英語：Unit-1-A-land-of-diversity(Language-points)課件(新人教選修8)

1、Language points1. population(1) 對人口提問用what, 不用how many, how much。 Whats the population of the city? 這個(gè)城市有多少人口？ (2) population 作主語時(shí)用單數(shù)，但前有分?jǐn)?shù)，小數(shù)，百分?jǐn)?shù)時(shí)，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。 The population of China is larger than that of America. 中國人口比美國人口多。 80% of the population are farmers. 百分之80的人口是農(nóng)民。 (3) 人口的增加或減少用grow (increase

2、) 和 fall (decrease); 人口的多少用large和small。 The population of China _ large. And 70% of the population of China _ peasants.isare2. However, it is likely that Native Americans were living in California at least fifteen thousand years ago. 考點(diǎn) 此句中的it是形式主語, 真正的主語是后面的that從句。另外, what, how, where, who等也常用作主語從句

3、的引導(dǎo)詞。 考例1 _ is our belief that improvements in health care will lead to a stronger, more prosperous economy. (浙江2006)A. As B. That C. This D. It 點(diǎn)撥 It 是形式主語，that引導(dǎo)的從句為主語從句，作真正的主語?？祭? _ he referred to in his article was unknown to the general reader. (上海2007) A. That B. WhatC. Whether D. Where 點(diǎn)撥 分析句

4、子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，謂語動詞was前是主語從句，主語從句中的謂語動詞referred to后缺賓語，故用what引導(dǎo)。3. means n. 方式, 手段(單復(fù)數(shù)相同)。 The quickest means of travel is by plane. Every possible means has been tried , but none has worked. Are there any possible means of getting there? Some means are practical while others are not.聯(lián)想記憶：1) by no means 決不，一

5、點(diǎn)也不 She is by no means poor; in fact, she is very rich.2) by this means (in this way); 用這方式 by means of 用方式 He succeeded by means of hard work.3) by all means 當(dāng)然可以, 沒問題 -Can I see it? -By all means.4. majority 大多數(shù) n.1) the majority of the people: most of the people 大多數(shù)人2) majority常與a /the 連用; most后接

6、名詞或of + n.The majority were/was for the plan. The majority of the people / Most people/ Most of the people are against the idea of building a new factory here. The majority_ for the budget.The majority of students _hard-working. The majority of the damage _ easy to repair. 單獨(dú)做主語時(shí), 若強(qiáng)調(diào)整體, 謂語動詞用單數(shù), 強(qiáng)調(diào)

7、個(gè)體時(shí), 謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù) 。 a/the majority of + n. 后可用不可數(shù)名詞，也可用 可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù), 謂語動詞由后面的名詞決定。 was / wereareis發(fā)散記憶：major adj. 主要的, 重要的 a major road v. (+in sth.)主修（科目）minority n. 少數(shù)人，少數(shù)eg. Only a small minority of students are interested in politics these days.- Whats the boys favorite sport?- _ of boys like playing foot

8、ball.A. None B. The mostC. The majority D. Every 【解析】C 考查majority的用法。問句問的是男孩們最喜歡的運(yùn)動是什么，即：多數(shù)男孩喜歡的，所以選擇：the majority of + 名詞(的大多數(shù))。most當(dāng)“大多數(shù)”講時(shí)，其前通常無冠詞, of 后的名詞一般有限定詞。5. In the 16th century, after the arrival of Europeans, the native people suffered greatly. 在16世紀(jì), 歐洲人到來之后, 當(dāng)?shù)厝讼萑肓藰O大的苦難。vi. 受痛苦；受損害vt.

9、遭受；忍受suffer 辨析：suffer與suffer from suffer (vt.) 和suffer from的區(qū)別: suffer 指一般的損害、痛苦等等, 其賓語為pain, loss, grief, insult, punishment, wrong, hardship, injustice, discouragement, disappointment, setback (挫折)，但suffer from表示遭受戰(zhàn)爭，自然災(zāi)害帶來的苦難及患病之意。 suffer the result /heavy losses /injuries承受結(jié)果/遭受大損失/負(fù)傷 suffer fro

10、m headache/illness/war/the flood 遭受頭痛/疾病的困擾/戰(zhàn)爭/ 洪水1) in addition to: 除此之外,另外(+n./doing)e.g. I met my past teacher and some former classmates _ in the supermarket.in addition_ cakes and candies, guests were also provided with fruits.除了有蛋糕和糖果, 還給客人們準(zhǔn)備了水果。In addition to 6. In addition, many died from t

11、he diseases brought by Europeans. 2) 辨析: die from, die of die of 死于疾病、饑餓, 多指內(nèi)部原因。 die from 常用死于創(chuàng)傷、交通事故, 多指外部未知原因。 die of cancer/hunger/sorrow/thirst/ old age 死于癌癥饑餓悲痛干旱衰老 die from a wound/overwork/an unknown cause 死于外傷過度勞累不明原因 Many of them died of starvation. The soldier died from a wound in the bre

12、ast. Some die of hunger, but some _ eating too much. A. die from B. from C. X D. of 7. Spanish soldiers first arrived in South America in the early 16th century when they fought against the native people and took their land. 16世紀(jì)早期, 西班牙士兵到達(dá)南美洲, 這時(shí)同土著人作斗爭并占領(lǐng)這片土地。 fight for “為事業(yè), 自由, 真理, 權(quán)利等而斗爭(戰(zhàn)斗)”fi

13、ght against (可用with) the enemy “為反對而斗爭”；接人和國家名詞， 意思是“與戰(zhàn)斗”辨析: fight against, fight for與fight withfight with sb. 也可表示與某人并肩作戰(zhàn) fight a war/ battle 打一場戰(zhàn)爭 They are fighting for freedom. 他們正為自由而戰(zhàn)。 8. Of the first Spanish to go to California, the majority were religious men, whose ministry was to teach the

14、Catholic religion to the natives. 在首批移居加州的西班牙人中，大部分是宗教人士，他們的職責(zé)是向原住民傳授天主教。1) 句中Spanish前面有序數(shù)詞限定成分，故其后用不定式定語形式。 She was the first woman to win the Nobel Prize.2) majority作“多數(shù)，大半”講, 單獨(dú)作主語時(shí), 謂語動詞多用單數(shù), 在強(qiáng)調(diào)“多數(shù)成員的各個(gè)成員”時(shí), 謂語動詞也可用復(fù)數(shù)。 the majority of后可用單數(shù)名詞, 也可用復(fù)數(shù)名詞, 謂語動詞的數(shù)與of 后面的名詞相一致。 The majority_ for the b

15、udget. The majority of students _ hard-working. The majority of the damage _ easy to repair.was / wereareis9. This is why today over 40% of Californians speak Spanish as a first or second language. 考點(diǎn) why在此引導(dǎo)表語從句。表語從句也可由what, where, when等引導(dǎo)。 考例1 Why not try your luck downtown, Bob? Thats _ the best

16、jobs are. (浙江2007) A. where B. what C. when D. why 點(diǎn)撥 is后為表語從句, 根據(jù)前一句, 將表語從句補(bǔ)全后為: the best jobs are in the downtown, 故用A。 考例2 The traditional view is _ we sleep because our brain is “programmed” to make us do so. (上海2007)A. when B. why C. whether D. that 點(diǎn)撥 is后為表語從句，分析表語從句的句子結(jié)構(gòu)，不缺任何成分，故用that引導(dǎo)。that在

17、表語從句中只起連接作用。 10. Some died or returned home, but most remained in California to make a life for themselves despite great hardship.1) remain的用法: remain用作不及物動詞, 意為 “剩下、留下、呆在”, 相當(dāng)于stay。如: Whentheothershadgone,Joanremained(=stayed)tocleantheroom. 別人走了, 瓊留下來清掃房間。 stay通常指在某地呆一段時(shí)間而不離開, 過暫時(shí)住在某地, 尤指賓客逗留,而rem

18、ain指別人已經(jīng)走了, 而某人仍在原地。 He stayed at the hotel for three days. Onlyafewleavesremained(=werestill)onthetree. 樹上只剩下幾片葉子了。 TheSmithsremainedthereallthroughtheyear. 史密斯一家人在那里呆了整整一年。 Thesoldierswereorderedtoremainwheretheywere. 士兵們接到命令呆在原地。注意:“呆在那里”可以說remain/ staythere,但“呆在家里”只能說stay(at)home.remain作連系動詞, 意為

19、 “一直保持,仍然處于某種狀態(tài)中”,后可接多種成分作表語。a. 接名詞作表語 PeterbecameamanagerbutJohnremainedaworker. 彼得當(dāng)上了經(jīng)理, 但約翰仍然是一個(gè)工人。 Theirmarriageremainsasecret. 他們的婚姻仍然是個(gè)秘密。b. 接形容詞作表語 Whatevergreatprogressyouhavemade,youshouldremainmodest. 無論你取得了多么大的進(jìn)步, 你都應(yīng)一直保持謙虛。 Theshopremainsopenuntil11atnight. 這個(gè)商店一直營業(yè)到晚上十一點(diǎn)。c. 接過去分詞作表語, 表示

20、主語所處的狀態(tài)或已經(jīng)發(fā)生的被動動作。如: Theyneverremainedsatisfiedwiththeirsuccesses. 他們從不滿足于自己的成績。 (表主語所處的狀態(tài)) Theyremainedlockedintheroom. 他們?nèi)匀槐绘i在房子里。 (已經(jīng)發(fā)生的被動動作)d. 接現(xiàn)在分詞作表語,表示正在進(jìn)行的動作。如: Theguestscamein,butsheremainedsittingatthedeskreading. 客人進(jìn)來了,但她仍然坐在桌旁看書。 (正在進(jìn)行的主動動作) Theyremainedlistening. 他們一直在聽。e. 接不定式作表語, 表示將來

21、的動作。如: Thisremainstobeproved. 這有待證實(shí)。 (將來被動動作) Whetheritwilldousgoodremainstobeseen. 這是否對我們有好處, 還要看一看。 Havingatripabroadiscertainlygoodfortheoldcouple,butitremains_ whethertheywillenjoyit. A.tosee B.tobeseen C.seeing D.seen請看2002年的高考題:f. 接介詞短語作表語 IhaveremainedintouchwiththeGreensformorethan10years. 我

22、和格林一家保持了十多年的聯(lián)系。 Hehadtoremaininhospitaluntilhewasbetter. 他不得不住院, 直到身體好轉(zhuǎn)。注意:remain作名詞時(shí),表示“剩余物”, 一般用其復(fù)數(shù)形式。如: Theremainsofamealcanbegiventoapig. 殘湯剩飯可以喂豬。 TheyfoundsomeremainsoftheTangDynasty. 他們發(fā)現(xiàn)一些唐代遺物。remaining是形容詞, 意為“剩余的”,常作前置定語; 而left則只能作后置定語。如: Thereareonly5booksleft. 只剩下五本書了。 Heboughtmeagiftwit

23、htheremainingmoney. 他用剩余的錢給我買了一件禮物。 2) make a life 開始新的生活 They go to big cities to make a life. 關(guān)于life的短語： earn/make/get a living 謀生 lead/live a .life 過著.的生活 11. By the time California elected to become the thirty-first federal state of the USA in 1850, it was already a multicultural society. 到1850年

24、加利福尼亞被選為美國的第31個(gè)州的時(shí)候, 她已經(jīng)成為一個(gè)多元文化的社會。 “by the time + 從句” 作時(shí)間狀語， 若從句用一般過去時(shí), 主句常用過去完成時(shí); 若從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí), 主句就用將來完成時(shí)。 By the time he was fourteen years old, he had learnt maths all by himself. 12. Although Chinese immigrants began to arrive during the Gold Rush Period, it was the building of the rail network f

25、rom the west to the east coast that brought even larger numbers to California in the 1860s. 雖然中國移民在淘金熱時(shí)期就開始到來了, 但是更大批量的中國移民卻是在19世紀(jì)60年代為修建貫穿美國東西海岸的鐵路而來的。點(diǎn)撥 此句為主從復(fù)合句, 從句為although引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句, 主句為it was . that強(qiáng)調(diào)句, 用來強(qiáng)調(diào)主語the building of .。如：It was being invited to the party that was a great honor to the fa

26、mily. 被邀請參加聚會是這家人的榮幸。 強(qiáng)調(diào)句: It is (was) 被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+ that (who) + 句子其他部分。 此結(jié)構(gòu)強(qiáng)調(diào)的成分僅限于主語, 賓語和狀語。 原句：My father did the experiment in the lab yesterday evening. 強(qiáng)調(diào)主語： It was my father who did the experiment in the lab yesterday evening. 強(qiáng)調(diào)賓語： It was the experiment that my father did in the lab yesterday eveni

27、ng. 強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間： It was yesterday evening that my father did the experiment in the lab. (注意不用when) 強(qiáng)調(diào)地點(diǎn)： It was in the lab that my father did the experiment yesterday evening.練習(xí)： 1). It was last night _ I see the comet. A. the time B. when C. that D. which 強(qiáng)調(diào)句的結(jié)構(gòu)是: It +be +強(qiáng)調(diào)部分 + that (who) + 主謂句。強(qiáng)調(diào)句的連詞只有兩

28、個(gè)，that和who。當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分是人，且為句子的主語時(shí)，才用 “who”，其余用that。 2). It is ten years _ Miss Green returned to Canada. A. that B. when C. since D. as 考點(diǎn)是連詞用法。本題易誤選為A. 其實(shí)本句不是強(qiáng)調(diào)句。若是, 去掉It be that還應(yīng)是一個(gè)完整的句子。而本句去掉 “It isthat”, 只剩下ten years Miss Green returned to Canada. 不成句。因此本句不是強(qiáng)調(diào)句。 13. In more recent decades, Californi

29、a has become home to more people from Asia, including Koreans, Cambodians, Vietnamese and Laotians. 最近幾十年, 加利福尼亞成了更多亞洲人的家, 其中包括韓國人、柬埔寨人、越南人和老撾人。 這是一個(gè)簡單句。句中有in the past few years, in recent years 等時(shí)間狀語時(shí), 句子的謂語動詞通常用現(xiàn)成完成時(shí)，如: In the past ten years, great changes have taken place in my hometown. 另外, incl

30、uding 是介詞, 意為“包括(于之中)”。14. mix: vt./vi. (combineso that they cant be separated)混合、摻和 mix A with B 1) He mixed red paint with yellow paint to make orange paint. 2) It is better to mix work with pleasure. 3) Oil doesnt mix with water. 油和水不相交融。聯(lián)想記憶：mixture 混合物; mixed 混合的, 復(fù)雜的, 男女混合的 The city is a mixtu

31、re of ancient and modern buildings. Hearing the news, I had mixed feelings. A mixed society includes people of different classes, tastes, etc.1) He is famous for _ Chinese traditional music _ western performance forms and instruments.2) Miss Xu _ my results with someone elses.mixing withmixed up 15.

32、 nationality: 國籍, 民族 1) - What is your nationality? - Im Chinese.2) to take American nationality 加入美國國籍1. What n_ are you? I am Chinese.2. Only a few of them thought highly of the plan. The _ (大多數(shù)) were against it.3. The Taiwan _ (海峽) separates Taiwan Island from the mainland.I. 根據(jù)下列各句句意及所給單詞的首字母或漢語

33、提示, 寫出各單詞的正確形式。ationality majorityStrait練習(xí)坊4. _ (移民) in the 1980s was very high.5. Radio and television are important m_ of communication.6. The unemployment _ (百分比) keeps rising.7. R_ (種族的) conflicts still exist in many countries.Immigrationeans percentageacialII. 根據(jù)句意, 選擇適當(dāng)?shù)脑~填空。1. Spanish; Spain a

34、. He chose Germany, but personally Id prefer to go to _.b. Apart from English, we study Russian and _.SpainSpanish2. Mexico; Mexicana. Many _ regard the United States as a land of milk and honey.b. In _ they were able to live high on a moderate income.MexicansMexico 3. Danish; Denmark a. He was born

35、 in _, but he became a British citizen at the age of 30.b. The body of law was established by the _ invaders and settlers in northeastern England in the ninth and tenth centuries.DenmarkDanish4. Korean; Korea a. The capital and the largest city of North _ is in the southwest? central part of the cou

36、ntry.b. Were going to have a history course glancing at the _ conflict.KoreaKorean5. Pakistan; Pakistania. _ speak their own language, not English.b. He is on the way to _ via the Silk Route.PakistanisPakistan1. When you receive this letter, I will have left this country. _ _ _ this letter reaches y

37、ou, I will be in another country already.III. 每空填一詞, 使該句與所給句子的意思相同或相近。By the time2. Day by day, thousands of birds started flying over to his garden and settled there. Gradually, the garden _ _ _ thousands of birds.became home to3. They played many songs and some of my favorites were among them. The

38、y played many songs, _ some of my favorites.including4. People used to think that the earth was flat. _ _ _ _ that the earth was flat.5. Youre likely to have forgotten about it. _ _ _ _ you have forgotten about it.It was once thoughtIt is likely thatmake a life; by means of; declare war on; in and around; fight against; settle in; keep up; be forced into doing1. He crossed the river _ a raft.2. She hopes to