濟的主導(dǎo)產(chǎn)業(yè)之一，在我國經(jīng)濟社會發(fā)展中具有重要的戰(zhàn)略地位。作為發(fā)展海洋經(jīng)濟的最佳切入點，海洋農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展已成為緩解資源短缺，解決人口膨脹，促進